Colby, Captain Elbridge
Cold War, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 13.1
Colombia
colonialism, 5.1, 10.1, 11.1, 12.1, aft.1, aft.2; European, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 10.2; global struggle against, 12.2; Indian response to, 10.3, 10.4, 11.2; in Middle East, 10.5, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 12.3; in Roman Empire, 5.2; structural violence of, 10.6, 10.7, 11.6, 11.7, 11.8; of United States, 11.9, 12.4, 13.1, 13.2; Zionism and, 10.8, 11.10; see also imperialism
Columbus, Christopher, 9.1, 9.2
commerce, 8.1, 10.1, 11.1; in Arabia, 7.1; in premodern world, itr.1, 1.1, 2.1
Committee of Public Safety
Commonwealth of Oceana (Harrington)
communists, itr.1, 11.1, 11.2, 12.1, 12.2, 13.1; Russian, see Soviet Union
Confucianism, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 9.1, 9.2, aft.1
Confucius, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 5.2
Congress, U.S.
Connecticut, 10.1; colonial, 10.2, 10.3
conspiracy fears, 8.1, 9.1, 10.1, 13.1
Constance, Council of
Constantine, Byzantine emperor, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, aft.1
Constantinople, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2; Council of, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6; fall of, 6.7; Persian siege of, 6.8; see also Byzantine Empire
Constantius II, Byzantine emperor
Constantius Chlorus, Byzantine emperor, 5.1, 5.2
Continental Congress
Cook, David, n79
Coponius
Corinth (Greece)
Cortés, Hernán
Cotton, John, 10.1, 10.2
Crispus
Croats, 13.1, 13.2
Cromer, Evelyn Baring, Lord, 11.1, 11.2
Cromwell, Oliver
Croquants (France)
Crusades, itr.1, itr.2, 8.1, 8.2, 11.1, 12.1, 13.1, 13.2, aft.1, aft.2, nts.1n91
Ctesiphon (Mesopotamia)
Cuba
Cyprian
Cyril, Patriarch of Alexandria
Cyrus, Achaemenid emperor, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1
Dalmatia
Damascus (Syria), 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
Dan (Israel)
Danish War
Danube region, 5.1, 6.1
Daodejing, 95
Daoism, 3.1, 9.1, aft.1, 12.1, aft.2
Dar al-Islam, 8.1, 13.1
Darius I, Achaemenid emperor, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 6.1, 6.2
Darrow, Clarence
Darwin, Charles, 10.1, 12.1
Darwinism, 10.1, 11.1
David, Jacques-Louis
David, King of Israel, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 7.1, 10.1, 11.1, 13.1, 13.2, aft.1
Davis, Natalie Zemon, 9.1, nts.1n77
Dawkins, Richard
Dayan, Moshe
Dayananda, Swami
Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur)
Decalogue
Decius, Roman emperor
Declaration of Independence, 10.1, nts.1n31
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, 10.1, 10.2
Deeds of the Franks, 214
deification (theosis), doctrine of, 6.1, 10.1
deists, 10.1, 10.2
Demeter (Greek goddess)
Democratic Party, U.S., 11.1, 11.2
Deobandis, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2, 13.1, 13.2, aft.1
Descartes, René
Devanampiya (“Beloved of the Gods”), see Ashoka
De Veritate (Herbert), 9.1
Dewey, John
Dharma, 2.1, 2.2
Di, Shang Di (sky god of Shang China), 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
Dickens, Charles
Diego Garcia (British Indian Ocean Territory)
Dinah
Diocletian, Roman emperor, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2, nts.1n16
Dionysius, temple of
Dioscorus
Divine Council
Djerba (Tunisia)
Doab (India), 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
Dome of the Rock (Jerusalem), 7.1, 12.1
Dominicans (Order of Preachers), 8.1, 9.1
Donatists, 6.1, 6.2, nts.1n16
Donne, John
Dow, Lorenzo
Dreyfus, Captain Alfred
Drona
Druze
Durandus of San Poinciana
Duryodhana
Dutch, see Netherlands
Dwight, Timothy
Eannatum, King of Lagash
Earth Mother
East Anglia
Eastern Catholic Church, 6.1, aft.1
Easton, John
Eban, Abba
ecstasy, 7.1, 10.1, 10.2; of battle, itr.1, 2.1, 8.1, 10.3, 11.1, 12.1
Edessa, 8.1, 8.2
Edom
Edward I, King of England
Edward VI, King of England
Edwards, Jonathan, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3
egalitarianism, itr.1, 2.1, 2.2; Christian, 5.1, 6.1, 8.1, 10.1, 10.2; Islamic, 7.1, 7.2, 12.1, aft.1; Jewish, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.2; premodern departures from, 1.1, 2.3
