The Road Not Taken
Page 71
55 Temperature: National Climatic Data Center.
56 EGL to Cecil Currey, July 10, 1984, CCP, 10/190.
57 EGL to MIS, Nov. 10, 1943, NARA, RG 226, box 43, folder 698.
CHAPTER 3: An Institution Run by Its Inmates
1 “Temporary Assignment,” Feb. 22, 1943, HI/EGL, box 70, file 5.
2 AI/AI.
3 EGL interview, Feb. 15, 1984, CCP.
4 EGL to Cecil Currey, July 10, 1984, CCP.
5 Ibid.
6 EGL to PK, 1948 (n.d.), PYPP.
7 Phil Lansdale to Gary May, April 28, 1979, HI/EGL, box 5.
8 Hall, Cloak, 188.
9 EGL interview, Feb. 15, 1984, CCP; EGL to Lt. Col. Charles Drake, chief, San Francisco office M.I.S., “Trip to Washington and New York,” Dec. 21, 1943, HI/EGL, box 32, file 706.
10 Dunlop, Donovan, 306.
11 Waller, Wild Bill, 93.
12 EGL to Cecil Currey, July 10, 1984, CCP.
13 Smith, OSS, 4.
14 Dunlop, Donovan, 426.
15 Smith, OSS, 26.
16 “Short,” “soft,” “manner”: Alsop, Sub Rosa, 9. “Pudgy,” “neck”: Lovell, Spies, 16.
17 Smith, OSS, 4.
18 Lovell, Spies, 17, 84–85, 56.
19 Weiner, Legacy, 4–5.
20 Lovell, Spies, 61–63.
21 Waller, Wild Bill, 127–28.
22 Smith, OSS, 26–27.
23 Waller, Wild Bill, 96.
24 EGL to Cecil Currey, July 10, 1984, CCP.
25 USAFA/EGLOH.
26 EGL, “From the Serpent’s Mouth,” 1943, HI/EGL, box 31, folder 694.
27 EGL to M.I.S., Nov. 10, 1943, NARA, RG 226, box 43, folder 698.
28 EGL to Melvin F. Meyer, Feb. 1, 1972, HI/EGL, box 1.
29 USAFA/EGLOH.
30 O. J. “Mac” Magee letter, March 3, 1947, EGL personnel file, CCP.
31 EGL service record, CCP, box 8, file 183.1.
32 USAFA/EGLOH.
33 USAFA/EGLOH.
34 NYT, Aug. 15, 1945.
35 NYT, Sept. 9, 1945.
36 EGL, “Comrades,” Bulletin of the American Historical Collection, April–June 1984. HI/EGL, box 74.
CHAPTER 4: The Time of His Life
1 Herring, Colony, 598.
2 Ed Navarro interview, July 25, 1985, CCP.
3 Karnow, Image, 16–25; Marquez, Blood (“paint”: loc. 4434).
4 EGL, “The True American,” June 3, 1960, HI/EGL, box 96.
5 Joaquin, Manila, 185.
6 Karnow, Image, 295.
7 Ephraim, Escape, 161–62.
8 James, Years, 2.653–55.
9 Arrival in Manila: all quotations from Lansdale’s diary, Oct. 9–15, 1945, GBPP.
10 EGL to HL, Oct. 20, 1945, PCLPP.
11 Ben Lansdale to Gary May, April 28, 1978, HI/EGL, box 5.
12 O. J. Magee letter, March 3, 1947, EGL personnel file, CCP.
13 EGL, “Comrades,” Bulletin of the American Historical Collection, HI/EGL, box 74.
14 Intelligence Report No. 27, Headquarters, U.S. Army Forces Western Pacific, June 20, 1946, HI/EGL, box 74.
15 Ryukyus: all quotations from EGL diary, PCLPP, unless otherwise noted; EGL interview, Feb. 15, 1984, CCP (“take a shot,” “Geez,” “dirty pictures,” “look”); “Intelligence Report No. 30: Northern Ryukyus,” HI/EGL, box 33, file 717 (“subsistence,” “wiped out,” “frequency”).
