Fields of Blood

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Fields of Blood Page 66

by Karen Armstrong


  Yadin, Yigal. The Art of Warfare in Biblical Lands: In Light of Archaeological Study. 2 vols. New York, 1963.

  Yao, Xinzhong. An Introduction to Confucianism. Cambridge, UK, 2000.

  Yovel, Yirmanyahu. Spinoza and Other Heretics. 2 vols.: I. The Marrano of Reason; II. Adventures of Immanence. Princeton, NJ, 1989.

  Zaehner, R. C. Hinduism. London, New York, and Toronto, 1962.

  Zinn, Howard. A People’s History of the United States, from 1492 to the Present. 2nd ed. London and New York, 1996.

  Zuckmayer, Carl. Pro Domo. Stockholm, 1938.

  Zweig, Stefan. The World of Yesterday: An Autobiography. Trans. Anthea Bell. New York, 1945.

  Index

  Abbasids, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 12.1, aft.1

  Abd al-Aziz University

  Abd al-Malik

  Abd al-Nasser, Gemal, 11.1, 11.2, 12.1, aft.1

  Abdu, Muhammad

  Abel, 4.1, 13.1

  abolitionists

  Abraham, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 6.1, 7.1, 11.1, nts.1—1.1

  Abrahamic faiths, itr.1, 8.1; see also Christianity; Islam; Judaism

  absolute monarchies, 2.1, 7.1; Chinese, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3; European, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 10.1; Muslim, 7.2, 9.6, aft.1; Persian, 6.1, 7.3

  absolutism, 7.1, 9.1, 10.1; religious, 1.1, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, 7.2, 9.2, 10.2 (see also fundamentalism); royal, see absolute monarchies

  Abu Bakr (first caliph)

  Abu Ghraib prison, 13.1, nts.1n79

  Achaemenid dynasty

  Achilles, 1.1, 1.2

  Acre

  Acton, John Emerich Edward Dalberg, Lord, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1, aft.1

  Acts of the Martyrs, 5.1, 5.2

  Adadnirari I, King of Assyria

  Adalbéron, bishop of Laon, n27

  Adam, 4.1, 4.2, 10.1, 10.2

  Adams, John

  Adams, Sam

  Adebolajo, Michael

  Adebolawe, Michael

  Advani, L. K.

  Aelia Capitolina (Jerusalem)

  Afghanistan, 11.1; al-Qaeda in, 13.1; ancient, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 4.1; Arab Islamist supporters of, see Arab-Afghans; Soviet invasion and occupation of, 13.2, 13.3; Taliban control of, 13.4, 13.5; United States war against, 13.6

  Africa, 6.1, 7.1; Islam in, 13.1; slave trade to Americas from, 9.1, 10.1, aft.1; see also specific nations and regions

  African Americans, 10.1, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2

  Afula (Israel)

  Agni (sacred fire), 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

  Agnicayana, 2.1, 2.2

  agrarian civilizations, itr.1, 1.1; see also specific empires, kingdoms, regions and states

  ahadith, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2

  Ahmadis, 11.1, nts.1n29

  Ahura Mazda

  Ai

  Ain Jalut, Battle of

  Ajatashatru, King of Magadha

  Ajax

  Ajivaka school

  Akbar, Moghul Emperor

  Akitu ritual, 1.1, 1.2, 4.1

  Akiva, Rabbi

  Akkadian Empire, 1.1, 4.1

  al-Bahri, Nasir, 13.1, 13.2

  al-Banna, Hassan

  al-Dukhayyil, Feisal

  al-Fazari, Abu Ishaq

  al-Hakim, Abu Ali Mansur Tariqu, Fatimid emperor

  al-Haqq, Zia

  al-Harawi, Abu Said, 8.1

  al-Haznawi, Ahmed

  al-Mutasim, Abbasid caliph

  al-Nuqrashi, Muhammad

  al-Omari, Abdul-Aziz, 13.1, 13.2

  al-Qaradawi, Sheikh

  al-Rashid, Harun, Abbasid emperor, 7.1, 7.2

  al-Sadiq, Jafar (sixth Shii Imam), 7.1, 12.1

  al-Sadr, Musa

  al-Shafii, Muhammad Idris, 7.1, 12.1, 13.1

  al-Shehhi, Marwan

  al-Sulami, Ali ibn Tahir

  al-Turabi, Hassan, 13.1, 13.2

  al-Zawahiri, Ayman, 13.1, 13.2

  Alaric

  Albright, Madeleine

  Alcuin, 8.1, nts.1n13

  Aleppo (Syria)

