Fields of Blood

by Karen Armstrong

  Hegghammer, Thomas. Jihad in Saudi Arabia: Violence and Pan-Islamism Since 1979. Cambridge, UK, 2010.

  Heikal, Mohamed. Autumn of Fury: The Assassination of Sadat. London, 1984.

  Heilman, Samuel. “Guides of the Faithful: Contemporary Religious Zionist Rabbis.” In R. Scott Appleby, ed., Spokesmen for the Despised: Fundamentalist Leaders of the Middle East. Chicago, 1997.

  Heimart, Alan. Religion and the American Mind: From the Great Awakening to the Revolution Cambridge, MA, 1968.

  ———, and Andrew Delbanco, eds. The Puritans in America: A Narrative Anthology. Cambridge, MA, and London, 1985.

  Heller, Henry. Iron and Blood: Civil Wars in Sixteenth-Century France. Montreal, 1991.

  Hengel, Martin. Judaism and Hellenism: Studies in Their Encounter in Palestine During the Early Hellenistic Period. 2 vols. Trans. John Bowden. London, 1974.

  Henry of Lancaster. Le Livre de Seyntz Medicines: The Unpublished Treatises of Henry of Lancaster. Trans. A. J. Arnold. Oxford, 1940.

  Herbert, Edward, Lord. De Religio Laici. Trans. and ed. Harold L. Hutcheson. New Haven, CT, 1944.

  ———. De Veritate. Trans. Mayrick H. Carre. Bristol, UK, 1937.

  Herrenschmidt, Clarisse. “Designations de l’empire et concepts politiques de Darius Ier d’après inscriptions en vieux perse.” Studia Iranica 5 (1976).

  Herzl, Theodor. The Complete Diaries of Theodor Herzl. 2 vols. Ed. R. Patai. London and New York, 1960.

  Hill, Rosalind, trans. The Deeds of the Franks and Other Pilgrims to Jerusalem. London, 1962.

  Hillenbrand, Carole. The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives. Edinburgh, 1999.

  Hillgarth, J. N. Ramon Lull and Lullism in Fourteenth-Century France. Oxford, 1971.

  Hiltebeitel, Alf. The Ritual of Battle: Krishna in the Mahabharata. Ithaca and London, 1976.

  Hiltermann, Joos R. A Poisonous Affair: America, Iraq and the Gassing of Halabja. Cambridge, UK, 2007.

  Himmelfarb, Gertrude. The Roads to Modernity. New York, 2001.

  Hobbes, Thomas. Behemoth; or, The Long Parliament. Ed. Frederick Tönnies. Chicago, 1990.

  ———. Leviathan. Ed. Richard Tuck. Cambridge, UK, 1991.

  ———. On the Citizen. Ed. Richard Tuck and Michael Silverthorne. Cambridge, UK, 1998.

  Hobsbaum, E. J. Bandits. Rev. ed. New York, 1985.

  ———. Primitive Rebels. New York, 1965.

  Hodge, Charles. What Is Darwinism? Princeton, NJ, 1874.

  Hodgson, Marshall G. S. The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization. 3 vols. Chicago and London, 1974.

  Hoffman, Bruce. Inside Terrorism. London, 1998.

  Hoffner, H. “History and the Historians of the Ancient Near East: The Hittites,” Orientalia 49 (1980).

  Holt, Mack P. The French Wars of Religion, 1562–1629. Cambridge, UK, 1995.

  ———. “Putting Religion Back into the Wars of Religion.” French Historical Studies 18, no. 2 (Autumn 1973).

  Holt, P. M. The Age of the Crusades. London, 1986.

  Homer. The Iliad of Homer. Trans. Richard Lattimore. Chicago and London, 1951.

  ———. The Odyssey. Trans. Walter Shewring with an introduction by G. S. Kirk. Oxford, 1980.

  Hooke, S. H. Middle Eastern Mythology: From the Assyrians to the Hebrews. Harmondsworth, UK, 1963.

  Hopkins, D. C. The Highlands of Canaan. Sheffield, UK, 1985.

  Hopkins, Thomas J. The Hindu Religious Traditions. Belmont, CA, 1971.

