Yadin, Yigal. The Art of Warfare in Biblical Lands: In Light of Archaeological Study. 2 vols. New York, 1963.
Yao, Xinzhong. An Introduction to Confucianism. Cambridge, UK, 2000.
Yovel, Yirmanyahu. Spinoza and Other Heretics. 2 vols.: I. The Marrano of Reason; II. Adventures of Immanence. Princeton, NJ, 1989.
Zaehner, R. C. Hinduism. London, New York, and Toronto, 1962.
Zinn, Howard. A People’s History of the United States, from 1492 to the Present. 2nd ed. London and New York, 1996.
Zuckmayer, Carl. Pro Domo. Stockholm, 1938.
Zweig, Stefan. The World of Yesterday: An Autobiography. Trans. Anthea Bell. New York, 1945.
Index
Abbasids, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 12.1, aft.1
Abd al-Aziz University
Abd al-Malik
Abd al-Nasser, Gemal, 11.1, 11.2, 12.1, aft.1
Abdu, Muhammad
Abel, 4.1, 13.1
abolitionists
Abraham, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 6.1, 7.1, 11.1, nts.1—1.1
Abrahamic faiths, itr.1, 8.1; see also Christianity; Islam; Judaism
absolute monarchies, 2.1, 7.1; Chinese, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3; European, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 10.1; Muslim, 7.2, 9.6, aft.1; Persian, 6.1, 7.3
absolutism, 7.1, 9.1, 10.1; religious, 1.1, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, 7.2, 9.2, 10.2 (see also fundamentalism); royal, see absolute monarchies
Abu Bakr (first caliph)
Abu Ghraib prison, 13.1, nts.1n79
Achaemenid dynasty
Achilles, 1.1, 1.2
Acre
Acton, John Emerich Edward Dalberg, Lord, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1, aft.1
Acts of the Martyrs, 5.1, 5.2
Adadnirari I, King of Assyria
Adalbéron, bishop of Laon, n27
Adam, 4.1, 4.2, 10.1, 10.2
Adams, John
Adams, Sam
Adebolajo, Michael
Adebolawe, Michael
Advani, L. K.
Aelia Capitolina (Jerusalem)
Afghanistan, 11.1; al-Qaeda in, 13.1; ancient, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 4.1; Arab Islamist supporters of, see Arab-Afghans; Soviet invasion and occupation of, 13.2, 13.3; Taliban control of, 13.4, 13.5; United States war against, 13.6
Africa, 6.1, 7.1; Islam in, 13.1; slave trade to Americas from, 9.1, 10.1, aft.1; see also specific nations and regions
African Americans, 10.1, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2
Afula (Israel)
Agni (sacred fire), 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
Agnicayana, 2.1, 2.2
agrarian civilizations, itr.1, 1.1; see also specific empires, kingdoms, regions and states
ahadith, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2
Ahmadis, 11.1, nts.1n29
Ahura Mazda
Ai
Ain Jalut, Battle of
Ajatashatru, King of Magadha
Ajax
Ajivaka school
Akbar, Moghul Emperor
Akitu ritual, 1.1, 1.2, 4.1
Akiva, Rabbi
Akkadian Empire, 1.1, 4.1
al-Bahri, Nasir, 13.1, 13.2
al-Banna, Hassan
al-Dukhayyil, Feisal
al-Fazari, Abu Ishaq
al-Hakim, Abu Ali Mansur Tariqu, Fatimid emperor
al-Haqq, Zia
al-Harawi, Abu Said, 8.1
al-Haznawi, Ahmed
al-Mutasim, Abbasid caliph
al-Nuqrashi, Muhammad
al-Omari, Abdul-Aziz, 13.1, 13.2
al-Qaradawi, Sheikh
al-Rashid, Harun, Abbasid emperor, 7.1, 7.2
al-Sadiq, Jafar (sixth Shii Imam), 7.1, 12.1
al-Sadr, Musa
al-Shafii, Muhammad Idris, 7.1, 12.1, 13.1
al-Shehhi, Marwan
al-Sulami, Ali ibn Tahir
al-Turabi, Hassan, 13.1, 13.2
al-Zawahiri, Ayman, 13.1, 13.2
Alaric
Albright, Madeleine
Alcuin, 8.1, nts.1n13
Aleppo (Syria)
Alexandria, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 7.1
Alexander VI, Pope
Alexander the Great
Alexander the Sleepless
Algeria, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4
Ali (fourth caliph, first Shii Imam), 7.1, 7.2, 11.1, 11.2, nts.1n83
Allah (Arabic: “God”), 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 12.1, 13.1
