The Road Not Taken
Page 73
14 EGL to Helen, May 2, 1955, HI/EGL, box 83, file 1.
15 EGL to family, Aug. 15, 1955, PYPP.
16 Boot, Invisible, 280–81.
17 NSA/EGL/SMM, 10.
18 Logevall, Embers, 642; Fall, Two, 246.
19 Ahern, Ngo, 69; EGL to Karl H. Cerny, 1965, HI/EGL, box 37.
20 NSA/EGL/SMM, 45.
21 Chapman, Cauldron, 76.
22 EGL to Collins/O’Daniel, March 13, 1955, DDEPL/JLCP, box 28, Lansdale file 1.
23 EGL, Midst, 244.
24 EGL to Collins/O’Daniel, March 23, 1955, DDEPP/JLCP, box 28, Lansdale file 2.
25 EGL, Midst, 253–54.
26 FRUS 1955–1957, Vietnam, 1.143.
27 EGL to Collins/O’Daniel, March 13, 1955, DDEPP/JLCP, box 28, Lansdale file 2. A CIA estimate on March 31 (NARA/CREST CIA-RDP79R00890A000500030066-7) listed 16,000 Cao Dai, 19,600 Hoa Hao, 3,500 Binh Xuyen.
28 EGL to Collins/O’Daniel, March 13, 1955, DDEPL/JLCP, box 28, Lansdale file 2.
29 Ahern, Ngo, 68.
30 EGL, Midst, 257.
31 EGL to Roswell Gilpatric, April 25, 1961, NARA, RG 330, EGL office files, box 5.
32 EGL, Midst, 262–64.
33 Ibid., 265–66.
34 EGL to PK, April 26, 1955, PYPP.
35 Simpson, Tiger, 144–45.
36 FRUS 1952–1954, Indochina, 13.2250.
37 EGL to Robert Shaplen, May 30, 1965, HI/EGL, box 40.
38 FRUS 1955–1957, Vietnam, 1.168–71.
39 Ibid., 235.
40 Ibid., 237.
41 Ibid., 250.
42 EGL, Midst, 276–77.
43 FRUS 1955–1957, Vietnam, 1.294–98.
44 Ibid., 301.
45 Ibid., 301–2.
46 RP, Vietnam, 65, 77.
47 EGL, Midst, 282–83.
48 Ibid., 300.
49 Anderson, Trapped, 111; Miller, Misalliance, 120.
50 U.S. Embassy, Paris, to Secretary of State, May 2, 1955, SGMML/JFDP, box 8, file 12.
51 EGL, Midst, 286.
52 Ibid., 288–89.
53 EGL to PK, June 10, 1955, PYPP.
54 NSA/EGL/SMM, 40.
55 Ibid., 34.
56 RP, Vietnam, 64.
57 Charles W. Sandman to Cecil Currey, Aug. 2000, CCP.
58 FRUS 1955–1957, Vietnam, 1.303.
59 RP, Vietnam, 64.
60 FRUS 1955–1957, Vietnam, 1.307–12.
61 EGL to PK, April 26, 1955, PYPP.
62 RP, Vietnam, 65.
63 EGL, Midst, 294.
64 EGL to Dorothy Bohannan, Nov. 18, 1982, HI/EGL, box 2.
65 EGL, Midst, 297.
66 Ahern, Ngo, 80.
67 Ibid.
68 Simpson, Tiger, 148.
69 EGL to Collins, May 3, 1955, DDEPL/JLCP, Lansdale file 1; NSA/EGL/SMM, 43.
70 EGL to Robert Shaplen, May 30, 1965, HI/EGL, box 40; EGL, Midst, 309; EGL, “Memo for the Record,” May 3, 1955, DDEPL/JLCP, Lansdale file 1; NSA/EGL/SMM, 44.
