National Liberation Front (FLN), Algerian, 13.1, 13.2
National Socialism, see also Nazis
Native Americans, 2.1, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2; see also names of tribes
NATO
Nazareth (Galilee), 5.1, 8.1; Jesus of, see Jesus
Nazis, 12.1, 12.2, 13.1, 13.2
Nebo
Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5
Neco, Pharaoh
Neglected Duty, The (Faraj), 12.1, 13.1
Nehemiah
Nehru, Jawaharlal
Neolithic period
Nero, Roman emperor, 5.1, 5.2
Nestorius, Patriarch of Constantinople
Netherlands, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7, 10.1
neuroanatomy
New Israel, see Carolingian dynasty
Newton, Huey
Newton, Isaac, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4
New Testament, 6.1, 9.1
New World, see Americas
New York, 10.1, 12.1, 13.1, 13.2, aft.1; colonial, 10.2; Muslims in, 13.3, 13.4; terrorist attacks on, 13.5, 13.6, 13.7, 13.8, 13.9
New York Times, 10
New York University
Nicene creed, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6
Nicodemus
Nicomedia
Nile River, 1.1, 6.1, 6.2, 5.1, 8.1
9/11 terrorist attacks, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4
Ninsun
Nirvana, 2.1, 4.1, 12.1
Nis (Serbia)
Nisibis (Turkey)
Nizam al-Mulk, 7.1, 7.2
Noah, 10.1, 10.2
Nobel Peace Prize
“Noble Path” of Buddhism
Nogaret, Guillaume de
nonviolence, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3; Buddhist, itr.1, 2.4; Christian, 8.1, 8.2; Hindu, 2.5, 2.6, aft.1; Islamic, 7.1, 11.4, 13.1; Jain, 2.7, 2.8; of Jews in Roman Empire, 5.1, 5.2
Normandy (France)
Norse
North, Lord
North Africa, 1.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 9.1; Christianity in, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2; in Ottoman Empire, 9.2; during Persian-Byzantine war, 6.3, 6.4
Northampton (Connecticut), 10.1, 10.2
Norwich (England)
Notre Dame Cathedral (Paris)
Nubia
Nur ad-Din, Mahmoud
Oath of Supremacy
October War (1973), 11.1, 12.1, 13.1
Odisha
Odo, abbot of Cluny, 8.1
Odyssey (Homer), 1.1, 2.1
Oklahoma City, bombing of Federal Building in
Omar, Mullah
Omdurman, Battle of
Omri, King of Israel
Operation Enduring Freedom
Oran
Oriental Institute (Sarajevo)
Origen, 5.1, 5.2
original sin, 4.1, 10.1
Orléans (France), 8.1, 9.1
Orthodox Jews, 10.1, 11.1
Oslo Accords
Otto, Holy Roman Emperor
Ottoman Empire, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 11.1; Islamic ideology of, 3.1; Napoleon’s invasion of, 10.1, 11.2; post—First World War division of former territories of, 11.3, 11.4; Spanish Inquisition as response to threat of, 9.4
Oxenstierna, Axel
Oxford Classical English Dictionary, The, itr.1
Oxford University, itr.1, 9.1
Oxus River
Pacem in Terris (Pope John XXIII)
paedeia, 6.1
paganism: in Byzantine Empire, 6.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 12.1; Christianity and, 5.1, 8.1, 8.2, aft.1; Islamist view of, 11.1; Israelites and, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5; in Persia, 6.4
Pahlavi, Shah Muhammad Reza, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3
Paine, Thomas, 10.1, 10.2
Pakistan, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5, aft.1; al-Qaeda in, 13.6, 13.7
Paleolithic Age, itr.1, itr.2
Palestine, 1.1, 1.2, 4.1, 5.1, 13.1, aft.1; in Byzantine Empire, 6.1, 6.2; Fatimid dynasty in, 7.1, 8.1; Muslim conquest of, 7.2, 7.3; partition of, 11.1 (see also Israel, creation of); Persian conquest of, 6.3; in Roman Empire, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4; Zionist settlements in, 10.1
Palestinian Authority
Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4
Palestinians, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, 13.1, aft.1; Israeli treatment of, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 12.3, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4; uprisings against Israel of, 12.4
Palladius, 6.1, 6.2
Panathenaea
Panchalas, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
Pandavas
pan-Islamism, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4
Pape, Robert
Paris, 9.1, 9.2; Edict of, 9.3; during French Revolution, 10.1, aft.1
Partisan Movement
Pasenedi, King of Koshala
Pashtun (Afghan tribe)
Passover, 5.1, 5.2, 11.1