  Horgan, J. The Psychology of Terrorism. London, 2005.

  Horsley, Richard A. “The Historical Context of Q.” In Horsley and Draper, Whoever Hears You Hears Me.

  ———. Jesus and the Spiral of Violence: Popular Jewish Resistance in Roman Palestine. Minneapolis, 1993 ed.

  ———, with Jonathan A. Draper. Whoever Hears You Hears Me: Prophets, Performance, and Tradition in Q. Harrisburg, PA, 1999.

  Hoselitz, Bert F. Sociological Aspects of Economic Growth. New York, 1960.

  Hourani, Albert. Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798–1939. Oxford, 1962.

  Housely, Norman. “Crusades Against Christians: Their Origin and Early Development.” In Peter W. Edbury, ed. Crusade and Settlement. Cardiff, 1985.

  ———. The Later Crusades, 1274–1558: From Lyons to Alcazar. Oxford, 1992.

  Howard, Michael. The Invention of Peace: Reflections on War and International Order. New Haven, CT, 2000.

  Howe, Daniel Walker. “Religion and Politics in the Antebellum North.” In Mark A. Noll, ed., Religion and American Politics: From the Colonial Period to the 1980 s. Oxford and New York, 1990.

  Hsu, C. Y., and K. M. Lindoff. Western Chou Civilization. New Haven, CT, 1988.

  Hubert, Henry, and Marcel Mauss. Sacrifice: Its Nature and Functions. Trans. D. Halls. Chicago, 1964.

  Hughes, Anne. The Causes of the English Civil War. London, 1998.

  Huizinga, Johan. Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play Element in Culture. Boston, 1955 ed.

  Humble, Richard. Warfare in the Ancient World. London, 1980.

  Hutchinson, William T., and William M. E. Raphael, eds. The Papers of James Madison. 17 vols. Chicago, 1962–91.

  Hutt, M. G. “The Role of the Cures in the Estates General of 1789.” Journal of Ecclesiastical History 6 (1955).

  Ibrahim, Raymond, ed. and trans. The Al-Qaeda Reader. New York, 2007.

  Idinopulos, Thomas A., and Brian C. Wilson, eds. What Is Religion? Origins, Definitions, and Explanations. Leiden, 1998.

  Isambert, François André, ed. Recueil général des anciennes lois françaises depuis l’an 420 jusqu’à la Révolution de 1789, vol. 12. Paris, n.d.

  Izutsu, Toshihiko. Ethico-Religious Concepts in the Qur’an. Montreal and Kingston, ON, 2002.

  Jackson, Kent P. “The Language of the Mesha Inscription.” In Andrew Dearman ed., Studies in the Mesha Inscription and Moab. Atlanta, NY, 1989.

  Jacobi, Hermann, trans. Jaina Sutras. New York, 1968.

  Jacobs, Louis, ed. The Jewish Religion: A Companion. Oxford, 1995.

  Jacobsen, Thorkold. “The Cosmic State.” In H. and H. A. Frankfort, eds., The Intellectual Adventure of Ancient Man: An Essay on Speculative Thought in the Near East. Chicago, 1946.

  Jaitner, J. “The Pope and the Struggle for Power During the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries.” In Klaus Bussman and Heinz Schilling, eds., War and Peace in Europe. 3 vols. Münster, 1998.

  James, E. O. The Ancient Gods: The History and Diffusion of Religion in the Ancient Near East and the Eastern Mediterranean. London, 1960.

  Jansen, Johannes J. G., trans. and ed. The Neglected Duty. New York, 1986.

  Jaspers, Karl. The Great Philosophers: The Foundations. Ed. Hannah Arendt. Trans. Ralph Manheim. London, 1962.

  ———. The Origin and Goal of History. Trans. Michael Bullock. London, 1953.

  Jay, Peter. Road to Riches, or The Wealth of Man. London, 2000.

  Jayussi, May. “Subjectivity and Public Witness: An Analysis of Islamic Militance in Palestine.” Unpublished paper, 2004.

  Jeremias, J. Jerusalem in the Time of Jesus. London and Philadelphia, 1969.

