Drunks
Page 39
Safford, William E., 142
Salvation Army, 142–46, 147, 231, 286, 305n32; industrial homes, 143, 144, 147
Salvation Nell (film), 305n32
Samaritans. See Independent Order of Good Samaritans
San Francisco Home for the Care of Inebriates, 70
Secular Organizations for Sobriety— Save Our Selves (SOS), 255
self-help movement, 257, 260–61. See also recovery movement
Seneca (philosopher), 2
Seneca Nation, 5–9, 18, 20–22, 48
Shawnee Nation, 14–15, 17
Seiberling, Henrietta, 162–63, 165, 171, 178–79, 180, 188
Shoemaker, Sam, 181
Silkworth, William D., 155–56, 158, 159, 160, 161, 166
Simmons, Henry, 6, 9, 20
Sister Ignatia, 218
Sisters of Charity, 218
Slaying the Dragon: The History of Addiction Treatment and Recovery (White), 264
Sloane, Thomas L., 141–42
SMART Recovery, 255–56
Smith, Anne, 162, 163, 165–68, 170–73, 178, 201
Smith, Bernard, 201
Smith, Bob, 162–82, 187–88, 189, 193, 200–202, 206; and AA, 168, 186–95, 197, 200–202, 206; beginning a recovery group, 168–69, 173, 174–76, 179, 181, 187; and book on alcoholism (Big Book), 175, 182–83, 186–87, 197; as doctor, 165, 167–68, 175, 179, 191, 217–18; early years of, 163; and Marty Mann, 208, 215; and Oxford Group, 169–70, 176, 178, 180, 182, 187–88; during Prohibition, 146, 147, 149, 165; and religion, 169–70, 174, 176, 178–79, 182, 187; and Bill Wilson, 162–63, 165–73, 174–76, 179, 182, 191, 192, 194–95, 197, 200. See also Alcoholics Anonymous (AA); Wilson, William Griffith (Bill)
Smith, Gerritt, 27
Smith, John, 10
Smithers, R. Brinkley, 235
Smithers Addiction Treatment and Research Center (New York), 269
Snyder, Clarence, 179, 181–82, 187–89, 190–91, 195, 217
Snyder, Dorothy, 181, 189, 191
Sobell, Mark and Linda, 267–68
Sober House, 61–62
Society for Americans in Recovery, 278
Sons of Temperance, 49, 50, 69
Spears, Charles (Mrs.), 63
Special Brother(s), 126–27. See also Jacoby Club
Special Subcommittee on Alcoholism and Narcotics, 232
State Hospital for Inebriates (Knoxville, Iowa), 136, 148
The Story of the Lonesome Man (Jacoby Club report), 127
St. Thomas Hospital (Akron, Ohio), 218
Study of Adult Development (Harvard Medical School), 273
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), 279, 282, 284
Swegan, William, 223–25, 253
Taylor, Jacob, 22
temperance movement, 24–33, 39–50, 163; and African Americans, 39, 49; belief in abstinence, 66, 117–18; belief in disease theory of alcoholism, 80–81; among Irish immigrants, 38; and laws and legislation, 119–20; opposition to, 105; physicians in, 63; and politicians, 46; and prohibitionism, 92, 96, 104; relation to other social movements, 26; and religion, 92–93, 98, 100, 117; and slavery disputes, 43; societies and clubs, 2, 24, 38, 49–50, 96–99; in Vermont, 163–64; wary of alcoholics, 24, 41; women in, 36–37, 39, 48, 50, 89–91, 92–93, 96, 116–17, 120. See also Keeley League; Prohibition; Washingtonians; specific societies and clubs
Tenskwata, 17–18, 23
Thacher, Ebby, 156
Thirteen Statements of Acceptance, 254
Tiebout, Harry, 215–16, 226
The Times of My Life (Ford), 239
Towns, Charles, 155, 175
treatment programs, 250–51, 258–60, 262–63; coercion in, 249; for drug abuse, 256; effectiveness of, 262–63, 264, 265, 274, 275; ethical problems within treatment industry, 258–59; for-profit, 258; high costs of, 259; as humanitarian effort, 252; and managed care, 259–60; medications used in, 224; professionalization of treatment industry, 264–65; public vs. private facilities, 134, 242, 250; sober alcoholics as counselors in, 251–52, 265
The Trial of John Barleycorn (play), 144
Tunks, Walter, 162
Turner, J. Edward, 54–56, 71–74, 77, 83, 286
Tuscarora Nation, 15
twelve-step program(s), 240, 241, 245, 261, 274, 276, 279, 283; of AA, 183–87, 194, 208, 240, 241, 245, 246, 252, 253, 255, 256–57, 304n22; for addictions other than alcohol, 256; for families of alcoholics, 256; opposition to, 261
Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions (Wilson), 246
twelve traditions, of AA, 198–99, 201, 246, 304n22
Tyler, Steven, 284
United Order of Ex-Boozers, 145
United States Inebriate Asylum. See New York State Inebriate Asylum
Unite to Face Addiction (2015), 284–85
US Department of Defense, 250
US Department of Justice, 250
US Naval Hospital, Long Beach, California, 237, 238, 239
US Veterans Administration, 223, 250, 261
Vaillant, George E., 263–64, 272, 273
Vance, Chuck, 236
Varieties of Religious Experience (James), 159
A Voice from the Washingtonian Home (Harrisson), 69
Volkow, Nora D., 271, 272
Walnut Lodge Hospital for Inebriates (Hartford, Connecticut), 83
Walsh, Joe, 284
“war on drugs” (1980s), 257, 282
Washington, George, 58
Washingtonian Home for the Cure of Inebriates (Chicago), 70–71
Washingtonian Homes, 63, 64–65, 67–70, 72, 74, 77, 110, 130, 245, 272; refusal to admit women, 77
Washingtonians, 3, 24–25, 27, 31–48, 49, 51, 54, 121; abstinence as goal, 118; and African Americans, 39; alcoholics vs. nonalcoholics in, 45–46, 49; caring for alcoholics, 63; and Catholics, 38–39; challenging prejudice against alcoholics, 174; demise of, 45–48, 52, 286; and election of 1844, 46–47; impact of, 39, 48, 53, 64, 118; lack of central organization, 47; and Lincoln, 41–43; and religion, 39, 44–45, 82; search for sobriety, 45–46, 286, 289; support of alcohol ban, 119; vs. temperance societies of old, 41–42; women’s involvement in, 37 (see also Martha Washington societies)
Washington Temperance Society, 3, 24–25, 30, 31, 40
Water Street Mission, New York City, 84, 85, 88–89, 92, 139
Watts, Jack, 64
Webster (“whiskey seller”), 9, 21
Weiser, Conrad, 14
Wellstone, Paul, 281
“wheelbarrow cure,” 137, 148
Wheeler, Wayne, 148
White, William L., 251, 259, 264–65, 276–78
White House Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), 282
Wilder, Billy, 203–4
Willard, Frances, 97, 120
Williams, Roger, 12
Williams, T. Henry, 188; hosting alcoholics’ meeting with wife, Clarace, 171, 178, 180, 181–82
Willmar (Minnesota) state mental hospital. See Minnesota Hospital Farm for Inebriates (Willmar)
Wilson, Dorothy, 152
Wilson, Emily (Griffith), 151–52
Wilson, Gilman, 151
Wilson, Lois (Burnham), 150–56, 158–60, 161–62, 170–71, 185, 193, 256
Wilson, William Griffith (Bill), 150–58, 164, 171–72, 196, 233, 246–47; and AA, 168, 188, 191–95, 197, 198, 200–202, 206; ambition to help alcoholics, 159; beginning a recovery group, 169, 170, 172–73, 174–76, 179, 181–82; belief that alcoholism is incurable, 170; early years of, 150–53; and Marty Mann, 207–8, 210–11, 212, 215; and religion, 168, 169–70, 176, 179, 182, 184–86; and Bob Smith, 162–63, 165–73, 174–76, 179, 182, 191, 192, 194–95, 197, 200; spiritual awakening of, 158–59; and twelve steps, 183–87; and twelve traditions, 198, 201, 202; and writing Big Book, 182–87. See also Alcoholics Anonymous (AA); Smith, Bob
Woititz, Judith, 256
Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), 92–93, 97, 116, 120, 212
Woman’s Crusade for Temper
ance, 92, 93, 96
women: as alcoholics, 144, 182, 194, 219, 252; in AA, 252; alcoholics judged more harshly than men, 206; alcoholics seen as prostitutes, 206; barred from recovery groups, 182, 196; as leaders of recovery groups, 206, 213–14; in own recovery groups, 254; prescription-drug abuse, 252; separated from men in treatment centers, 246; in temperance movement, 36–37, 39, 48, 50, 89–91, 92–93, 96, 116–17, 120. See also Mann, Marty
Women for Sobriety, 254–55
Wood, Henry, 123–24
Woodman, Charles T., 118
Woodward, Samuel B., 62, 63
Worcester, Elwood, 121–22, 125–26, 127, 130, 131, 149, 286. See also Emmanuel movement