pastoral societies, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 4.1, 7.1, 7.2, aft.1; see also herdsmen
Pataliputra (India)
patriarchs: in Eastern Christianity, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3; Jewish, 4.1, 4.2, 11.1
Paul IV, Pope
Paul, Saint, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, 398
pauperes Christi, 207
Pax Christiana, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, aft.1
Pax Deorum, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1
Pax Islamica
Pax Romana, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, aft.1
Peace and Truce of God, 8.1, 8.2, aft.1
Peasants’ War
Pennsylvania, crash of United Airlines Flight 93 in, 13.1, nts.1n62
Pentateuch, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 10.1
Pentecost
People’s Temple
Pequots (American tribe)
Peraea
perennial philosophy, itr.1, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 5.1, 12.1, 12.2
Perpetua, Vibia
Persepolis (Persia)
Persia, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1, nts.1n69; ancient, 1.1, 1.2; Muslim conquest of, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3; religion of, see Zoroastrianism; Byzantine wars with, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 7.4
Persian Empire, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 9.1
Persian Gulf, 9.1, 11.1, 13.1; see also Gulf States
Peru
Peshawar (Pakistan), 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4
Peter, Saint, 6.1, 8.1; Militia of, 8.2
Peter the Venerable, abbot of Cluny, 8.1, 8.2
Petronius, governor of Antioch
Pharisees, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 9.1
Philip (son of Herod the Great)
Philip I, King of France
Philip II, King of France, 8.1, 8.2
Philip IV, King of France
Philip II, King of Spain
Philippi (Macedonia), 5.1, 5.2
Philippines, 9.1, 13.1, 13.2
Philistines, 4.1, 4.2, 12.1
Philpot, John
Phrygia
Pilate, Pontius
Pilgrim Fathers
pilgrims: Christian, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3; Hindu, 12.1; Jewish, 6.1; Muslim, see hajj
Pippin, King of the Franks, 8.1, 8.2
Pizarro, Francisco
Plato
Platonism
Pliny
pluralism, 4.1, 9.1, 12.1, 13.1
Plymouth (Massachusetts), 10.1, 10.2
Poitiers (France), 6.1, 7.1
Polybius
Pomerania
Pompey, Roman warlord
Portugal, 9.1, 9.2
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Powhattans
Prague, Peace of
Preachers, Order of (Dominicans)
Presbyterians, 9.1, 9.2
Proclamation of 1639
Promised Land, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 10.1
propaganda, 1.1, 13.1, 13.2
Protestants 5, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 11.1; denominations of, 10.4 (see also specific denominations); Enlightenment, 10.5, 10.6; fundamentalist, 11.2, aft.1, aft.2; survivalist, 12.1
Provence (France)
Providence (Rhode Island)
Prussia, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4
Psammetichus, Pharaoh
Ptolemais
Ptolemid Empire
Punjab (India), 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 10.1, 10.2
Purchas, Samuel
Purim
Puritans, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2, 12.1
Purusha (the primoridal “Person”), 2.1, 2.2
Pyramids, Battle of the
Pyrenees
Qaddafi, Muammar
Qajar shah
Qaynuqa (Jewish tribe)
Qi (China), 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4
Qin (China), 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4
Qong Rang (Chinese tribe)
Quakers
Quest of the Holy Grail, The, 228
Qum (Iran), 7.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3
Qumran sect
Quran, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 8.1, 328, 12.1, 13.1; defiled by U.S. soldiers, 13.2; jihad in, 7.5, 8.2, 361, aft.1 (see also Greater Jihad); Muslim empire-building and, 7.1, 7.6; principles of justice in, 7.7, 7.8, 7.9, 12.2; suicide forbidden by, 12.3, 13.3; systemic violence condemned by, 7.10, 12.4; teaching of, 12.5, 13.4; terrorists and, 13.5, 13.6, 13.7
Quraysh (Arabian tribe)
Qurayzah (Jewish tribe)
Qutb, Sayyid, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, aft.1
Rabin, Yitzhak, 12.1, 12.2
Rajagaha (India)
Ram, 11.1, 12.1
Ramadan, month of, 7.1, 7.2, 13.1
Rashtriya Svayamsevak Sangh (RSS), 11.1, 12.1
Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse
Raymond of Aguilers
Raymond-Roger, Count of Béziers and Carcassonne
Reagan, Ronald, 11.1, 13.1
rebirth, cycle of (samsara)
Reformation, itr.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 10.1, 10.2, aft.1
refugees, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2; Afghan, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3; Palestinian, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, 13.4
Rehoboam
Reichenau (Carolingian monastery)
Reid, Richard
Reid, Thomas
reigns of terror, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1, aft.1, in France, 10.3, 10.4, aft.2; in Iran, 11.2
relics, Christian, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
religion, definitions of
Renaissance, 9.1, 9.2
renouncers, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 6.1, 12.1, aft.1
Resid, Mehmet
Reza Khan, 11.1, 11.2
Rheims, Council of
Rhine Valley
Rhode Island, colonial, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3
Richard I (the Lionheart), King of England, 8.1, 8.2
Rida, Rashid
Rigby, Lee
Rig Veda, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4
Rithambra
ritual purification, itr.1, 4.1, 6.1, 11.1, 13.1
Riyadh (Saudi Arabia)
Robert of Arbrissel
Robert the Monk
Robespierre, Maximilien de
Roger, Count of Antioch
Roman Catholic Church, itr.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 9.1, 11.1, aft.1, aft.2; challenge of chivalric code against, 8.1; colonialism promoted by, 9.2; in Croatia, 13.1; Crusades against Islam of, see Crusades; dissent against, denounced as heresy, 8.2, 8.3; First Vatican Council, 11.2; in France, 8.4, 9.3, 9.4, 10.1, 10.2; Holy Roman Empire and, 8.5; Inquisitions perpetrated by, see Inquisition; in Ireland, 9.5; in Latin America, 11.3; Peace and Truce of God inaugurated by, 8.6; Rule of Faith of, 5.2; social change and discontent with (see Reformation; Protestantism); in Spain, 9.6; in United States, 10.3, 11.4, 13.2; see also names of popes
Roman Empire, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 9.1, 9.2, 11.1; army of, 5.2, 6.3, 8.1; barbarian attacks on, 6.4; Christians in, 5.3, 5.4, 6.5; Eastern, see Byzantine Empire; fall of, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5; Jews in, 5.5, 5.6 (see also Jesus)
Romans, ancestors of
Romme, Gilbert
Rong (Chinese tribe)
Rose, Jacqueline
Rouen (France), 5.1, 8.1
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 10.1, 10.2
Rovers
Rumi, Jalal ad-Din, 8.1, aft.1
Rushdie, Salman
Ruskin, John
Russia, 11.1, 13.1; ancient, 1.1, 1.2; Communist, see Soviet Union; Mongol invasion of, 8.1; pogroms in, 10.1
Russian Revolution
Ryan, Leo
Sabbath, Jewish, 5.1, 5.2
Sabra refugee camp (Lebanon)
Sacred Months, Arabian
sacrificial rituals, itr.1; of Aztecs, 9.1; in China, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3; in India, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 10.1; in Judaism, itr.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3; in Roman Empire, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 6.1, 6.1, 6.2
Sadat, Anwar, 11.1, 11.2, aft.1; assassination of, 12.1, 13.1
Saddam Hussein, 11.1, 12.1, 13.1, 13.2
Sadducees
Safavid Empire, 8.1, 9.1, 12.1
sage kings, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4
Sageman, Marc, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3
Sahadeva
Sahwa (“Awakening”)
Saidi, Ayatollah Riza
Saint Gall, abbey of (Switzerland)
Saketa (India)
Saladin (Yusuf ibn Ayyub), 8.1, 12.1
Salah ad-Din, see Saladin
Samaria (Israel), 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 5.2
Samson
Samson Agonistes (Milton)
Samuel
sanghas, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 9.1, aft.1
Sanhedrin
Sanskrit, itr.1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2 n, 66 n, 124, 10.1, 10.2
Saracens, 8.1, 8.2
Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Sardinia
Sargon, Akkadian Emperor
Sarpedon
Sartre, Jean-Paul
Sassanians
Satan, 5.1, 8.1, 9.1, 10.1
Satyarth Prakash (Dayananda)
Saudi Arabia, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5, 13.6
Saul, King of Israel, 4.1
Saul of Tarsus, see Paul, Saint
SAVAK (Iranian secret police), 11.1, 11.2
Savarkar, V. D.