  ———. The Lord’s Prayer. Philadelphia, 1973.

  John XXIII, Pope (Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli). Mater et Magistra and Pacem in Terris. In Claudia Carlen, ed., The Papal Encyclicals, 1740–1981. 5 vols. Falls Church, VA, 1981.

  Johnson, Paul. A History of the Jews. London, 1987.

  Jones, A. H. M. The Later Roman Empire. 2 vols. Oxford, 1964.

  Jones, Kenneth W. “The Arya Samaj in British India.” In Robert D. Baird, ed., Religion in Modern India. Delhi, 1981.

  Josephus, Flavius. The Antiquities of the Jews. Trans. William Whiston. Marston Gale, UK, n.d.

  ———. The Jewish War. Trans. G. A. Williamson. Harmondsworth, UK, 1967.

  Juergensmeyer, Mark. Global Rebellion: Religious Challenges to the Secular State from Christian Militias to Al-Qaeda. Berkeley, CA, 2008.

  ———. The New Cold War? Religious N
ationalism Confronts the Secular State. Berkeley, CA, 1993.

  ———. Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 2001.

  ———, ed. Violence and the Sacred in the Modern World. London, 1992.

  Kaeuper, Richard W. Holy Warrior: The Religious Ideology of Chivalry. Philadelphia, 2009.

  Kahane, Meir. Listen World, Listen Jew. Tucson, 1978.

  Kakar, Sudhir. The Colors of Violence: Cultural Identities, Religion, and Conflict. Chicago and London, 1996.

  Kaltenmark, Max. Lao-Tzu and Taoism. Trans. Roger Greaves. Stanford, CA, 1969.

  Kamen, Henry. Empire: How Spain Became a World Power, 1492–1763. New York, 2003.

  ———. The Spanish Inquisition: An Historical Revision. London, 1997.

  Kant, Immanuel. Critique of Pure Reason. Trans. Norman Kemp Smith. London, 1993.

  ———. Lectures on Ethics. Trans. Lewis Infield. Ed. Lewis White Beck. New York, 1963.

  Kantorowicz, K. “Pro Patria Mori in Medieval Political Thought.” American Historical Review 56, no. 3 (1951).

  Kapila, Shruti, and Faisal Devji, eds. Political Thought in Action: The Bhagavad Gita and Modern India. Cambridge, UK, 2013.

  Kassimeris, George, ed. The Barbarisation of Warfare. London, 2006.

  Kautsky, John H. The Political Consequences of Modernization. New York, London, Sydney, and Toronto, 1972.

  ———. The Politics of Aristocratic Empires. 2nd ed. New Brunswick, NJ, and London, 1997.

  Keay, John. India: A History. London, 2000.

  Kedar, Benjamin Z. Crusade and Mission: European Approaches Toward Muslims. Princeton, NJ, 1984.

  ———, H. E. Mayer, and R. C. Smail, eds. Outremer: Studies in the History of the Crusading Kingdom of Jerusalem. Jerusalem, 1982.

  Keddie, Nikki R. Roots of Revolution: An Interpretive History of Modern Iran. New Haven, CT, and London, 1981.

  ———, ed. Religion and Politics in Iran: Shiism from Quietism to Revolution. New Haven, CT, and London, 1983.

  ———. Scholars, Saints and Sufis: Muslim Religious Institutions in the Middle East Since 1500. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1972.

  Keegan, John. The Face of Battle. London, 1976.

  ———. A History of Warfare. London and New York, 1993.

  Keen, Maurice. Chivalry. New Haven, CT, and London, 1984.

  Keightley, David N., ed. The Origins of Chinese Civilization. Berkeley, CA, 1983.

  Kenyon, Kathleen. Digging Up Jericho: The Results of the Jericho Excavations, 1953–56. New York, 1957.

  Kepel, Gilles. Beyond Terror and Martyrdom: The Future of the Middle East. Trans. Pascale Ghazaleh. Cambridge, MA, and London, 2008.

  ———. Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. Trans. Anthony F. Roberts. 4th ed. London, 2009.