16 EGL interview, Dec. 17, 1984, CCP.
17 Sunday: all quotations from Lansdale’s journal, Oct. 30, 1946, HI/EGL, box 83, file 8.
18 USAFA/EGLOH.
19 Frank Zaldarriaga interview, July 26, 1985, CCP.
20 Spencer Davis interview, March 24, 1987, MLEPP.
21 EGL interview, May 16, 1984, CCP.
CHAPTER 5: In Love and War
1 EGL journal, Jan. 11, 1946, HI/EGL, box 83, file 8.
2 EGL, “Comrades,” Bulletin of the American Historical Collection, HI/EGL, box 74.
3 EGL, Midst, 364.
4 EGL to PK, Feb. 12, 1949, PYPP. 1946: EGL to PK, Feb. 25, 1949, PYPP.
5 Bernstein, Sex, 37.
6 Ibid., 46.
7 Ibid., 115–16.
8 EGL to PK, April 14, 1949, PYPP.
9 Dorothy Bohannan interview, July 27, 1985, CCP.
10 Samuel V. Wilson, email to author, April 2, 2014.
11 AI/RP.
12 Manny Pelaez, email to author, Jan. 14, 2014.
13 AI/LPR.
14 EGL to PK, 1948 (n.d.), PYPP.
15 Joaquin, Aquinos.
16 AI/LPR.
17 PK interview, June 23, 1985, CCP; Palaez to author, email, Jan. 14, 2014.
18 “Brightest,” “legs”: EGL to PK, 1948 (no date), PYPP. “Intensely”: EGL to PK, Feb. 12, 1949, PYPP. “Uncanny”: EGL to PK, 1949 (undated). “Fanny,” “glint”: EGL to PK, May 3, 1949. “Knee”: EGL to PK, June 30, 1949, PYPP.
19 EGL to PK, 1949 (n.d.), PYPP.
20 EGL to PK, May 5, 1949, PYPP.
21 EGL to PK, Sept. 28, 1949, PYPP.
22 EGL to PK, dated Sept. 18, 1945 (an inaccurate date), PYPP.
23 EGL to PK, 1948 (n.d.), PYPP.
24 EGL to PK, Feb. 12, 1949, PYPP.
25 EGL to PK, Feb. 18, 1949, PYPP.
26 EGL to PK, April 5, 1949, PYPP.
27 EGL to PK, Jan. 24, 1949, PYPP.
28 EGL interview, Dec. 17, 1984, CCP.
29 EGL journal, March 19, 1947, HI/EGL, box 83, file 8.
30 EGL interview, Dec. 17, 1984, CCP.
31 EGL journal, March 19, 1947, HI/EGL, box 83, file 8.
32 EGL interview, Dec. 17, 1984, CCP.
33 EGL journal, June 10 1947, HI/EGL, box 83, file 8; “Armed Robbery,” June 28, 1947, Headquarters, Philippine-Ryukyus Command, HI/EGL, box 70, file 5.
34 Karnow, Image, 339.
35 Taruc, Tiger, 33.
36 EGL interview, Dec. 17, 1984, CCP.
37 WP, Jan. 27, 1975.
38 Valeriano, Counter-Guerrilla, 79.
39 EGL journal, March 30, 1947, HI/EGL, box 83, file 8.
40 Ibid.
41 EGL journal, June 10, 1947, HI/EGL, box 83, file 8.
42 EGL journal, Aug. 24, 1947, HI/EGL, box 83, file 8.
43 EGL journal, Feb. 29, 1948, HI/EGL, box 83, file 8.
44 Dorothy Bohannan interview, July 27, 1985, CCP.
45 AI/RP.
46 EGL interview, May 17, 1984, CCP.
47 Ibid.
48 EGL journal, Jan. 4, 1948, HI/EGL, box 83, file 8.
49 Peter C. Richards interview, July 23, 1985, CCP.
50 EGL, Midst, 5.
51 EGL, memoir draft, HI/EGL, box 76, file 265.
52 EGL to HL, Oct. 30, 1946, HI/EGL, box 83, file 8.
53 James, Years, 3.193–217.
54 EGL to HL, Oct. 30, 1946, HI/EGL, box 83, file 8.
55 EGL interview, May 16, 1984, CCP.
56 EGL journal, Jan. 4, 1948, HI/EGL, box 83, file 8.
57 EGL interview, May 16, 1984, CCP.
58 Ibid.
59 “Headquarters PHILRYCOM Check Sheet,” July 10, 1947, HI/EGL, box 33, file 733.
60 “Public Relations Objectives,” HI/EGL, box 34, file 735.