71 Blagov, Honest, 173–95.
72 EGL to PK, May 15, 1955, PYPP.
73 EGL to PK, Sunday, n.d., 1955, PYPP.
74 Logevall, Embers, 645.
75 Chapman, Cauldron, 141–45.
76 Simpson, Tiger, 150.
77 FRUS 1955–1957, Vietnam, 344–45.
78 Collins, Lightning Joe, 405.
79 Anderson, Trapped, 112.
80 Collins to EGL, May 13, 1955, HI/EGL, box 35, Vietnam 1954–56 file.
81 Ahern, Ngo, 88.
82 EGL to PK, May 15, 1955, PYPP.
83 Fall, Two, 245.
84 Ahern, Ngo, 83.
85 Gibbons interview, Jan. 14, 1987, MLEPP.
CHAPTER 17: “Stop Calling Me Papa!”
1 EGL to PK, n.d., PYPP.
2 EGL, Midst, 316.
3 AI/RWS; Smith to Cecil Currey, May 15, 2000, CCP.
4 RP, Vietnam, 77.
5 EGL to PK, June 1955 (n.d.), PYPP.
6 EGL, Midst, 318.
7 RP, Vietnam, 77–78; AI/EC; Grant, Phoenix, 125–26.
8 Jacobs, Mandarin, 93; Nguyen, Hanoi’s War, 40.
9 LBJPL/KBOH.
10 EGL to family, June 17, 1955, PCLPP.
11 “Ngo Dinh Diem—Summarized Biographical Report,” 1957, SGMML/JFDP, box 5, folder 5.
12 EGL, Midst, 328–30.
13 Miller, Misalliance, 138.
14 Ahern, Ngo, 90.
15 Ibid., 23.
16 Thomas Ahern, email to author, March 4, 2015.
17 FRUS 1955–1957, Vietnam, 1.415.
18 PP, Part IV.A.5, p. 17.
19 Miller, Misalliance, 132–33.
20 Ahern, Declassified, 21–23.
21 EGL to HL, Feb. 24, 1956, PCLPP.
22 NYT, Oct. 26, 1999.
23 EGL to family, June 17, 1955, PCLPP.
24 “Memorandum of Conversation with the President,” June 7, 1955, SGMML/JFDP, box 77.