Allah, Louis Atiyat
Alp Arslan
al-Qaeda, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5, 13.6, 13.7
Alsace, 9.1, 10.1
Al-Turabi, Hassan
AMAL (Battalions for Lebanese Resistance)
Ambrose, bishop of Milan
American Civil Liberties Union
American Revolution, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 11.1, aft.1
Americas, 9.1; discovery and colonization of, 9.2, 9.3; see also specific colonies and colonizers
Amir, Yigal
Amnesty International
Amorites, 1.1, 8.1
Amos
Amritsar, Golden Temple at
Amsterdam
Amurru
Anabaptists, 9.1, 9.2, nts.1n43
Anagni
Anat
Anatolia, 1.1, 1.2, 4.1, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 11.1; Mongol invasion of, 8.3; in Ottoman Empire, 9.1
Anderson, Perry
Anglo-Saxons, 1.1, 6.1, 8.1
Angra Mainyu (Hostile Spirit), 1.1, 4.1
Anjou, 8.1, 10.1
Ante-Taurus mountain range
Antichrist, 8.1, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1
Antioch, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2; siege of, 8.3, 8.4
Antiochus IV, Seleucid emperor
Antipas, Herod (son of Herod the Great), 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
anti-Semitism, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1
Anti-Women’s Suffrage League
Antonia fortress (Jerusalem), 5.1, 5.2
Antony, Egyptian monk, 6.1, 6.2, aft.1
Anu (Mesopotamian sky god), 1.1, 1.2, 1.3
Anunnaki, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5
Apadama relief
apocalyptic beliefs, 5.1, 5.2, 12.1; Christian, 8.1, aft.1; Zoroastrian, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.3
Apulia (Italy)
Aqsa Mosque (Jerusalem), 8.1, 8.2
Arab-Afghans, 13.1, 13.2, aft.1; in Bosnian War, 13.3; return to Middle East of, 13.4
Arabi, Muid ad-Din ibn al-
Arabs, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 12.1, nts.1n69; in Afghan campaign against Soviet Union, see Arab-Afghans; Israeli conflicts with, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4; in Ottoman Empire, 9.1; Palestinian, see Palestinians
Arad, ancient Canaanite fortress of
Arafat, Yasser
Aragon, 9.1, 9.2
Arcadius, Byzantine emperor
Archelaus (son of Herod the Great)
Ariel, Yaakov
aristocracy, itr.1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 8.1, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2; in Byzantine Empire, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7; Chinese, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6; in colonial America, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5; during French Revolution, 10.6, 10.7, 10.8; Indian, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 10.8; Israelites and, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4; Mesopotamian, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6; Muslims and, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.2, 9.2, 11.1, aft.1; in Persian Empire, 1.7, 4.5, 4.6, 6.8, 6.9, 7.4; and rise of capitalism, 7.5, 9.3; of Roman Catholic Church, 8.3, 8.4; in Roman Empire, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 8.5; during Wars of Religion, 9.4, 9.5
Arians, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4
Aristotle
Arjan Dev, Guru
Arjuna, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 11.1, 12.1
Armagh, John
Armand-Amalric
Armed Islamic Group (GIA)
Armenia, 6.1, 7.1, 11.1; Turkish genocide in, 11.2, 13.1, aft.1
Armstrong, William
Army of Jhangvi
Arthur, King of England, 1.1, 8.1
Artois (France)
Aryans, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 8.1, 8.2, aft.1; Indo-, 1.4, 11.1; see also Indo-Europeans
Arya Samaj, 10.1, 11.1
Arya Vir Dal
Asad, Talal
asceticism, itr.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.
