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It was at Bletchley: John Turing, My brother Alan, in Sara Turing, Alan M. Turing, Centenary Edition (2012)
The system requires: A.M. Turing and Lieutenant D. Bayley REME, Report on Speech Secrecy System Delilah, a Technical Description, TNA HW 25/36 (1945), also reproduced without diagrams in Cryptologia, Vol 36, pp295–340 (2012)
Cypher Policy Board documents: TNA CAB 21/2522
Adcock and de Grey letters to Newman: St John’s College, Cambridge, and University of Portsmouth, Max Newman Digital Archive, www.cdpa.co.uk
Max was initially assigned: William Newman, ‘Max Newman – Mathematician, Codebreaker and Computer Pioneer’, in B. Jack Copeland et al, Colossus – The Secrets of Bletchley Park’s Codebreaking Computers, Oxford University Press (2006)
It just changed the whole picture: T. Flowers, interview with Brian Randell (1975)
He was keen on playing chess; People of his own age: D. Michie, interview with Brian Randell (1975)
I was offered something: M.H.A. Newman, interview with Brian Randell (1975)
Marshall letter to Eisenhower: NSA TICOM Archive, Vol 8, www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/european_axis_sigint/Volume_
8_miscellaneous.pdf
Travel Authority: Vierling file, by kind permission of the Director, GCHQ
It was an Anglo-American party: T. Flowers, interview with Brian Randell (1975)
A huge outfit; For reasons of expediency: NSA TICOM Archive, Vol 8, Ch VIII
Professor Vierling will be arrested: Interim Report on Laboratorium Feuerstein, 2 August 1945. NARA RG 457, HMS Entry P11, Box 45. NARA Identifier 7240403
Impressions of Feuerstein: Vierling file, by kind permission of the Director, GCHQ
My second visit: Friedman Report, 1 October 1945. NSA TICOM Ref ID A59501
Calculating Machine: Report of Major Barlow, 21 June 1945. NARA RG 457, HMS Entry P11, Box 45. NARA Identifier 7240403
Picture credits: Four-wheel Bombe and X-61753 with thanks to the National Security Agency; 1943 map © Crown Copyright and used by kind permission of the Director, GCHQ; Hanslope Park courtesy of Hanslope & District Historical Society; Robin Gandy by kind permission of the Provost and Scholars of King’s College, Cambridge; Delilah © The National Archives; Lorenz © Bletchley Park Trust; Branestawm image courtesy of Geoffrey Beare; Heath Robinson rebuild © Paul Kellar and with thanks to the National Museum of Computing; OBE © David Ridgway, Sherborne School
8. Lousy Computer
For otherwise unattributed quotes relating to the NPL period, see the wealth of material made available by Professors Copeland and Proudfoot at www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/archive/index/aceindex.html
Crude prototype: Library of Congress, John von Neumann papers, LCCN mm82044180
An example of the sort of problem: TNA DSIR 10/385
I should like to suggest: Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery, reissued by MIT Press (1985)
For several weeks: Herman H. Goldstine, The Computer from Pascal to von Neumann, Princeton University Press (1972)
On a series: Covering note by Professor Sir Maurice Wilkes on Professor Douglas Hartree’s notes on Turing’s lectures, King’s College Archive, AMT/B/2 (1976)
His really great handicap: I.J. Good, interview with Brian Randell (1975)
Evans-Wilkinson interview: J.H. Wilkinson, recorded interview, cassette No 10, Pioneers of Computing series, Science Museum Archive (1976)
It was impossible; I feel bound to say: J.H. Wilkinson, Some Comments from a Numerical Analyst, 1970 Turing Lecture, Journal of the ACM, Vol 18, No 2, pp137–147 (1971)
On the one hand: M. Woodger, interview with Professor Jack Copeland, quoted in B. Jack Copeland (ed.), Alan Turing’s Automatic Computing Engine, Oxford University Press (2005)
It has been said: A.M. Turing, lecture to the London Mathematical Society, King’s College Archive, AMT/B/1 (1947)