  ———. The Prophet and Pharaoh: Muslim Extremism in Egypt. Trans. Jon Rothschild. London, 1985.

  ———, and Jean-Pierre Milleli, eds. Al-Qaeda in Its Own Words. Trans. Pascale Ghazaleh. Cambridge, MA, 2008.

  Kerr, Ronald Dale. “ ‘Why Should You Be So Furious?’: The Violence of the Pequot War.” Journal of American History 85, no. 3 (December 1998).

  Kertzer, David I. Ritual, Politics and Power. New Haven, CT, and London, 1988.

  Khomeini, Sayeed Ruhollah. Islam and Revolution. Trans. and ed. Hamid Algar. Berkeley, CA, 1981.

  Khrosrokhavar, Farhad. Suicide Bombers: Allah’s New Martyrs. Trans. David Macey. London, 2005.

  Kierman, Frank A., Jr., and John K. Fairbank, eds. Chinese Ways in Warfare. Cambridge, MA, 1974.

  Kimball, Charles. When Religion Becomes Evil. San Francisco, 2002.

  Kimelman, K. “Non-violence in the Talmud.” Judaism 17 (1968).

  King, Martin Luther, Jr. Strength to Love. Philadelphia, 1963.

  Kramer, Martin. “Hizbullah: The Calculus of Jihad.” In Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds., Fundamentalisms and the State: Rethinking Polities, Economies and Militance. Chicago and London, 1993.

  Kramer, Samuel N. History Begins at Sumer. Philadelphia, 1981.

  ———. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of the Spiritual and Literary Achievement of the Third Millennium BC. Philadelphia, 1944.

  Krauss, Hans-Joachim. Worship in Israel: A Cultic History of the Old Testament. Oxford, 1966.

  Kreister, Fritz. Four Weeks in the Trenches: The War Story of a Violinist. Boston and New York, 1915.

  Krey, August C., ed. and trans. The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eye-Witnesses and Participants. Princeton, NJ, and London, 1921.

  Kritzeck, James. Peter the Venerable and Islam. Princeton, NJ, 1964.

  Kselman, Thomas, ed. Belief in History: Innovative Approaches to European and American Religion. Notre Dame, IN, 1991.

  Kulke, Hermann. “The Historical Background of India’s Axial Age.” In S. N. Eisenstadt, ed., The Origins and Diversity of Axial Age Civilizations. Albany, NY, 1986.

  Kydd, A. H., and B. F. Walter. “The Stratagems of Terrorism.” International Security 31, no. 1 (Summer 2006).

  Lactantius. Lactantius: Works. Trans. William Fletcher. Edinburgh, 1971.

  Lal, Deepak. In Praise of Empires: Globalization and Order. New York, 2004.

  Lambert, W. G., and A. R. Millard, trans. and eds. The Atra-Hasis: The Babylonian Story of the Flood. Oxford, 1969.

  Lane Fox, Robin. Pagans and Christians. London, 1986.

  Lau, D. C., trans. and ed. Mencius. London, 1970.

  ———. Tao Te Ching. London, 1963.

  Lawrence, T. E. The Mint. New York, 1963.

  Lea, H. C. A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages. Philadelphia, 1866.

  Leed, Eric J. No Man’s Land: Combat and Identity in World War I. Cambridge, UK, 1979.

  Lefeburem, Leo D. Revelation, the Religions and Violence. Maryknoll, NY, 2000.

  Lefebvre, Genge. The Great Fear of 1789. Trans. R. R. Farmer and Joan White. Princeton, NJ, 1973.

  Legge, J., trans. The Ch’un Ts’ew and the Tso Chuen. 2nd ed. Hong Kong, 1960.

  ———. The Li Ki. Oxford, 1885.

  Le Goff, Jacques, ed. The Medieval World. Trans. Lydia C. Cochrane. London, 1990.

  Leick, Gwendolyn. Mesopotamia: The Invention of the City. London, 2001.

  Lemche, Niels P. Early Israel: Anthropological and Historical Studies on the Israelite Society Before the Monarchy. Leiden, 1985.

  Lenski, Gerhard E. Power and Privilege: A Theory of Social Stratification. Chapel Hill, NC, and London, 1966.