Egypt, 8.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 12.1, 13.1, aft.1; ancient, itr.1, itr.2, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, nts.1n32; Arab-Afghans from, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5, 13.6; assassination of Sadat in, 12.2; in Byzantine Empire, 6.2; Christianity in, 6.3, 6.4, 8.2; Fatimid dynasty in, 7.1, 8.3, nts.2n83; Israel and, 11.4, 11.5; modernization of, 11.6, 11.7; Muslim conquest of, 7.2, 7.3; Napoleon’s invasion of, 10.1, 11.8; Wahhabism in, 13.7
Einhard
Eliot, John
elites, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1; in agrarian civilizations, itr.1, 1.1, 1.2; in Middle East, 7.1, 11.2, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4; in United States, 9.1, 10.3, 10.4, 11.3; see also aristocracy
Elizabeth I, Queen of England
Emicho, Count of Leningen
empathy, itr.1, 2.1, 3.1, 10.1, 13.1, aft.1
England, 8.1, 8.2, 10.1; Christianity in, 6.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3; Civil War in, 9.4, 9.5; in Hundred Years’ War, 8.3; Jews in, 8.4; monarchy in, 9.6, 9.6 (see also names of kings and queens); Muslims in, 10.2; see also Britain
England, Lynndie
English language, itr.1, 1.1, 2.1, 7.1
Enki (Mesopotamian god), 1.1, 1.2
Enkidu (Epic of Gilgamesh), 1.1, 1.2
Enlightenment, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 10.6, 10.7, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2
Enlil (Lord Storm; Mesopotamian god), 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6
Enuma Elish (Mesopotamian hymn)
Ephesus, 5.1; Councils of, 6.1, 6.2
Epic of Gilgamesh, see Gilgamesh
Epicureanism
epidemics, 2.1, 8.1
Erasmus, Desiderius
Eritrea
Erkbakan, Necmettin
Esagil (Sumerian temple)
Esau
Essence of Christianity, The (Feuerbach)
Essenes
Estates General, French
Ethiopia
Etzion, Yehuda
Eucharist, 6.1, 9.1, aft.1
Euphrates River, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 4.1, 6.1, 174
European Union
Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea
Eutyches, monk of Constantinople, 6.1, 6.2
Evagrius, monk of Pontus, 6.1, 6.2
evangelicals, see Christianity, evangelical
Eve, 4.1, 4.2
evolution, itr.1, 1.1, 10.1, 11.1; political and social, 3.1, 5.1, 10.2, 11.2, 13.1
exceptionalism, American
excommunication, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 10.1
Fadl Allah, Ayatollah Muhammad
Fajia (Chinese: School of the Law)
Fall (Christian doctrine)
Fallujah (Iraq)
Falsafah (“Philosophy”), 9.1, 10.1, 13.1
Falwell, Jerry
famines, itr.1, 1.1, 5.1, 8.1, 9.1; in China, 3.1; colonialism and, 10.1, 10.2; in Egypt, 6.1; Israelites plagued by, 4.1, 4.2
Faraj, Abd al-Salam, 12.1, 13.1
Faris, Iyman
Fatah, 12.1, 13.1
Fatima, n83
Fatimids, 7.1, 8.1, nts.1n83
fatwas, 8.1, 9.1, 10.1, 12.1, 13.1
Fayziyah Madrassa (Iran),
11.1, 11.2
Federalist Revolt
Feisal, King of Saudi Arabia
Felix of Apthungi, n16
Ferdinand, Holy Roman Emperor, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
Ferdinand, King of Aragon, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5
Ferguson, Niall
Fertile Crescent, see also Mesopotamia
feudalism, 9.1, 11.1, 12.1; Chinese, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3; in medieval Europe, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4
Feuerbach, Ludwig
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb
Fiery Emperor (China)
Fingarette, Herbert
Finney, Charles
Firestone, Reuven
First Schmalkaldic War
First World War, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 12.1, aft.1
Flacilla, Aelia, Byzantine empress
Flanders, 8.1, 9.1, 10.1
Flavian, bishop of Constantinople, 6.1, 6.2
France, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.1, 11.1; absolute monarchy in, 9.2, 9.3; Algeria and, 13.1; anti-Semitism in, 10.1; British wars against, 10.2; cave paintings in, itr.1; division of Ottoman territories by Britain and, 11.2; in Hundred Years’ War, 8.4; imperialism of, 10.3; industrialization of, 10.4; Jews in, 10.5; Lebanon and, 12.1; papacy in, 8.5, 9.4; Protestants in, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7, 9.8; rivalry of Spain and, 9.9; revolutionary, see French Revolution; secularization in, 9.10
Francis I, King of France
Francis of Assisi, Saint
Franciscans (Order of Friars Minor)
Franco-Prussian War
Franklin, Benjamin
Franks, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4; jihad against, 8.5; kingdom of, 8.6, 8.7