Turing is going to infest: Remark reported by M. Woodger, quoted in B. Meltzer and D. Michie (eds), Machine Intelligence 5, Edinburgh University Press (1969)
Man as a machine: King’s College Archive, AMT/C/11; also www.npl.co.uk/about/history/notable-individuals/turing/intelligent-machinery
Darwin letter to Turing: King’s College Archive, AMT/D/5
We heard him; Looking back: Recollections of J.F. Harding, with thanks to Sue and Martin Gregory, Walton Athletic Club
3 miles race: Daily Telegraph and Morning Post, 27 December 1946
Alan’s behaviour: John Turing, My brother Alan, in Sara Turing, Alan M. Turing, Centenary Edition (2012)
Marathon and decathlon championships: The Times, 25 August 1947
Routledge letter to Turing: King’s College Archive, AMT/D/5/14
In about 1943 or ’44: Stanley P. Frankel, quoted in Brian Randell, ‘On Alan Turing and the Origins of Digital Computers’, in B. Meltzer and D. Michie (eds), Machine Intelligence 7, Edinburgh University Press (1972)
Developed an obscene interest: quoted in Norman Macrae, John von Neumann, Pantheon Books (1992)
I received in that period: John Todd, John von Neumann and the National Accounting Machine, SIAM Review, Vol 16, No 4, p526 (1974)
Newman letter to von Neumann: Library of Congress, John von Neumann papers, correspondence with Max H.A. Newman
Professor Newman’s Proposals: available from the Turing Archive. (The document is dated 18 March 1945. Based on the position of this document in the archive at the Science Museum, I think Professor Copeland is right in regarding the date shown on the original – 1945 – as a typographical error. It lies in sequence between other documents written in early 1946 and 1946 fits better into the wider chronology)
The material of two complete Colossi: TNA HW 64/59
I stole him away: M.H.A. Newman, interview with Brian Randell (1975)
A fine sounding phrase: F.C. Williams, Early computers at Manchester University, The Radio and Electronic Engineer, Vol 45, No 7, pp327–331 (1975)
Our first machine: F.C. Williams, quoted in Brian Randell, ‘On Alan Turing and the Origins of Digital Computers’, in B. Meltzer and D. Michie (eds), Machine Intelligence 7, Edinburgh University Press (1972)
The first problem: M.H.A. Newman, interview with Brian Randell (1975)
The Mechanical Brain: The Times, 11 June 1949
A machine might solve: Geoffrey Jefferson, ‘The Mind of Mechanical Man’, BMJ 1(4616), pp1105–1110 (25 June 1949)
Did you see: Letter from Lyn Newman to a friend, quoted in William Newman, Alan Turing Remembered, Communications of the ACM, Vol 55, No 12, pp39–40 (2012)
Newman and Trethowan letters: The Times, 14 June 1949
It is hard to convey; At one point in his talk: Maurice Wilkes, Memoirs of a Computer Pioneer, MIT Press (1985)
Excerpts from Computing Machinery and Intelligence: Mind, Vol 59, pp433–460 (1950)
The 1950 paper: Robin Gandy, ‘Human versus Mechanical Intelligence’, in Peter Millican and Andy Clark (eds), Machines and Thought, Oxford University Press (1996)
It would be fun some day: King’s College Archive, AMT/B/6
Picture credits: von Neumann © Alan Richards photographer, from the Shelby White and Leon Levy Archives Center, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ, USA; ACE and Delay line © Science & Society Picture Library; Sir Charles Darwin courtesy of the National Physical Laboratory; AAA programme with thanks to Sue and Martin Gregory; Bus and Finishing line by kind permission of the Provost and Scholars of King’s College, Cambridge; ‘A Marvel of Our Time’ from the Mary Evans Picture Library; Jefferson portrait by Gerald Festus Kelly © Society of British Neurological Surgeons, image courtesy of the U.S. National Library of Medicine; Turing Test cartoon © Pitkin Publishing
9. Taking Shape