2, 8.3
Anshan (Persia)
Asherah
Ashoka, Mauryan emperor, itr.1, itr.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 8.1, 11.1, 11.2, aft.1, aft.2
Ashur, 1.1, 4.1
Ashura, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4
Ashur-uballit I
Ashvins
Ashwatthaman
Assassins
Assyrian Empire, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 5.1
Ata, Muhammad, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3
Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 11.1, 11.2
Athanasius, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
atheism, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 11.1, 11.2, aft.1, 367
Athens, 5.1, 6.1
Atrahasis, 13.1
atrocities, itr.1, 2.1, 3.1, 13.1; colonialism and, 10.1, 10.2; religion-based, 7.1, 8.1, 11.1, 11.2, 13.2; revolutions and, 10.3, 10.4; during World Wars, 11.3, 12.1; see also genocide; terrorism
Augsburg, Peace of, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 10.1
Augustine, Aurelius, bishop of Hippo, itr.1, 4.1, 6.1
Augustus, Roman emperor, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5
Aurangzeb, Moghul emperor, 10.1, 10.2
Auschwitz concentration camp
Australia
Austria, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 10.2
Austro-Prussian War
autocracy, 2.1, 7.1, 10.1
Avars
Avestan, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1 n
Avignon (France), 8.1, 9.1
Aviner, Shlomo
Aws tribe
Ayodhya, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2
Ayub Khan
Ayyubid Empire
Azhar madrassa, 10.1, 13.1
Aztecs, 9.1, 9.2
Azzam, Abdullah, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3
Baal, itr.1, 4.1, 4.2, 11.1
Baath party
Babel, Tower of, 4.1, 10.1
Babri mosque (Ayodhya)
Babur, Moghul emperor
Babylonian Empire, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.2a, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
Babylonian Talmud
Badr, Battle of, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
Baghdad (Iraq), 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 13.1
Bagram (Afghanistan)
Bahrain
Baibars
Baldwin, Ebenezer
Baldwin of Bouillon
Bali
Balkans, 5.1, 13.1, 13.2; see also specific states
Baltics
Bani Sadr, Abulhassan
Banja Luka (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Bantu tribe
Banu Ghassan (Arab tribe)
Baptists
barbarians, 1.1, 2.1, 5.1, 8.1; Chinese indigenous peoples seen as, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3; Byzantine Empire attacked by, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3; in Roman Empire, 5.2, 5.3, 6.4, 7.1
Bar Ilan University
Bar Kokhba revolt, 5.1, 7.1, aft.1
Barsauma
Bashir, Sheikh Muhammad, 13.1
Basil, bishop of Caesarea
Basilica of St. Peter (Rome)
Basra (Iraq)
Bastille, fall of, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1
Bathsheba
Bay of Pigs invasion
Beast (Book of Revelation)
Beauvoir, Simone de
Bedouin, 1.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
Beecher, Henry Ward
Beersheba (Israel)
Begin, Menachem
Beirut (Lebanon)
Belgium
Benedictine order, 8.1, 8.2
Bengal, 2.1, 10.1
Benjamin (tribe)
Benjamin, Walter
Benjedid, Chadli
Ben Shoshan, Yeshua
Berbers
Bernard, Saint, 8.1, 8.2
Berri, Nabih
Bethel (Israel), 4.1, 4.2
Bethlehem (Palestine), 5.1, 8.1
Beza, Theodore
Bhagavad-Gita, 71, 2.1, 11.1
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
Bhīma
Bhutto, Zulfiqar Ali
Bibi, Mamana, 13.1, aft.1
Bible, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 11.1, 11.2, aft.1; Acts of the Apostles, 5.1, 12.1; Old Testament of, see Hebrew Bible; Protestantism and individual interpretations of, 9.1, 9.2; Revelation, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 11.3; and Wars of Religion, 9.3
Bill of Rights
Bimbisara, King of Magadha
Binding, Rudolf
Bin Laden, Osama, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5, 13.6, 13.7, 13.8, 13.9, aft.1
Bindusara, Mauryan emperor
Bismarck, Otto von
Black Panthers
Blair, Tony
Blandina, Saint
Bloch, Marc
Blois (France)
blood libel
Bohemund, Count of Taranto
Bokhara
Boniface VIII, Pope
Bonner, Edmund
Book of Mozi, The, 92
Book of Songs, The, 80
Bordeaux (France)
Borgia family
Bosnia, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4
Bossy, John
Boston, colonial, 10.1, 10.2
Bourbons
bourgeoisie, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 11.1, 12.1
Bourke, Joanna
Bouteflika, Abdul-Aziz
Bouyeri, Muhammad
Bradford, William
Brahman (“The All”), 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 4.1, 11.1, 12.1
Brahmanas, 2.1, 2.2
Brahmins, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9
Brandenburg
Brazil
Bremen (Germany)
Brennan, John O.