25 EGL to HL, July 31, 1944, PCLPP.
26 EGL to PK, July 23, 1955, PYPP.
27 NSA/EGL/SMM, 52–53.
28 EGL to family, Aug. 15, 1955, PCLPP.
29 Dulles to Eisenhower, July 26, 1955, CCP.
30 EGL to Magsaysay, Aug. 10, 1955, HI/EGL, box 35, file 784.
31 EGL to HL, July 31, 1955, PCLPP.
32 EGL to family, Aug. 15, 1955, PCLPP.
33 Meyer, Hanging Sam, 88, 91–92, 108.
34 LBJPL/STWOH.
35 Ibid.
36 EGL, Midst, 336.
37 RP, Vietnam, 85.
38 EGL to HL, Feb. 18, 1956, PCLPP.
39 Tran Van Don, Endless, 60.
40 EGL to HL, March 31, 1956, PCLPP.
41 EGL, Midst, 333–34.
42 FRUS 1955–1957, Vietnam, 590; Chapman, Cauldron, 154, 165–67.
43 Simpson, Tiger, 151.
44 EGL to family, Feb. 26, 1956, PCLPP.
45 EGL, Midst, 349–51; Ahern, Ngo, 104–5; Miller, Misalliance, 147.
46 EGL, Midst, 356; Ahern, Declassified, 26.
47 EGL to PK, Aug. 6, 1955, PYPP.
48 EGL to HL, Jan. 12, 1956, PCLPP.
49 EGL, Midst, 343–44.
50 Greene, Quiet, 52.
51 EGL to HL, Jan. 12, 1956, PCLPP.
52 EGL to HL, Feb. 18, 1956, PCLPP.
53 EGL interview, May 16, 1984, CCP.
54 Pratt, Text, 319.
55 Greene, Ways, 170.
56 Wise, Works, 31; Sherry, Greene, 2.417.
57 Halberstam, Best, 125; Karnow, Vietnam, 236; Reeves, Kennedy, loc. 706.
58 Logevall, Embers, 681.
59 Geist, Pictures, xii.
60 EGL to HL, Jan. 30, 1956, PCLPP.
61 EGL to HL, Feb. 6, 1956, PCLPP.
62 EGL to Mankiewicz, March 17, 1956, HI/EGL, box 35.
63 Ahern, Ngo, 102.
64 EGL to Diem, Oct. 28, 1957, HI/EGL, box 39.
65 EGL to O’Daniel, Oct. 28, 1957, HI/EGL, box 39.
66 Times of Viet Nam, Jan. 25, 1958, VCA/DPC.
67 EGL, Midst, 360–63.
68 EGL to HL, July 30, 1956, PCLPP.
69 EGL to HL, Nov. 25, 1956, PCLPP.
70 EGL service record, CCP.
71 USAFA/EGLOH.
72 Life, May 13, 1957.
73 Ahern, Ngo, 108.
74 Ibid., 111.
75 RP, Vietnam, 92.
76 Ahern, Declassified, 28.
CHAPTER 18: Heartbreak Hotel
1 EGL to HL, March 31, 1956, PCLPP.
2 EGL to HL, Nov. 26, 1955, PCLPP.
3 EGL to family, Sept. 15, 1956, PCLPP.
4 EGL to CTRB, Jan. 23, 1957, CCP.
5 AI/FSJ.
6 EGL to PK, Jan. 29, 1955, PYPP.
7 EGL to PK, April 13, 1956, PYPP.
8 EGL to PK, n.d., PYPP.
9 EGL to PK, April 13, 1956, PYPP.
10 http://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/elvispresley/heartbreakhotel.html.
11 NWC/EGL.
12 EGL to HL, Feb. 6, 1956, PCLPP.
14 AI/RM.
15 NYT, March 23, 1957.
16 EGL, Midst, 377.
17 EGL to CTRB, March 19, 1957, CCP.
18 EGL to CTRB, April 16, 1957, CCP; EGL to Rockefellers, April 12, 1957, and J.D. Rockefeller III to EGL, June 13, 1957, RAC, Series O, RG 2, box 22, folder 220.
19 EGL to CTRB, March 28, 1957, CCP.
20 Smith, Portrait, 253.
21 Ibid., 254.
22 EGL to Roswell Gilpatrick, July 27, 1961, NSA/EGL.
CHAPTER 19: Guerrilla Guru
1 EGL to HL, Jan. 12, 1956, PCLPP.
2 EGL to PK, n.d., PYPP.
3 EGL to Samuel T. Williams, Oct. 28, 1957, HI/EGL, box 42.
4 [Name redacted] to Villiers, July 26, 1956, NSA/EGL.
5 EGL to PK, n.d., PYPP.
6 EGL to CTRB, Jan. 23, 1957, CCP.
7 EGL to CTRB, May 8, 1957, CCP.
8 Ahern, Ngo, 105.
9 NSA/EGL/SMM.
10 Bird, Good.
11 “The Pentagon,” HI/EGL, box 48.
12 Vogel, Pentagon, loc. 5884.
13 EGL to Romy Espino, Oct. 10, 1960, HI/EGL, box 37.
14 “Biographical Sketch,” MCA/GBE; WP, May 23, 1973; NYT, May 23, 1973.
15 EGL interviews, Nov. 30, Dec. 17, 1984, CCP.
16 EGL interview, Nov. 30, 1984, CCP.
17 AI/JTF.
18 EGL to PK, April 7, [1958?], PYPP.
19 EGL to PK, Sept. 3, 1957, PYPP.
20 AI/JTF.
21 EGL, “A Cold War Program for Defense,” Sept. 1957, NARA/CREST CIA-RDP80R01731R000300160011-.
22 Ibid.
23 PK to EGL, June 9, 1958, PYPP.
24 EGL, “The Free Citizen in Uniform,” Nov. 1, 1960, HI/EGL, box 96.
25 “Resume of OCB Luncheon Meeting,” April 1, 1959, CIA-RDP80B01676R0027000 30035-4.