61 EGL interview, May 16, 1984, CCP.
62 EGL to Leo D. Kowatch Jr., March 13, 1978, HI/EGL, box 70, file 4.
63 EGL journal, Aug. 3, 1948, HI/EGL, box 83, file 8.
64 EGL journal, July 5, 1948, HI/EGL, box 83, file 8.
65 Ibid.
66 EGL, Midst, 11.
67 EGL, “Personal History Statement,” May 12, 1949, HI/EGL, box 70.
CHAPTER 6: The Knights Templar
1 EGL to PK, Dec. 3, 1949, PYPP.
2 EGL to PK, Sept. 6, 1949, PYPP.
3 EGL to PK, 1948 (n.d.), PYPP.
4 Ibid.
5 Ibid.
6 EGL to PK, Dec. 12, 1948, PYPP.
7 EGL to PK, 1948 (n.d.), PYPP.
8 EGL to PK, Dec. 12, 1948, PYPP.
9 E
GL to PK, April 15, 1949, PYPP.
10 EGL to PK, Feb. 8, 1949, PYPP.
11 EGL to PK, Feb. 18, 1949, PYPP.
12 EGL to PK, April 15, 1949, PYPP.
13 EGL to PK, March 1959, PYPP.
14 EGL to PK, July 5, 1949, PYPP.
15 DiFonzo, “No Fault.”
16 EGL to PK, Sept. 11, 1949, PYPP.
17 EGL to PK, April 15, 1949, PYPP.
18 EGL to PK, Feb. 27, 1949, PYPP.
19 EGL to PK, Feb. 20, 1949, PYPP.
20 EGL to PK, May 1, 1949, PYPP.
21 EGL to PK, July 5, 1949, PYPP.
22 EGL to PK, June 9, 1949, PYPP.
23 EGL to PK, June 30, 1949, PYPP.
24 EGL to PK, May 18, 1949, PYPP.
25 EGL to PK, Feb. 10, 1949, PYPP.
26 EGL to PK, June 27, 1949, PYPP.
27 EGL to PK, Sept. 6, 1949, PYPP.
28 EGL to PK, 1949 (n.d.), PYPP.
29 EGL to PK, Jan. 13, 1949, PYPP.
30 EGL to PK, May 8, 1949, PYPP.
31 Foreign Affairs, July 1947.
32 Nicolson, Years, 155.
33 Wheeling Intelligencer, Feb. 10, 1950.
34 NYT, Feb. 12, 1950.
35 Oshinsky, Conspiracy, 56.
36 Ibid., 339.
37 Ibid., 197.
38 Ibid., 140.
39 EGL to PK, Sept. 26, 1949, PYPP.
40 EGL to PK, Feb. 15, 1949, PYPP.
41 EGL to PK, April 14, 1949, PYPP.
42 http://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/NSC68.
43 Powers, Intelligence, 17.
44 Wisner, OPC: Thomas, Best Men, 17–23, 40 (“candy”); Helms, Look, 114 (“intelligent”); “Biographical Sketch,” Wisner personnel file, NARA, RG 263, box 7 (“urgency,” “demanding,” “intense”); Colby, Honorable, 73 (“knights”); Weiner, Legacy, 32 (bigger than rest); Warner, CIA, 235–36 (“independently,” “direction”); FRUS, 1945–1950, Intelligence, 713–15 (NSC 10/2); Senate Church Committee, Final Report, 4.31–32 (OPC growth); Herken, Georgetown, loc. 163 (“aristocracy”), loc. 1442 (“washerwomen”).
45 “Academic Record,” Nov. 23, 1949, EGL personnel file, CCP.
46 EGL to PK, Oct. 12, 1949, PYPP.
47 George A. Chester to Air Adjutant General, Jan. 2, 1951, EGL personnel file, CCP.
48 EGL to PK, Dec. 3, 1949, PYPP.
49 Graham, Washington, 242.
50 Friedman, Covert, 30–31.
51 EGL interview, Dec. 17, 1984, CCP.
52 EGL to PK, Jan. 16, 1950, PYPP.
53 EGL to PK, March 6, 1949, PYPP.
54 EGL to PK, Nov. 2, 1949, PYPP.
CHAPTER 7: “A Most Difficult and Delicate Problem”
1 Karnow, Image, 341.
2 Taruc, Tiger, 38.
3 EGL to PK, April 29, 1949, PYPP.
4 Karnow, Image, 344.
5 NYT, Aug. 27, 28, 1950; Ismael D. Lapus, “The Communist Huk Enemy,” Fort Bragg, June 15, 1961, CCP; EGL, Midst, 26.
6 EGL to PK, Aug. 28, 1950, PYPP.
7 Romulo, Magsaysay, 104.
8 FRUS 1950, East Asia, 6.1442.
9 Cullather, Illusions, 83.
10 FRUS 1950, East Asia, 6.1495.
11 Ibid., 1519–20.
12 Ibid.
13 Bell, Report.
14 FRUS 1950, East Asia, 6.1436–37.
15 EGL to PK, Feb. 2, 1950, PYPP.
16 EGL interviews, Dec. 17, 1984, Nov. 12, 1985 (“the guy”), CCP; EGL, Midst (“husky,” “practicality”: 13–14); USAFA/EGLOH.