Programming the Mark 1: R.K. Livesey, Minimum Weight Design: Memories of Alan Turing, King’s College Archive, AMT/C/33 (2001)
Love letters: Christopher Strachey, The ‘Thinking’ Machine, Encounter, Vol 13, pp25–31 (1954)
&nb
sp; Alan told me: Donald Michie, quoted by Sara Turing, Alan M. Turing (1959)
Good-Turing correspondence: King’s College Archive, AMT/D/7
My wife and I: David Champernowne, quoted by Sara Turing, Alan M. Turing (1959)
We have already spoken: Norbert Wiener, Cybernetics or control and communication in the animal and the machine, MIT Press (1948)
Keep the biologists; and other quotations relating to the Ratio Club: Phil Husbands and Owen Holland, ‘The Ratio Club: A Hub of British Cybernetics’, in P. Husbands, M. Wheeler and O. Holland, The Mechanical Mind in History, MIT Press (2008)
Young-Turing correspondence: King’s College Archive, AMT/D/5 and AMT/K/1/78
Turing letter to Woodger: Science Museum Library, NPL Woodger Collection, file M15
Mother’s telegram: King’s College Archive, AMT/A/30
Turing letter to Hall: King’s College Archive, AMT/D/13
An embryo; Certain readers; The treatment of homogeneity: A.M. Turing, The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, Vol 237, pp37–72 (1952)
Waddington letter to Turing: King’s College Archive, AMT/D/5
Probability methods: Newman paper in Report of Manchester University Computer Inaugural Conference, Manchester University Archives, NAHC/MUC/2/D3
Picture credits: Console and How did this happen © University of Manchester; Champ and Ratio Club by kind permission of the Provost and Scholars of King’s College, Cambridge; Royal Society paper diagrams © the Estate of P.N. Furbank and reproduced by kind permission of Professor W.R. Owens and the Provost and Scholars of King’s College, Cambridge
10. Machinery of Justice
If the episode; One morning: John Turing, My brother Alan, in Sara Turing, Alan M. Turing, Centenary Edition (2012)
Detective Constable; An affair: Alderley and Wilmslow Advertiser, 29 February 1952
2 medals: Indictment of Harold Thacker, Chester Archives, Court Records QJF 380/2
Turing letters to Routledge: King’s College Archive, AMT/D/14a
Gandy letter to Turing: King’s College Archive, AMT/D/15
While in 1937/38: L. Radzinowicz (ed.), English Studies in Criminal Science, Vol IX – Sexual Offences, Macmillan (1957)
During a period: H. Montgomery Hyde, The Other Love, Heinemann (1970)
Particularly honest: Alderley and Wilmslow Advertiser, 4 April 1952
Judge’s order: Quarter Sessions Book for 31 March 1952, Cheshire Record Office, QJB 4/83
The punishment prescribed; There are broadly three: Report of the Committee on Homosexual Offences and Prostitution, Cmnd 247 (1957) (the Wolfenden Report referred to passim)
Curran and Parr: Desmond Curran and Denis Parr, Homosexuality: An Analysis of 100 Male Cases Seen in Private Practice, BMJ, Vol 1, No 5022, pp797–801 (1957)
F.H. Taylor: F.H. Taylor, Homosexual Offences and Their Relation to Psychotherapy, BMJ, Vol 2, No 4526, pp525–529 (1947)
Third analysis: Cited in the Wolfenden Report, almost certainly a reference to Dr Woodward’s study (infra)
An academic study at Oxford University: Max Grünhut, Probation and Mental Treatment, Tavistock Publications (1963)
Aversion therapy … in 1967: M.J. MacCulloch and M.P. Feldman, Aversion Therapy in Management of 43 Homosexuals, BMJ, Vol 2, No 5552, pp594–597 (1967)
A 1940 report: Timothy F. Murphy, Redirecting Sexual Orientation: Techniques and Justifications, Journal of Sex Research, Vol 29, No 4, pp501–523 (1992)
The Criminal Justice Act: F.L. Golla and R. Sessions Hodge, ‘Hormone Treatment of the Sexual Offender’, The Lancet, 11 June 1949, pp1006–1007
Dr Woodward’s study: Mary Woodward, The Diagnosis and Treatment of Homosexual Offenders – a Clinical Survey, Br J Delinquency, Vol 9, No 1, pp44–59 (1958)
Psychoanalysis is a ludicrous fraud: Quoted in Hyde, op.cit.