Frederick I (Barbarossa), Holy Roman Emperor
Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, 8.1, 8.2
Frederick V, Elector Palatine
French Revolution, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 12.1, aft.1, aft.2
Freud, Sigmund, 12.1, 12.2
Friedman, Thomas
Fulcher of Chartres
Fulda (monastery)
fundamentalism, 10.1, 11.1; Christian, 11.2, 11.3, aft.1; Jewish, 11.4, 12.1; Islamic, 11.5, 11.6, 12.2, 13.1, aft.2; Sikh, 10.2
Fustat (Egypt)
Galahad
Galerius, Roman emperor
Galienus, Roman emperor
Galilee, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.1
Gandhi, Mohandas, 11.1, 11.2
Gandhi, Rajiv
Ganges River, 2.1; basin of, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5; plain of, 11.1
Garatman (Aryan sun god)
Garden of Eden, 4.1, 6.1, 10.1
Gaul, 6.1, 8.1
Gaza, 12.1, 12.2, 13.1
Geneva (Switzerland), 9.1, 9.2
Geneva Conventions
Genghis Khan, 8.1, 8.2
genocide, 4.1, 10.1; Armenian, 11.1, 13.1, aft.1; of Muslims in Bosnia, 13.2; Nazi, see Holocaust; Vendée, 10.2
Gentili, Alberico
George, Saint
George III, King of England
Gerald of Aurillac, St.
Gerard, bishop of Cambria, n27
German East Africa Company
Germanic tribes, 1.1, 5.1, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2
Germany, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2, 12.1; in First World War, 10.3, 11.1, 11.2; Jews slaughtered in, 8.1 (see also Holocaust); Holy Roman Empire in, 8.2; industrialization of, 10.4; Peasants’ War in, 9.2; Protestants in, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6; in Second World War, 12.2, 13.1; unification of, 10.5, 10.6
Ghazan Khan
Ghazni (Central Asia)
Ghose, Aurobindo
Gilgamesh, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 2.1, 2.2, aft.1
Girard, René
Glaukos
Gloucester (England)
Goa (India)
Gobind Singh, Guru
Godfrey of Bouillon
Golan Heights (Syria), 11.1, 11.2
Golden Rule, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, aft.1
Goldstein, Baruch
Goliath, 4.1, 13.1
Golwalkar, M. S.
gospels, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 10.1, 10.2, 12.1
Gothic tribes, 5.1, 6.1
Graber, Raoul
Granada (Spain), 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
Grand Remonstrance
Grant, Ulysses S.
Great Awakenings, 10.1, 13.1, 13.2, aft.1
Greater Jihad, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 11.1, 11.2
Great Flood
Great Judgment (Zoroastrian)
Great Peace (China), 2.1, 3.1, 3.2
Greeks, 7.1, 8.1, 11.1, nts.1n91; ancient, itr.1, itr.2, 1.1, 1.2, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2; in Ottoman Empire, 11.2
Gregory VII, Pope, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
Gregory IX, Pope
Gregory, bishop of Nazianzus
Gregory, bishop of Nyssa
Grenville, George, Lord
Grotius, Hugo, 9.1, 9.2
Guantánamo Bay detention facility, 13.1, 13.2
Guises, 9.1, 9.2
Gujarat (India)
Gulf States, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3
Gulf War, 12.1, 13.1
Gupta period (India), 2.1, 2.2
gurus: Hindu, 2.1, 2.2; Sikh, 10.1
Gush Emunim (Bloc of the Faithful), 11.1, 12.1, 12.2
Guzmán, Dominic de
Gypsies
Habsburgs, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5
Hadrian, Roman emperor
Haenisch, Konrad
Hague, The
hajj, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 11.1, 13.1
Hamas, 12.1, 13.1
Hamburg Cell, 13.1, 13.2
Hammurabi, King of Babylon
Han (Chinese Kingdom)
Han dynasty
Han Feizi
Haram al-Sharif (Jerusalem), 8.1, 8.2, 12.1, 12.2
Hard Times (Dickens)
Harrington, James
Harvard University, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3
Hasmoneans
Haut-Biterrois (France)
Harawi, Abu Said al-
Hazor (Israel), 4.1, 4.2
Heaven (Tian, the sky god of Zhou China), 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6
heaven, beliefs about, 9.1; Christian, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.2, 10.1; Hindu, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4; in Judaism, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.3, 12.1; Mesopotamian, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6
Hébert, Jacques
Hebrew Bible, itr.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 8.1, 10.1, 10.2, 12.1, aft.1, aft.2; Chronicles, 4.3; Daniel, 5.3; Deuteronomy, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, aft.3, aft.4, nts.1n79; Exodus, 4.7, 4.8, nts.2n100; Genesis, 4.9, 11.1, 11.2, nts.3n20; Joshua, 4.10, 4.11; Judges, 4.12, 4.13; Kings, 4.14, nts.4n79; Psalms, 11.3; Samuel, 4.15; Song of Songs, 5.4; see also Pentateuch