17 Magysaysay: Abueva, Magsaysay; Romulo, Magsaysay; Martinez, Magsaysay; Charles T. R. Bohannan, “Revisionism in Philippine History,” Sept. 17, 1979, CCP (“anti-intellectual”); Myron G. Cowen, Memorandum, Jan. 8, 1952, HSTPL/MMC (“nothing”); Smith, Portrait, 101 (“repeal”); Cullather, Illusion, 100 (Perez).
18 EGL interview, Dec. 17, 1984, CCP; USAFA/EGLOH.
19 EGL interview, Nov. 12, 1985, CCP.
20 Abueva, Magsaysay, 154.
21 EGL interview, Dec. 17, 1984, CCP.
22 EGL interview, Nov. 12, 1985, CCP.
23 NWC/EGL.
24 EGL interview, Nov. 12, 1985, CCP.
25 EGL, Midst, 31; Pacific Stars and Stripes, via Ancestry.com.
26 EGL, “The Good Fights,” HI/EGL, box 77, file 272.
27 EGL, Midst, 32 (“love”); EGL to Obituary Editor, WP, Sept. 24, 1982, HI/EGL, box 2 (“tough”); McCoy, Policing, 377.
28 AI/VH.
29 EGL interview, Nov. 12, 1985, CCP.
30 EGL to PK, June 1, 1950, PYPP.
31 Deed, Feb. 22, 1950, HI/EGL, box 70.
32 AI/FAS.
33 EGL, Midst, 15.
34 Ibid.
35 EGL to PK, Aug. 28, 1950, PYPP.
36 EGL, Midst, 1–2.
37 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v92U2F9gbUo.
38 EGL, Midst, 1–2.
CHAPTER 8: “All-Out Force or All-Out Friendship”
1 EGL to PK, Oct. 12, 1950, PYPP.
2 EGL’s first days: EGL, Midst, 17–30.
3 EGL, “A Case History of Insurgency,” National War College, March 25, 1964, HI/EGL, box 96.
4 EGL, Midst, 34–35.
5 EGL to Jose Abueva, Nov. 5, 1962, HI/EGL, box 36.
6 AI/RM.
7 EGL to Jose Abueva, Nov. 5, 1962, HI/EGL, box 36.
8 Ibid.; EGL, “Comrades,” Bulletin of the American Historical Collection, April–June 1984, PCLPP.
9 EGL, Midst, 47; USAFA/EGLOH; EGL, “The Philippines,” Foreign Service Institute, July 3, 1962, NSA/EGL, box 1.
10 Inspections: EGL, Midst, 37–45 (all quotations unless otherwise specified); EGL, “Notes on Magsaysay,” HI/EGL, box 80, file 295 (carbine, corn, corned beef, fish); Valeriano, Counter-Guerrilla, 167 (“shampoo”); EGL, “The Philippines,” Foreign Service Institute, July 3, 1962, NSA/EGL, box 1; USAFA/EGLOH (“empower”).
11 EGL, Midst, 60–65.
12 Pomeroy, Forest, 81–82.
13 EGL, Midst, 66–67.
14 EGL, Midst, 70; Grant, Phoenix, 113.
15 Laurie, Propaganda, 193 (“refusing”), 196 (League).
16 Wilford, Wurlitzer, 7.
17 Boot, Invisible, 333.
18 EGL, Midst, 70.
19 Ibid., 71.
20 Napoleon Valeriano, “Counter-Guerrilla Operations,” Ft. Bragg, June 15, 1961, HI/EGL, box 73.
21 Boot, Invisible, 378–88.
22 EGL, Midst, 52–59; Kerkvliet, Huk, 239 (250 resettled).
23 EGL, “Counter-Guerrilla Operations,” Ft. Bragg, June 15, 1961, HI/EGL, box 73.
24 EGL, Midst, 79.
25 FRUS 1951, Asia, 6.1550.
26 CTRB, “Counter-Guerrilla Operations,” Ft. Bragg, June 15, 1961, HI/EGL, box 73.
27 Pomeroy, Forest, 161.
28 EGL, “A Case History of Insurgency—the Philippines,” National War College, March 25, 1965, HI/EGL, box 96.
29 EGL, “Notes on Magsaysay,” HI/EGL, box 80, file 295.
30 EGL, Midst, 72–73 (source of all quotations); EGL, “Military Psychological Operations: Part Two,” Lecture to the Armed Forces Staff College, Norfolk, Virginia, March 29, 1960, HI/EGL, box 73, file 1.