Savatthi (India)
Saxony
Scandinavia, 9.1; ancient, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3
Schauwecker, Franz
Schmalkaldic League
Scopes Trial
Scotland, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 10.1
Sea of Reeds, 4.1, 5.1
Second World War, itr.1, 12.1, 12.2
Secret Apparatus
secularism, itr.1, 3.1, 5.1, 9.1, 11.1, 12.1; in Algeria, 13.1, 13.2; of French Revolution, 10.1; Founders and, 10.2, 10.3; Indian resistance to, 10.4, 11.2, 11.3; in Israel, 11.4, 11.5; of Locke, 9.2, 10.5; of Luther, 9.3, 9.4; minorities impacted by, 10.6; Muslim response to, 11.6, 11.7, 11.8, 11.9, 12.2, 12.3, 13.3; nationalism and, see nationalism, secular; Palestinian, 12.4; papal authority challenged by, 9.5, aft.1; sacred, 7.1, 7.2, 12.5; in United States, 11.10, 12.6; violence and, 12.1, 12.7, aft.2; Zionist, 10.7
sefer torah (Book of the Law), 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
Seleucid Empire
Seljuk Empire, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2
Semites, 1.1, 1.2; see also Arabs; Jews
Sennacherib, King of Assyria
separation of church and state, 6.1, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 10.2, aft.1
Sepphoris (Galilee), 5.1, 5.2
September 11 (9/11) terrorist attacks, itr.1, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4
September Massacres, 10.1, 10.2, aft.1
Serapis, temple of
Serbs, 13.1, 13.2
Servetus, Michael, n55
Shalem
Shalmaneser I, King of Assyria
Shalmeneser III, King of Assyria
Shamash
Shamhat
Shang, Lord
Shang dynasty, 3.1, 3.2
Shantung (China)
Shariah, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 13.1, 13.2, aft.1
Shariati, Ali, 11.1, 11.2
Sharif, Nawaz
Sharon, Ariel
Shen Nung (Divine Farmer)
Shiis, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 9.1, 11.1, aft.1, nts.1n83; agrarian systemic violence condemned by, 7.3; Deobandi denunciation of, 10.1; in Iran, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 12.1, 13.1, 13.2; in Lebanon, 12.2; Sunni animosity toward, 7.4, 11.6, 13.3, aft.2; uprisings against Abbasids of, 197
Shissa
k, Colonel Adib
Shiva, 2.1, 12.1
Shivaji
Shrapnel, Henry
Shu (China)
Shuanna, 4.1, 4.2
Shun, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4
Sicily, 8.1, 8.2
Siddhatta Gotama, see Buddha
Sikhism
Sima Qian
Simeon
Simoeisios
Simon bar Koseba (Bar Kokhba), Rabbi, 5.1, 7.1, aft.1
Sinai Peninsula, 4.1, 11.1, 11.2
Sind (Pakistan)
Singapore
Singh, Kahim
Sin-leqi-unninni, 1.1, 1.2
Six-Day War, 11.1, 11.2, 12.1, 13.1, aft.1
skepticism, 1.1, 2.1, 10.1, 10.2, 13.1
slavery, 1.1, 1.2, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 11.1, aft.1; in American colonies, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 10.1; Arabian, 6.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4; in Byzantine Empire, 6.2; in China, 3.1, 3.2; early Christianity and, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3; in India, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5; of Israelites in Egypt, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3; in Portuguese colonies, 9.5; in United States, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4
Slavic Muslims
Slovenians
Smith, Adam
Smith, William
Society of Muslim Brothers, see Muslim Brotherhood
Society of Muslims, 12.1, aft.1
Sodom (Canaan)
Soldiers of the Companions of the Prophet in Pakistan (SCPP)
Soldiers of the Prophet in Pakistan (SPP), 13.1
Solomon, King of Israel, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, nts.1n79
Somalia, 13.1, 13.2
Somnath (India)
Song (China), 3.1; Duke of, 3.2
Song of Roland, 228
Song Zhongshu
Sontag, Susan
Sorbonne
South Africa
South Yemen
Soviet Union, 11.1, 11.2, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4; collapse of, 13.1; invasion and occupation of Afghanistan by, 13.2, 13.3, aft.1; withdrawal from Afghanistan of, 13.4, 13.5
Spain, 7.1, 9.1, 9.2, 13.1; cave paintings in, itr.1; imperialism of, 9.3, 9.4; Muslim, 8.1, 8.2, 9.5; Inquisition in, 9.6, 9.7, aft.1; terrorist attack in, 13.2
Spanish Civil War
Speyer (Germany)
Spiritual Exercises (Loyola), 9.1, 9.2
Srebrenica (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Sri Lanka
Stahl, Lesley
Stamp Act (1765)
Statute for Establishing Religious Freedom in Virginia (Jefferson)
Stele of Vultures
Stephen II, Pope
Steward, Dugald
Stockbridge (Massachusetts)
Stoddard, Colonel John
Stoddard, Solomon
Stoicism
Stone, Barton
structural and systemic violence, itr.1, 1.1, 3.1, 6.1, 7.1, 12.1, aft.1; of agrarian states, itr.2, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 10.1; in China, 3.2, 3.3; in colonial America, 10.2; imperialist, 10.3, 12.2; in India, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3; of industrialization, 10.4; in medieval Europe, 8.1, 8.2; in Middle East, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 12.3, 13.1; religious condemnations of, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 8.3, 9.1, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6, 11.7, 12.4; of Roman Empire, Jesus’s opposition to, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
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