  LeRoi-Gourhan, Andre. Treasures of Prehistoric Art. Trans. Norbert Guterman. New York, 1967.

  Le Strange, Guy. Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from AD 650 to 1500. London, 1890.

  Levine, Lee I., ed. The Galilee in Late Antiquity. New York and Jerusalem, 1992.

  Levene, Mark. Genocide in the Age of the Nation-State: The Rise of the West and the Coming of Genocide. London and New York, 2005.

  Levenson, Joseph R., and Franz Schurmann. China: An Interpretive History: From the Beginnings to the Fall of Han. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1969.

  Levinson, Bernard M. Deuteronomy and the Hermeneutics of Legal Innovation. Oxford and New York, 1998.

  Lewis, Bernard. The Assassins. London, 1967.

  ———. “The Roots of Muslim Rage.” Atlantic Monthly, September 1, 1990.

  Lewis, James R., ed. Violence and New Religious Movements. Oxford, 2011.

  Lewis, M. Ecstatic Religion: An Anthropological Study of Spirit Possession and Shamanism. Baltimore, 1971.

  Lewis, Mark Edward. Sanctioned Violence in Early China. Albany, NY, 1990.

  Libanius. Select Orations. Trans. A. F. Norman. 2 vols. Cambridge, MA, 1969, 1970.

  Lim, Richard. Public Disputation, Power, and Social Order in Late Antiquity. Berkeley, CA, 1995.

  Lincoln, Bruce. Death, War, and Sacrifice: Studies in Ideology and Practice. Chicago and London, 1991.

  ———. Holy Terrors: Thinking About Religion Af
ter September 11. 2nd ed. Chicago and London, 2006.

  ———. Religion, Empire, and Torture: The Case of Achaemenian Persia, with a Postscript on Abu Graib. Chicago and London, 2007.

  ———. “The Role of Religion in Achmenean Inscriptions.” In Nicole Brisch, ed., Religion and Power: Divine Kingship in the Ancient World and Beyond. Chicago, 2008.

  Lindberg, David, and Ronald L. Numbers, eds. God and Nature: Historical Essays on the Encounter Between Christianity and Science. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1986.

  Ling, Trevor. The Buddha: Buddhist Civilization in India and Ceylon. London, 1973.

  Lings, Martin. Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources. London, 1983.

  Livvi-Bacci, Massimo. A Concise History of World Population. Oxford, 1997.

  Locke, John. Essays on the Law of Nature. Ed. W. van Leyden. Oxford, 1970.

  ———. A Letter Concerning Toleration. Indianapolis, 1955.

  ———. Political Writings. Ed. David Wootton. London, 1993.

  ———. Two Treatises of Government. Ed. Peter Laslett. Cambridge, UK, 1988.

  Lovejoy, David S. Religious Enthusiasm in the New World: Heresy to Revolution. Cambridge, MA, and London, 1985.

  Lowth, Andrew. Maximus the Confessor. London, 1996.

  ———. The Origins of Christian Mysticism: From Plato to Denys. London, 1975.

  Lussu, Emilio. Sardinian Brigade. New York, 1939.

  Luther, Martin. Luther: Selected Political Writings. Ed. J. M. Porter. Philadelphia, 1974.

  Luttwak, Edward N. The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire. Baltimore, 1976.

  Lyons, M. C., and D. E. P. Jackson. Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War. Cambridge, UK, 1982.

  Maaga, Mary. Hearing the Voices of Jonestown. Syracuse, NY, 1958.

  Maalouf, Amin. The Crusades Through Arab Eyes. Trans. Jon Rothschild. London, 1984.

  Macartney, C. A. National States and National Minorities. London, 1934.

  MacGregor, Neil. A History of the World in 100 Objects. London and New York, 2010.

  Machinist, Peter. “Distinctiveness in Ancient Israel.” In Mordechai Cogan and Israel Ephal eds., Studies in Assyrian History and Ancient Near Eastern Historiography. Jerusalem, 1991.

  MacMullen, Ramsey. Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries. New Haven, CT, 1997.