  Alexandria, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 7.1

  Alexander VI, Pope

  Alexander the Great

  Alexander the Sleepless

  Algeria, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4

  Ali (fourth caliph, first Shii Imam), 7.1, 7.2, 11.1, 11.2, nts.1n83

  Allah (Arabic: “God”), 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 12.1, 13.1

  Allah, Louis Atiyat

  Alp Arslan

  al-Qaeda, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5, 13.6, 13.7

  Alsace, 9.1, 10.1

  Al-Turabi, Hassan

  AMAL (Battalions for Lebanese Resistance)

  Ambrose, bishop of Milan

  American Civil Liberties Union

  American Revolution, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 11.1, aft.1

  Americas, 9.1; discovery and colonization of, 9.2, 9.3; see also specific colonies and colonizers

  Amir, Yigal

  Amnesty International

  Amorites, 1.1, 8.1

  Amos

  Amritsar, Golden Temple at

  Amsterdam

  Amurru

  Anabaptists, 9.1, 9.2, nts.1n43

  Anagni

  Anat

  Anatolia, 1.1, 1.2, 4.1, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 11.1; Mongol invasion of, 8.3; in Ottoman Empire, 9.1

  Anderson, Perry

  Anglo-Saxons, 1.1, 6.1, 8.1

  Angra Mainyu (Hostile Spirit), 1.1, 4.1

  Anjou, 8.1, 10.1

  Ante-Taurus mountain range

  Antichrist, 8.1, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1

  Antioch, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2; siege of, 8.3, 8.4

  Antiochus IV, Seleucid emperor

  Antipas, Herod (son of Herod the Great), 5.1, 5.2, 5.3

  anti-Semitism, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1

  Anti-Women’s Suffrage League

  Antonia fortress (Jerusalem), 5.1, 5.2

  Antony, Egyptian monk, 6.1, 6.2, aft.1

  Anu (Mesopotamian sky god), 1.1, 1.2, 1.3

  Anunnaki, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5

  Apadama relief

  apocalyptic beliefs, 5.1, 5.2, 12.1; Christian, 8.1, aft.1; Zoroastrian, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.3

  Apulia (Italy)

  Aqsa Mosque (Jerusalem), 8.1, 8.2

  Arab-Afghans, 13.1, 13.2, aft.1; in Bosnian War, 13.3; return to Middle East of, 13.4

  Arabi, Muid ad-Din ibn al-

  Arabs, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 12.1, nts.1n69; in Afghan campaign against Soviet Union, see Arab-Afghans; Israeli conflicts with, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4; in Ottoman Empire, 9.1; Palestinian, see Palestinians

  Arad, ancient Canaanite fortress of

  Arafat, Yasser

  Aragon, 9.1, 9.2

  Arcadius, Byzantine emperor

  Archelaus (son of Herod the Great)

  Ariel, Yaakov

  aristocracy, itr.1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 8.1, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2; in Byzantine Empire, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7; Chinese, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6; in colonial America, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5; during French Revolution, 10.6, 10.7, 10.8; Indian, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 10.8; Israelites and, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4; Mesopotamian, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6; Muslims and, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.2, 9.2, 11.1, aft.1; in Persian Empire, 1.7, 4.5, 4.6, 6.8, 6.9, 7.4; and rise of capitalism, 7.5, 9.3; of Roman Catholic Church, 8.3, 8.4; in Roman Empire, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 8.5; during Wars of Religion, 9.4, 9.5