Worcester State Lunatic Hospital (Worcester, Massachusetts), 63
World Health Organization (WHO), classification of alcohol as addictive drug, 227
Wright, William E., 32, 36
Yale Center of Alcohol Studies, 206, 211, 212, 213, 221, 226, 229; Yale Plan Clinics, 211
Yale Plan for Business and Industry, 222
Yale Summer School of Alcohol Studies, 212, 224, 240, 245
Young Men’s Christian Association, 78
Young Men’s Crusade Club, 95
Zug, John, 31–32
Zuska, Joseph J., 225
Indigenous people were the first to address the problem of alcoholism in America. Here, Handsome Lake preaches abstinence to members of the Seneca nation.
Dr. Benjamin Rush, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, was the first American doctor to identify alcoholism as a curable disease.
Alcoholism increased in the 1830s when many men lost their jobs during a severe depression, as depicted in this 1837 cartoon.
In 1840, John H. W. Hawkins quit drinking with the assistance of the Washingtonian Temperance Society.
Albert Day treated more than thirty thousand drunks during his forty-year career.
Francis Murphy, an Irish immigrant and saloon keeper, got sober following a religious conversion in jail.
Henry Reynolds launched a campaign to help other drunks through the Red Ribbon Clubs.
Men who have taken the “gold cure” for alcoholism salute their fellow patients as they depart the Keeley Institute in Dwight, Illinois.
The New York State Inebriate Asylum opened in Binghamton, New York, after the Civil War.
Dr. Leslie Keeleyဧs “gold cure” for alcoholism became a national sensation in the 1890s.
Jerry McAuley, a drunk and a thief, founded the Water Street Mission, which aided the destitute, including many drunks.
Carrie Nation used a hatchet in a series of assaults on Kansas saloons.
William G. Wilson (Bill W.) (top) and Robert H. Smith (Dr. Bob) (bottom) cofounded Alcoholics Anonymous.
Sister Mary Ignatia, the admitting nurse at St. Thomas Hospital in Akron, Ohio, conspired with Dr. Bob Smith to secretly admit alcoholics until 1944, when the hospital officially opened its doors to them.
Marty Mann led a national publicity campaign that helped destigmatize alcoholism.
Betty Ford’s decision to speak publicly about her addiction encouraged others to seek help. The rehabilitation boom of the 1980s made alcoholism treatment widely available.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
CHRISTOPHER M. FINAN is the author of From the Palmer Raids to the Patriot Act: A History of the Fight for Free Speech in America and Alfred E. Smith: The Happy Warrior. He is the director of American Booksellers for Free Expression, a program of the American Booksellers Association, and lives in Brooklyn, New York.
Beacon Press
Boston, Massachusetts
www.beacon.org
Beacon Press books
are published under the auspices of
the Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations.
© 2017 by Christopher M. Finan
All rights reserved
Text design and composition by Kim Arney
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Finan, Christopher M., author.
Title: Drunks : an American history / Christopher Finan.
Description: Boston, Massachusetts : Beacon Press, 2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016048807 (print) | LCCN 2017008003 (ebook) | ISBN 9780807001790 (hardback) | ISBN 9780807001806 (e-book)
Subjects: LCSH: Alcoholism—United States—History. | Alcoholism—Treatment— United States—History. | Alcoholics—United States—History. | Alcoholics— Rehabilitation—United States—History. | BISAC: HISTORY / Social History. | PSYCHOLOGY / Psychopathology / Addiction. | PSYCHOLOGY / Mental Health.
Classification: LCC HV5292.F555 2017 (print) | LCC HV5292 (ebook) | DDC 362.2920973—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016048807