Sudan, 10.1, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3
Suez Canal, 11.1, 11.2
Suez Crisis
Sufis, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1, 13.1, 13.2
Sullivan, Andrew
Sumeria, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 4.1, aft.1; Assembly of, 1.3; militarization of, 1.4
Sumu-abum, King of Babylon
Sunnis, 9.1, 11.1, 11.2, 12.1, 13.1, aft.1, nts.1n82; agrarian system accepted by, 7.1; in Iran, 12.2; jihadism of, 13.2; in Lebanon, 12.3, 12.4; Shii animosity toward, 7.2, 11.3, 13.3, aft.2
Sunzi
Surah, Abu
Susa, 4.1, 4.2
Sweden, 9.1, 9.2
Switzerland
Synoptics, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
Syria, 1.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 13.1, 13.2, aft.1; ancient, itr.1, 1.2, 1.3, 5.1, 5.2, aft.2; in Byzantine Empire, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6; during Crusades, 8.2, 8.3; Fatimid dynasty in, 7.3; Israeli conflicts with, 11.1, 11.2; Lebanon partitioned from, 12.1; modernization of, 11.3; Mongol invasion of, 8.4; Muslim conquest of, 7.4; Nationalist Party of, 12.2; trade routes to, 7.5; Wahhabism in, 13.3
Syr-Oxus Basin
systemic violence, see structural and systemic violence
Tacitus, Gaius Cornelius, 1.1, 5.1, 9.1, nts.1n122
Tajikistan, 13.1, 13.2
Takhar (Afghanistan)
Taliban, 13.1, 13.2, aft.1
Talleyrand, Charles Maurice de
Talmud, itr.1, 5.1, 7.1, 12.1
Tamil Tigers, 12.1, 13.1
Tanchelm of Antwerp
Tancred
Tantawi, Sheikh
Taoism, see Daoism
Tarsus
Tashkent
taxation, 4.1, 4.2, 9.1, 9.2, 11.1; American Revolution and, 10.1, 10.2; in ancient agrarian empires, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 5.1; in Byzantium, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4; in France, 9.3, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5; in medieval Europe, 8.1, 8.2;
taxation (continued)
Persian system of, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2; in Roman Empire, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5
Tegh Bahadur, Guru
Tehran (Iran), 11.1, 11.2, 12.1, 13.1
Tel Aviv (Israel), 12.1, 12.2
Templars, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
Temple Mount Faithful
Ten Commandments, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
Terah, n20
Teresa of Ávila, Saint
terrorism, itr.1, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, 13.1; Israeli, 11.2, 12.3; Muslim opponents of, 13.2, 13.3; religious, itr.2, 11.3, 12.4, 12.5, 12.6, 12.7, 13.4, 13.5, 13.6 (see also jihad; suicide attacks); secular nationalist, 12.8, 12.9; white supremacist, 10.1, 10.2
Tertullian, Quintus Septimus Florens
Theodosius I, Byzantine emperor
Theodosius II, Byzantine emperor
Theophilus of Alexandria
Theudas
Thirty-Nine Articles
Thirty Years’ War, itr.1, itr.2, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, aft.1
Thor
Thoreau, Henry David
Thornhill, James Henry
Thuringia
Tiamat, 1.1, 1.2, 4.1
Tiber River
Tibet
Tiglath-pileser I, King of Assyria
Tiglath-pileser III, King of Assyria
Tigris River, 1.1, 1.2, 8.1
tit-for-tat warfare, 1.1, 1.2
Titlemaus, Pieter
Tito, Josip Broz
Titus
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 10.1, 10.2
Toledo (Spain)
Tolstoy, Leo
Torah, 5.1, 5.2, 8.1
Toulon (France)
Toulouse (France)
Tours (France), 8.1, 9.1
trade, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 5.1, 10.1, 11.1; Arabian, 7.1, 7.2; European, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3; in India, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3; of Israel and Judah, 4.1; slave, 9.4, 10.2, aft.1
Trajan
Transjordan, 5.1, 6.1
transubstantiation, see Eucharist
Trappists
Trench, Battle of the
Trent, Council of, 9.1, 9.2
Trinity, doctrine of, 6.1, nts.1n55
Tripoli (Lebanon)
Trojan War
Trito
Tubal the Smith
Tudjman, Franjo
Tukulti-Ninurta I, King of Assyria
Tunisia, 8.1, 13.1
Turkey, 4.1, 11.1, 13.1; ancient, 1.1, 1.2
Turks, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5; Ottoman, see Ottoman Empire
Turpin, Archbishop
Turreau, General
Tuscany
Twelve Tribes of Israel
Tyre (Lebanon)
Ugarit (Syria), 4.1, 4.2
Uhud, Battle of, 7.1, 13.1
Umar II
Umayyads, 7.1, nts.1n69
Umma (Sumer), 1.1, 1.2
Unam Sanctam (papal bill)
Underhill, Captain John
United Nations, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 13.1, 13.2, nts.1n84
United States, 10.1, 10.2, aft.1, aft.2, nts.1n3; Afghanistan war of, 13.1; Army, 10.3, 12.1, 13.2; Bosnia and, 13.3; Civil War, 10.4; in Cold War, 11.1, 12.2, 12.3, 13.4; Constitution of, 10.5, 10.6, 10.7; drone aircraft of, 13.5; Founders of, 10.8, 10.9, 10.10; fundamentalism in, 11.2, 11.3, aft.3, aft.4; industrialization of, 10.11; Iran and, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6, 11.7, 13.6; Iraq War of, 13.7; Islamist antagonism toward, 13.8, 13.9; Israel supported by, 13.10, 13.11; Lebanon and, 12.4; Muslims in, 13.12; Pakistan and, 13.13; protest movements in, 11.8; Saudi Arabia and, 13.14; slavery in, 10.12; terrorist attacks on, itr.1, 13.15, 13.16, 13.17, 13.18