  Arians, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4

  Aristotle

  Arjan Dev, Guru

  Arjuna, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 11.1, 12.1

  Armagh, John

  Armand-Amalric

  Armed Islamic Group (GIA)

  Armenia, 6.1, 7.1, 11.1; Turkish genocide in, 11.2, 13.1, aft.1

  Armstrong, William

  Army of Jhangvi

  Arthur, King of England, 1.1, 8.1

  Artois (France)

  Aryans, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 8.1, 8.2, aft.1; Indo-, 1.4, 11.1; see also Indo-Europeans

  Arya Samaj, 10.1, 11.1

  Arya Vir Dal

  Asad, Talal

  asceticism, itr.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.
2, 8.3

  Anshan (Persia)

  Asherah

  Ashoka, Mauryan emperor, itr.1, itr.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 8.1, 11.1, 11.2, aft.1, aft.2

  Ashur, 1.1, 4.1

  Ashura, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4

  Ashur-uballit I

  Ashvins

  Ashwatthaman

  Assassins

  Assyrian Empire, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 5.1

  Ata, Muhammad, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3

  Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 11.1, 11.2

  Athanasius, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

  atheism, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 11.1, 11.2, aft.1, 367

  Athens, 5.1, 6.1

  Atrahasis, 13.1

  atrocities, itr.1, 2.1, 3.1, 13.1; colonialism and, 10.1, 10.2; religion-based, 7.1, 8.1, 11.1, 11.2, 13.2; revolutions and, 10.3, 10.4; during World Wars, 11.3, 12.1; see also genocide; terrorism

  Augsburg, Peace of, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 10.1

  Augustine, Aurelius, bishop of Hippo, itr.1, 4.1, 6.1

  Augustus, Roman emperor, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5

  Aurangzeb, Moghul emperor, 10.1, 10.2

  Auschwitz concentration camp

  Australia

  Austria, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 10.2

  Austro-Prussian War

  autocracy, 2.1, 7.1, 10.1

  Avars

  Avestan, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1 n

  Avignon (France), 8.1, 9.1

  Aviner, Shlomo

  Aws tribe

  Ayodhya, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2

  Ayub Khan

  Ayyubid Empire

  Azhar madrassa, 10.1, 13.1

  Aztecs, 9.1, 9.2

  Azzam, Abdullah, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3

  Baal, itr.1, 4.1, 4.2, 11.1

  Baath party

  Babel, Tower of, 4.1, 10.1

  Babri mosque (Ayodhya)

  Babur, Moghul emperor

  Babylonian Empire, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.2a, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3

  Babylonian Talmud

  Badr, Battle of, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

  Baghdad (Iraq), 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 13.1

  Bagram (Afghanistan)

  Bahrain

  Baibars

  Baldwin, Ebenezer

  Baldwin of Bouillon

  Bali

  Balkans, 5.1, 13.1, 13.2; see also specific states

  Baltics

  Bani Sadr, Abulhassan

  Banja Luka (Bosnia and Herzegovina)

  Bantu tribe

  Banu Ghassan (Arab tribe)

  Baptists

  barbarians, 1.1, 2.1, 5.1, 8.1; Chinese indigenous peoples seen as, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3; Byzantine Empire attacked by, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3; in Roman Empire, 5.2, 5.3, 6.4, 7.1

  Bar Ilan University

  Bar Kokhba revolt, 5.1, 7.1, aft.1

  Barsauma

  Bashir, Sheikh Muhammad, 13.1

  Basil, bishop of Caesarea

  Basilica of St. Peter (Rome)

  Basra (Iraq)

  Bastille, fall of, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1

  Bathsheba

  Bay of Pigs invasion

  Beast (Book of Revelation)

  Beauvoir, Simone de

  Bedouin, 1.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

  Beecher, Henry Ward

  Beersheba (Israel)

  Begin, Menachem

  Beirut (Lebanon)

  Belgium

  Benedictine order, 8.1, 8.2

  Bengal, 2.1, 10.1

  Benjamin (tribe)