Brhadaranyaka Upanishad
Britain, 11.1, 12.1; American Revolution against, 10.1; colonialism of, 9.1 (see also specific colonies); division of Ottoman territories by France and, 11.2; imperialism of, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 11.3, 13.1, aft.1; Indian struggle for independence from, 2.1, 11.4; Industrial Revolution in, 10.5; in Iraq War, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4; Israel and, 11.5, 12.2; Middle East influence of, 11.6, 11.7, 11.8, 11.9, 11.10; partition of Indian subcontinent by, 11.11, 11.12; Roman conquest of, 5.1; see also England; Scotland
British Empire, see Britain, imperialism of
British Museum, itr.1, itr.2, 4.1
Brittany (France), 8.1, 10.1
Brooklyn Bridge
Bryan, William Jennings
Buddha, 2.1, 3.1, 5.1, nts.1n86
Buddhism, 2.1, 2.2, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1, aft.1; of Ashoka, 2.3, 2.4, aft.2; ethical tradition of, itr.1, 5.1; monasticism in, 2.5, 12.1, aft.3; nonviolence of, itr.2, 2.6
Burma
Bury St. Edmunds (England)
Bush, George W., 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4
bushmen, Kalahari
Bushnell, Howard
Bute, Lord
Buyid dynasty, 7.1
Byzantine Empire, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 8.1, aft.1; Persian wars with, 6.2, 7.5, 7.6; reassertion of Roman Catholic authority in, 8.2; trade routes to, 7.7; Turkish invasion of, 7.8
Caecilian, 6.1, nts.1n16
Caesarea (Israel), 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2
Cain, 4.1, 13.1
Cairo (Egypt), 10.1, 12.1, 12.2
Cairo Agreement (1969)
Cajetan, Cardinal Thomas
Calabria (Italy)
Calgacus
Caligula, Gaius, Roman emperor
Callinicum, Battle of, 6.1, 6.2
Calvin, John, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 11.1, nts.1n55
Calvinism, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 10.1
Cambyses II, King of Persia
Camp David Accords, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3
Canaan, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 5.1, 8.1, nts.1n32
Canada, 10.1, 13.1
cannibalism, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2
Cape Verde Islands
capitalism, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, 10.1, 11.1, 12.1, 13.1; opposition to, 10.2, 11.2, 11.3
Cappadocia, 1.1, 5.1, 6.1
Carolingian dynasty, 8.1, 8.2
Carter, Jimmy, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3
Carthage, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2
Casey, William
Castile, 9.1, 9.2
Cathars, 8.1, 10.1, aft.1
Catholicism, see Roman Catholic Church
&
nbsp; Caucasus, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 4.1
Cavanaugh, William T., itr.1, 9.1
Cave of the Patriarchs (Hebron), 11.1, 12.1
Celts
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 11.1, 12.1, 13.1, 13.2
centralization, 7.1, 11.1; imperial, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 7.2; royal, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4 (see also absolute monarchy)
Chad
Chalcedon, Council of
Chandragupta, Mauryan emperor
Changa (India)
Charlemagne, Holy Roman Emperor, 1.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4
Charles I, King of England, 9.1, 9.2
Charles II, King of England
Charles IX, King of France
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 9.1, 9.2
Charny, Geoffroi de
Chatila refugee camp (Lebanon)
Chechnya, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4
Cheng, Chinese king
Chénier, Marie-Joseph
Chicago, University of
China, 9.1, aft.1, aft.2, aft.3; ancient, itr.1, itr.2, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 5.1, aft.4; Mongol invasion of, 8.1; Revolution of 1911, 3.2
Chi You
Christ (title: “Messiah”), 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 10.1, aft.1, aft.2; Body of, 9.2; imitation of, 8.3; patrimony in Holy Land of, 8.4; representatives on earth of, 8.5; Second Coming of, 6.4, 6.5; Tomb of, 8.6, nts.1n91; see also Jesus
Christian Identity
Christianity, itr.1, 1.1, 4.1, 7.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3; anti-Semitism and, 10.1; colonialism and, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 10.6; divergent interpretations of revelation in, 7.2, 7.3; early, itr.2, itr.3, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, nts.1n122; Eastern, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, aft.1; ethical tradition of, itr.4, 11.1; evangelical, 10.7, 10.8, 10.9, 11.2, 13.1, 13.2, aft.2; forced conversion to, 9.1; fundamentalist, 11.3, 11.4, aft.3; Germanic tribes converted to, 8.4; imperialism in name of, 9.2; internalization of, 9.3; Islam and, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 9.4, 11.5, 12.4, aft.4; in Lebanon, 11.6, 12.5, 12.6; militarism and, 8.5, 8.6 (see also Crusades); monastic movement in, 6.3, 7.8, 8.7 (see also monks, Christian); Monophysite, 6.4, 7.9; millennial myths of, 10.10; Orthodox, 13.3; in Ottoman Empire, 11.7, 13.4; in Persia, 1.2, 6.5; Satan in, 8.8; Serbian, 13.5; in United States, 10.11, 10.12; see also Protestantism; Roman Catholic Church
Christology, 5.1, 6.1
Chu (China), 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4
Church of England
Church of the Resurrection (later Church of the Holy Sepulcher; Jerusalem), 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, nts.1n91
Cilicia, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1
circumcision, 5.1, 5.2
Cistercian order, 8.1, 8.2
Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)
civilian casualties, 3.1, 5.1, 8.1, 9.1, 12.1, 11.1; of terrorist attacks, see terrorism; in twentieth-century wars, 12.2, 12.3; of U.S. wars on Afghanistan and Iraq, 13.1, 13.2
Clairvaux (France), abbey of
Clarke, I. F.
Clement V, Pope
Clement VIII, Pope
Clermont, Peace Council at
Clinton, Bill
Cluny (France), abbey of, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, aft.1
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