Hebrews, seeIsraelites
Hebron (West Bank), 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3
Hedges, Chris, itr.1, itr.2, 1.1
Hedgewar, Keshav B., 11.1, 11.2, 12.1
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich
Hehe tribe
Hejazi, Taha
Helios
Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
Henry II, King of England, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2
Henry VIII, King of England
Henry III, King of France
Henry IV, King of France
Henry of Lancaster
Henry of Lausanne
Heraclius
Herbert, Edward, Lord of Cherbury
Hercules
herdsmen, 1.1, 1.2, 4.1, 5.1, 7.1, 7.2; see also pastoral societies
heretics, 7.1, 10.1, 10.2; Christian, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, aft.1; Hindu, 2.1, 2.2; Islamic, 11.1, aft.2, nts.1n29
hermits, 3.1, 8.1, 8.2
Herod, King of Judea, 5.1, 5.2, 11.1
Heroic Age, 2.1, 2.2
Hertford, Treaty of
Herzl, Theodor
Hidden Imam, 7.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 12.1
Higher Criticism, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1
Hilary of Poitiers
Himalayas, 7.1, 11.1; foothills of, 2.1, 2.2
Hindus, 2.1, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1, 11.1; nationalist, 12.1
Hindutva (Savarkar)
Hippo (North Africa)
Hiros
hima, atomic bombing of, 12.1, 13.1
Hisham I
Hitler, Adolf, 11.1, aft.1
Hittites, 1.1, 1.2, 4.1, 4.2
Hizbollah, 12.1, 12.2
Hobbes, Thomas, 9.1, 10.1
Hodge, Charles, 11.1, 11.2
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr.
Holocaust, 11.1, 11.2, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 13.1, 13.2, aft.1, aft.2
Holy Land, 8.1, 8.2
Holy Roman Empire, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6
Holy Spirit, 6.1, 9.1, 9.2
Homer, 1.1, 2.1
Honorius
Hosea, King of the Kingdom of Israel
Hospitalers, 8.1, 8.2
Houte, Soetken van den
Huai Valley (China)
Huang Di, see Yellow Emperor
Hudaybiyyah, Well of (Arabia), 7.1, 11.1
Huguenots
Hulugu
humanism, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 10.1, 10.2
Humbaba
Hume, David
Hundred Years’ War
Hungary, 8.1, 8.2
Husain (third Shii Imam), 7.1, 7.2, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 13.1, aft.1, nts.1n83
Hutcheson, Francis
Hyderabad (India)
Hyksos
Ibn Adham, Ibrahim
Ibn al-Arabi, Muid ad-Din
Ibn al-Athir, Izz ad-Din, 8.1, nts.1n69
Ibn al-Khattab, Umar
Ibn al-Shibh, Ramzi
Ibn Anas, Malik
Ibn Ayyub, Yusuf, see Saladin
Ibn Mubarak, Abdullah
Ibn Saud, 13.1, 13.2
Ibn Taymiyyah, Ahmed, 8.1, 10.1, 12.1, 13.1, aft.1, aft.2
Idumaea, 5.1, 5.2
Igigis
Ignatius of Loyola, 9.1, 9.2
Iliad (Homer), 1.1, 2.1
Imams, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 12.1, 12.2; see also Hidden Imam; Husain
Imperial Academy
imperialism, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 8.1, 11.1, 12.1, 13.1, aft.1; agrarian, itr.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5; Chinese, 3.1, aft.2; Islamic, 11.2, 12.2; Israelites and, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 4.10; Western, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2, 11.3, 12.3, 12.4, 12.5, aft.3 (see also colonialism); see also specific empires
Inca Empire
India, 7.1, 9.1, 9.2, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, aft.1; ancient, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 90, 5.1, aft.2; British in, 10.1, 10.2; Hindu-Muslim conflicts in, 12.1; independence of, 2.1, 11.4; Moghuls in (see Moghul Empire); partition of, 11.5, 11.6 (see also Pakistan); trade routes from, 7.2
Indian National Party
Indians, American, see Native Americans
Indo-Europeans, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 2.1, 8.1; see also Aryans
Indonesia, 13.1, 13.2
Indra, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 4.1
industrialization, itr.1, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 11.1; of warfare, 10.5, 10.6, 12.1, 12.2
Industrial Revolution, 10.1, 10.2
Indus Valley, 1.1, 2.1
Infamous Decree
Innocent III, Pope, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.1
Innocent IV, Pope
Inquisition, itr.1, itr.2, 9.1, 9.2, aft.1, aft.2
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