  Benjamin, Walter

  Benjedid, Chadli

  Ben Shoshan, Yeshua

  Berbers

  Bernard, Saint, 8.1, 8.2

  Berri, Nabih

  Bethel (Israel), 4.1, 4.2

  Bethlehem (Palestine), 5.1, 8.1

  Beza, Theodore

  Bhagavad-Gita, 71, 2.1, 11.1

  Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)

  Bhīma

  Bhutto, Zulfiqar Ali

  Bibi, Mamana, 13.1, aft.1

  Bible, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 11.1, 11.2, aft.1; Acts of the Apostles, 5.1, 12.1; Old Testament of, see Hebrew Bible; Protestantism and individual interpretations of, 9.1, 9.2; Revelation, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 11.3; and Wars of Religion, 9.3

  Bill of Rights

  Bimbisara, King of Magadha

  Binding, Rudolf

  Bin Laden, Osama, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5, 13.6, 13.7, 13.8, 13.9, aft.1

  Bindusara, Mauryan emperor

  Bismarck, Otto von

  Black Panthers

  Blair, Tony

  Blandina, Saint

  Bloch, Marc

  Blois (France)

  blood libel

  Bohemund, Count of Taranto

  Bokhara

  Boniface VIII, Pope

  Bonner, Edmund

  Book of Mozi, The, 92

  Book of Songs, The, 80

  Bordeaux (France)

  Borgia family

  Bosnia, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4

  Bossy, John

  Boston, colonial, 10.1, 10.2

  Bourbons

  bourgeoisie, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 11.1, 12.1

  Bourke, Joanna

  Bouteflika, Abdul-Aziz

  Bouyeri, Muhammad

  Bradford, William

  Brahman (“The All”), 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 4.1, 11.1, 12.1

  Brahmanas, 2.1, 2.2

  Brahmins, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9

  Brandenburg

  Brazil

  Bremen (Germany)

  Brennan, John O.

  Brhadaranyaka Upanishad

  Britain, 11.1, 12.1; American Revolution against, 10.1; colonialism of, 9.1 (see also specific colonies); division of Ottoman territories by France and, 11.2; imperialism of, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 11.3, 13.1, aft.1; Indian struggle for independence from, 2.1, 11.4; Industrial Revolution in, 10.5; in Iraq War, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4; Israel and, 11.5, 12.2; Middle East influence of, 11.6, 11.7, 11.8, 11.9, 11.10; partition of Indian subcontinent by, 11.11, 11.12; Roman conquest of, 5.1; see also England; Scotland

  British Empire, see Britain, imperialism of

  British Museum, itr.1, itr.2, 4.1

  Brittany (France), 8.1, 10.1

  Brooklyn Bridge

  Bryan, William Jennings

  Buddha, 2.1, 3.1, 5.1, nts.1n86

  Buddhism, 2.1, 2.2, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1, aft.1; of Ashoka, 2.3, 2.4, aft.2; ethical tradition of, itr.1, 5.1; monasticism in, 2.5, 12.1, aft.3; nonviolence of, itr.2, 2.6

  Burma

  Bury St. Edmunds (England)

  Bush, George W., 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4

  bushmen, Kalahari

  Bushnell, Howard

  Bute, Lord

  Buyid dynasty, 7.1

  Byzantine Empire, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 8.1, aft.1; Persian wars with, 6.2, 7.5, 7.6; reassertion of Roman Catholic authority in, 8.2; trade routes to, 7.7; Turkish invasion of, 7.8

  Caecilian, 6.1, nts.1n16

  Caesarea (Israel), 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2

  Cain, 4.1, 13.1

  Cairo (Egypt), 10.1, 12.1, 12.2

  Cairo Agreement (1969)

  Cajetan, Cardinal Thomas

  Calabria (Italy)

  Calgacus

  Caligula, Gaius, Roman emperor

  Callinicum, Battle of, 6.1, 6.2

  Calvin, John, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 11.1, nts.1n55