Unto This Last (Ruskin)
Upanishads, 2.1, 2.2, 11.1
Ur (Sumer), 1.1, 1.2, 4.1, nts.1n20
Urban II, Pope, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, aft.1
Urban VI, Pope
Urban VIII, Pope, 9.1
urbanization, 2.1, 5.1, 5.2, 12.1; poverty and, 6.1, 11.1; premodern, 1.1, 1.2, 4.1, 4.2, aft.1; see also names of cities
Uruk (Sumer), 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4
Uthman, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
Utopians
Vala (demon)
Valdes
Valerian, 5.1, 5.2
Vandals
Van Dyke, Henry
Van Gogh, Theo
Varanasi (India), 2.1, 12.1
Varuna, 1.1, 1.2
Varus, P. Quintilius, 5.1, 5.2
Vayu (god of physical force)
Veblen, Thorstein
Vedas, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3
Vendée (France)
Venice, 8.1, 9.1
Verdun (France)
Verethragna
Versailles (France)
Vespasian
Victricius
Videha
Vietnam War, itr.1, 11.1
Vikings
Virginia, 10.1; colonial, 10.2, 10.3
Virginia Company, 9.1, 10.1
Vishnu (Lord of the World), 2.1, 11.1
Vitoria, Francisco de
Volga region (Russia)
Voltaire
Vratras
Vritra, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
Vrtrahan
Wafd party, 11.1, 11.2
Wahhabism, 13.1, 13.2, nts.1n3
Waldenses
Waldman, Eliezer
Wallenstein, Albrecht von
Wampanoag tribe
War of Independence, see American Revolution
Wars of Religion, itr.1, itr.2, 9.1, 9.2, aft.1, aft.2; in France, 9.3; see also specific wars
War on Terror, 13.1, 13.2
Way of Heaven, 3.1, 3.2
Weber, Marianne
Weber, Max, n17
Weeks, harvest festival of
Wei Valley, 3.1, 3.2
West Bank, 11.1, 11.2, 12.1
Westermann, François-Joseph
Westminster Confession
Westphalia, Peace of, 9.1, 10.1
White, Andrew Dixon
Wilderness campaign
Williams, Roger
Williams, Rowan
Winchester (England)
Winthrop, John
Wittenberg (Germany)
Wood
man, Richard
World Council of Churches
World Islamic Front Against Zionists and Crusaders
World Trade Center (New York), terrorist attacks on, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5
Worms (Germany), 8.1; Diet of, 9.1
Wotyla, Karol
Wu, Emperor
xenophobia, 4.1, aft.1, aft.2
Xia dynasty
Xunzi, 3.1, 3.2
Yadavas, 2.1, 2.2
Yahweh, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 11.1, aft.1, nts.1n20; accommodation to paganism of cult of, 4.2, 4.1; Assyria and, 4.3; agrarian civilization opposed by, 4.4; creation of Garden of Eden by, 4.5, 4.6; Moses and, 4.7, 158; Persians and, 4.8; ritual sacrifices to, 4.9, 4.10; wars ordained by, 4.11, 4.12, 5.3
Yale University, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4
Yam
Yamuna River
Yan Hui
Yao, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4
Yasa military code, 8.1, 8.2
Yassin, Sheikh Ahmed, 12.1, 12.2
Yathrib (Medina)
Yavneh
Yazid, Caliph, 7.1, 11.1
Yellow Emperor, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
Yellow River, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2
Yemen, 7.1, 7.2, 12.1, 13.1, 13.2
Yiddish
Yohanan ben Zakkai, Rabbi, 5.1, 5.2
York (England)
Young, Elizabeth
Young Turks
Youssef, Ramzi
Yu
Yudishthira
Yugoslavia, 13.1, 13.2
Yusuf ibn Ayyub
Zangi, emir of Mosul
Zara (Turkey)
Zealots
Zeroual, Liamine
Zeus
Zhang Liang
Zhao, King of Qin, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
Zhou dynasty, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4
Zhuangzi
Zigong
Zionism, 10.1, 11.1
Zoroaster, 1.1, 2.1, 4.1, aft.1
Zoroastrianism, 1.1, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2
Zwingli, Ulrich, 9.1, 9.2
Zuckmayer, Carl
Zweig, Stefan
A NOTE ABOUT THE AUTHOR
KAREN ARMSTRONG is the author of numerous books on religion, including The Case for God, A History of God, The Battle for God, Holy War, Islam, Buddha, and The Great Transformation, as well as a memoir, The Spiral Staircase. Her work has been translated into forty-five languages. In 2008 she was awarded the TED Prize and began working with TED on the Charter for Compassion, created online by the general public and crafted by leading thinkers in Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism. It was launched globally in the fall of 2009. Also in 2008, she was awarded the Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Medal. And in 2013, she received the British Academy’s inaugural Nayef Al-Rodhan Prize for Transcultural Understanding.
ALSO BY KAREN ARMSTRONG
Through the Narrow Gate
A History of God:
The 4,000–Year Quest of Judaism, Christianity and Islam
Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths
Islam: A Short History
Buddha
The Battle for God:
Fundamentalism in Judaism,
Christianity and Islam
The Spiral Staircase
A Short History of Myth
Muhammad: A Prophet for Our Time
The Great Transformation:
The Beginning of Our Religious Traditions
The Bible: The Biography
The Case for God: What Religion Really Means
Twelve Steps to a Compassionate Life
Fields of Blood Page 70