Turing letter to Hall: King’s College Archive, AMT/D/13
According to the theory: Letter of Alan Turing of 28 May 1953 quoted by H.S.M. Coxeter in The Role of Intermediate Convergents in Tait’s Explanation for Phyllotaxis, J. Algebra, Vol 20, ppl67–175 (1972)
Alan Garner interview: available at http://www.ttbook.org/listen/57686
Alan now became: William Newman, ‘Max Newman – Mathematician, Codebreaker and Computer Pioneer’, in B. Jack Copeland et al, Colossus – the Secrets of Bletchley Park’s Codebreaking Computers (2006)
I remember a later phone call: William Newman, Alan Turing Remembered, Communications of the ACM, Vol 55, No 12, pp39–40 (2012)
One afternoon: Lyn Irvine (Mrs Newman), in Sara Turing, Alan M. Turing (1959)
Alec Pryce: King’s College Archive, AMT/A/13. Andrew Hodges’s transcript has some different readings
Turing letters to Gandy: King’s College Archive, AMT/D/4
Indicating rather clearly: King’s College Archive, AMT/F/1
The Alchemists: The Shirburnian, Lent 1953
Turing remarks to Lyn Newman: King’s College Archive, AMT/A/13; and letter from Sara Turing to Dr Greenbaum, dated 12 June 1954
Some of the clues: Sara Turing, Alan M. Turing (1959)
Turing letters to Furbank: King’s College Archive, AMT/F/1
Picture credits: Routledge by kind permission of the Provost and Scholars of King’s College, Cambridge; Indictment © Crown Copyright – records in the Cheshire Record Office are reproduced with the permission of Cheshire Archives and Local Studies and the owner/ depositor to whom copyright is reserved; Hollymeade © Claire Butterfield; Alderley and Wilmslow Advertiser courtesy of Manchester Evening News; Phyllotaxis drawings, sunflowers, Kjell routine and Gandy letter © the Estate of P.N. Furbank and reproduced by kind permission of Professor W.R. Owens and the Provost and Scholars of King’s College, Cambridge; Monopoly by kind permission of the Bletchley Park Trust; Greenbaum © Barbara Maher
11. Unseen Worlds
The significance: Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of HMS Challenger during the years 1873–76. Zoology, Vol XVIII, First Part, HMSO (1887)
To some it might seem: Bernard Richards, ‘Radiolaria: The Result of Morphogenesis’, in S. Barry Cooper and Jan van Leeuwen (eds), Alan Turing – his work and impact, Elsevier (2013)
Turing letters and postcards to Robin Gandy: King’s College Archive, AMT/D/4
During the Whitsun holiday; and other quotations: John Turing, My brother Alan, in Sara Turing, Alan M. Turing, Centenary Edition (2012)
Mother of ‘Brain’ Expert: Manchester Evening News, 10 June 1954
Alderley and Wilmslow Advertiser: 18 June 1954
The Daily Telegraph: 11 June 1954
John Turing correspondence with Cookson and Killick: King’s College Archive, AMT/A/47
Pathologist’s report: King’s College Archive, AMT/K/6/1b
Professor James Lighthill: Email from Mavis Batey to Dr Brian Oakley, 28 April 2012
The apple was certainly not: King’s College Archive, AMT/A/11
I think I told you: King’s College Archive, AMT/A/5
Letter from Bayley to Gandy: King’s College Archive, AMT/A/5
Some things are too deep: Mike Yates, Obituary of Robin Gandy, The Independent, 24 November 1995
Picture credits: HMS Challenger and Radiolaria © Science & Society Picture Library; Contour map © the Estate of P.N. Furbank and reproduced by kind permission of the Provost and Scholars of King’s College, Cambridge; Note of news of death and Post-mortem report by kind permission of the Provost and Scholars of King’s College, Cambridge; Visitors’ book by kind permission of the Bletchley Park Trust; Teaspoon © Shaun Armstrong/Mubsta.com and by kind permission of the Provost and Scholars of King’s College, Cambridge
Epilogue: Alan Turing Decoded
Jefferson letter: King’s College Archive, AMT/A/16
Alan seemed to both of us: King’s College Archive, AMT/A/17
My father in retirement; Many years later: John Turing, The half was not told me, unpublished autob
iography (1967) and other personal papers
Mother has been staying here: King’s College Archive, AMT/F/1
Welchman: See Joel Greenberg, Gordon Welchman – Bletchley Park’s Architect of Ultra Intelligence, Frontline Books (2014)
Gordon Brown statement: Remarks of Prime Minister Gordon Brown, 10 September 2009
Picture credits: Kettle statue © Bletchley Park Trust; cartoon © Jin Wicked (Reprinted from Alan Turing – his work and impact, Barry Cooper, Jan van Leeuwen, Part I: How Do We Compute? What Can We Prove?, page 1, 2013, with permission from Elsevier)
Front cover: photograph of Alan Turing, Biographical Memoirs (vol 1/p253) © The Royal Society; Engima plugboard © Shaun Armstrong / Mubsta.com
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