  Calvinism, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 10.1

  Cambyses II, King of Persia

  Camp David Accords, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3

  Canaan, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 5.1, 8.1, nts.1n32

  Canada, 10.1, 13.1

  cannibalism, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2

  Cape Verde Islands

  capitalism, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, 10.1, 11.1, 12.1, 13.1; opposition to, 10.2, 11.2, 11.3

  Cappadocia, 1.1, 5.1, 6.1

  Carolingian dynasty, 8.1, 8.2

  Carter, Jimmy, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3

  Carthage, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2

  Casey, William

  Castile, 9.1, 9.2

  Cathars, 8.1, 10.1, aft.1

  Catholicism, see Roman Catholic Church

&
nbsp; Caucasus, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 4.1

  Cavanaugh, William T., itr.1, 9.1

  Cave of the Patriarchs (Hebron), 11.1, 12.1

  Celts

  Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 11.1, 12.1, 13.1, 13.2

  centralization, 7.1, 11.1; imperial, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 7.2; royal, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4 (see also absolute monarchy)

  Chad

  Chalcedon, Council of

  Chandragupta, Mauryan emperor

  Changa (India)

  Charlemagne, Holy Roman Emperor, 1.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4

  Charles I, King of England, 9.1, 9.2

  Charles II, King of England

  Charles IX, King of France

  Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 9.1, 9.2

  Charny, Geoffroi de

  Chatila refugee camp (Lebanon)

  Chechnya, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4

  Cheng, Chinese king

  Chénier, Marie-Joseph

  Chicago, University of

  China, 9.1, aft.1, aft.2, aft.3; ancient, itr.1, itr.2, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 5.1, aft.4; Mongol invasion of, 8.1; Revolution of 1911, 3.2

  Chi You

  Christ (title: “Messiah”), 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 10.1, aft.1, aft.2; Body of, 9.2; imitation of, 8.3; patrimony in Holy Land of, 8.4; representatives on earth of, 8.5; Second Coming of, 6.4, 6.5; Tomb of, 8.6, nts.1n91; see also Jesus

  Christian Identity

  Christianity, itr.1, 1.1, 4.1, 7.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3; anti-Semitism and, 10.1; colonialism and, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 10.6; divergent interpretations of revelation in, 7.2, 7.3; early, itr.2, itr.3, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, nts.1n122; Eastern, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, aft.1; ethical tradition of, itr.4, 11.1; evangelical, 10.7, 10.8, 10.9, 11.2, 13.1, 13.2, aft.2; forced conversion to, 9.1; fundamentalist, 11.3, 11.4, aft.3; Germanic tribes converted to, 8.4; imperialism in name of, 9.2; internalization of, 9.3; Islam and, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 9.4, 11.5, 12.4, aft.4; in Lebanon, 11.6, 12.5, 12.6; militarism and, 8.5, 8.6 (see also Crusades); monastic movement in, 6.3, 7.8, 8.7 (see also monks, Christian); Monophysite, 6.4, 7.9; millennial myths of, 10.10; Orthodox, 13.3; in Ottoman Empire, 11.7, 13.4; in Persia, 1.2, 6.5; Satan in, 8.8; Serbian, 13.5; in United States, 10.11, 10.12; see also Protestantism; Roman Catholic Church

  Christology, 5.1, 6.1

  Chu (China), 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4

  Church of England

  Church of the Resurrection (later Church of the Holy Sepulcher; Jerusalem), 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, nts.1n91

  Cilicia, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1

  circumcision, 5.1, 5.2

  Cistercian order, 8.1, 8.2

  Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)

  civilian casualties, 3.1, 5.1, 8.1, 9.1, 12.1, 11.1; of terrorist attacks, see terrorism; in twentieth-century wars, 12.2, 12.3; of U.S. wars on Afghanistan and Iraq, 13.1, 13.2

  Clairvaux (France), abbey of

  Clarke, I. F.

  Clement V, Pope

  Clement VIII, Pope

  Clermont, Peace Council at

  Clinton, Bill

  Cluny (France), abbey of, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, aft.1

 

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