31 Johnson, Tree, 61.
32 EGL, Midst, 73–75.
33 Ibid., 75.
34 Pomeroy, Forest, 164.
35 FRUS 1951, Asia, 6.1566–67.
CHAPTER 9: The Power Broker
1 Italy: Brogi, Cold War, 101–10; Miller, “Taking Off”; Platt, “Foreign Policy”; NYT, April 23, 1948 (“roughhouse”); Mistry, Waging, 127–53.
2 AI/FSJ.
3 1951 election: EGL, Midst, 90–92; EGL to Helen, Nov. 1951, PCLPP (“feather”); Smith, Portrait, 107 (“Jewish”), 265 (cigars), 267 (“trust”); NYT, Sept. 18, 1968; Karnow, Image, 349–51; EGL, “Military Psychological Operations: Part Two,” Armed Forces Staff College, March 29, 1960, HI/EGL, box 73, file 1; Satoshi, “Gabriel L. Kaplan.”
4 EGL to HL, May 19, 1952, PCLPP.
&n
bsp; 5 EGL to HL, April 1952, PCLPP.
6 AI/FSJ.
7 Trip: EGL, “There Is My Country,” HI/EGL, box 77, file 274 (“babies,” “shocked”); EGL interview, Nov. 12, 1985, CCP (“ranting,” “a T,” “Daddy”); NWC/EGL (Sternberg, “hack”); Abuevo, Magsaysay, 213 (praise); Romulo, Magsaysay, 166 (Constellation), 169 (“Caesar”); Karnow, Image, 349 (Sternberg); HI/EGL, box 34 (text of Mexico City speech).
8 Abueva, Magsaysay, 225.
9 EGL to Allen Dulles, Nov. 23, 1953, HI/EGL, box 34, file 764.
10 Buell, Quiet, 407–8.
11 Abueva, Magsaysay, 235.
12 HI/EGL, box 34, file 753.
13 EGL, “The Good Fights,” HI/EGL, box 77, file 272.
14 EGL to HL, May 18, 1953, PCLPP.
15 EGL to HL, April 26, 1952, PCLPP.
16 EGL to HL, Aug. 22, 1952, PCLPP.
17 EGL to HL, April 26, 1953, PCLPP.
18 EGL to HL, Aug. 22, 1953, PCLPP.
19 Richard R. Ely, June 15, 1964, NWC/RASP.
20 EGL to HL, April 26, 1952, PCLPP.
21 EGL to HL, Aug. 19, 1953, PCLPP.
22 EGL to HL, May 14, 1953, PCLPP.
23 Ibid.
24 Press release from Malacañang Palace, March 28, 1953, Peter Richards Collection, CCP.
25 EGL to HL, May 18, 1953, PCLPP.
26 Abueva, Magsaysay, 246.
27 Romulo, Magsaysay, 213–14.
28 EGL to HL, Aug. 22, 1952, PCLPP.
29 EGL to HL, April 29, 1953, PCLPP.
30 FRUS 1952–1954, Asia, 12.521.
31 “Covert Operations,” May 9, 1961, CREST 5076DE59993247D4D82B5B68; Grose, Gentleman, 445–46.
32 Smith, Portrait, 106 (“comfortable,” “hell”), 253 (“social engineering”), 255 (“crusader”).
33 EGL, Midst, 105.
34 EGL to Allen Dulles, Nov. 23, 1953, HI/EGL, box 34, file 764.
35 NYT, July 13, 1986.
36 Colby, Honorable, 102.
37 Grose, Gentleman, 18.
38 Ibid., 106.
39 Ibid., 155.
40 Ibid., 318.
41 Ibid., 386.
42 Ibid., 410.
43 Ambrose, Eisenhower, 2.111.
44 Grose, Gentleman, 341.
45 Allen Dulles to Raymond Spruance, Jan. 19, 1953, SGMML/AWDP, box 50, file 5.
46 Spruance to Hugh Bain Snow Jr., April 8, 1967, NWC/RASP; Helms, Shoulder, 102.
47 EGL to HL, Aug. 22, 1953, PCLPP.
48 EGL to Thomas Buell, April 17, 1972, NWC/RASP.
49 FRUS 1952–1954, Asia, 12.522.
50 EGL to HL, Sept. 30, 1952, PCLPP.
51 Embassy Manila to Secretary of State, March 14, 1953, NARA, RG 84, box 84.
52 EGL interview, Nov. 12, 1985, CCP; Currey, Unquiet, 121.