26 EGL, “Leadership Training in Africa,” Aug. 25, 1960, HI/EGL, box 43.
27 EGL, “Military Assistance,” April 27, 1959, VCA/DPC, box 19, folder 11.
28 EGL, “OSD Working Paper,” Sept. 10, 1958, NSA/EGL.
29 HI/EGL, box 73, file 1.
30 “Informal Discussion with Col. Lansdale, USAF,” Feb. 27, 1957, U.S. Army War College, HI/EGL, box 80, file 292.
31 AI/SVW.
32 New York Herald Tribune, Sept. 1, 1965.
33 AI/SVW.
34 Ibid.
35 “Counter Insurgency Operations Officer Course,” U.S. Army Special Warfare School, Oct. 11, 1961, NARA, RG 330, EGL office files, box 2, CG file.
36 AI/SVW.
37 Jones to EGL, May 9, 1961, HI/EGL, box 38, file 969.
38 Rostow, Diffusion, 265.
39 Lederer to EGL, Dec 3, 1957, WJLP.
40 Lederer to Ivan Von Auw, Aug. 16, 1957, CU/WWN, box 161, 1957 file, WJLP.
41 Lederer, “Revisited.”
42 Swenson to Burdick/Lederer, Dec. 3, 1957; Burdick to Wesley Price, April 29, 158; Burdick to Swenson, Dec. 7, 1957. CU/WWN, box 161, 1957 file.
43 Lederer, Ugly, 12.
44 Ibid., 84–85.
45 Ibid., 110–14.
46 Ibid., 181.
47 EGL to Peter McInerney, Sept. 4, 1980, CCP.
48 NWC/EGL.
49 Lederer to “Fritz,” April 1959, in Palm, American Pie.
50 Klein, Orientalism, 87.
51 NYT, July 12, 2009.
52 PK to EGL, April 26, 1963, HI/EGL, box 38.
53 EGL, “Pakse-Kontum Road,” NARA/CREST CIA-RDP80R0R01731R0003001 80001-3.
54 “A Program of Action to Prevent Communist Domination of South Vietnam,” April 26, 1961, NARA, RG 330, EGL office files, box 5.
55 Nashel, Cold War, 179–80.
56 Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy, 476.
57 EGL to S. R. Davis, April 16, 1961, HI/EGL, box 37.
58 FRUS 1958–1960, Vietnam, 1.144.
59 AI/CW.
60 PK to EGL, June 9, 1958, PYPP.
61 EGL to HL, Feb. 3, 1959, PCLPP.
62 EGL, draft memoir, box 76, file 264.
63 EGL to Diem, Jan. 6, 1959, HI/EGL, box 42.
64 EGL to Diem, April 2, 1959, HI/EGL, box 42.
65 FRUS 1958–1960, Vietnam, 1.138–44.
66 AI/CW.
67 Ladejinsky to EGL, April 22, 1959, HI/EGL, box 4.
68 Sihanouk, My War, 107–8.
69 Wall Street Journal, Nov. 15, 1968; Nashel, Cold War, 195.
70 EGL, Midst, 113.
71 EGL to Gen. McGarr, Aug. 11, 1960, NARA, RG 330, EGL office files, box 6, Vietnam Correspondence file.
72 Woods, Shadow Warrior, 126; Thomas, Best, 190.
73 EGL to HL, Feb. 11, 1959, PCLPP.
74 FRUS 1958–1960, Foreign Economic Policy, 4.469–72.
75 EGL to PK, April 7, 1959, PYPP.
CHAPTER 20: A New War Begins
1 Nguyen, Hanoi’s War, 17.
2 Military History Institute, Victory, 50.
3 Larteguy, Yellow, 62.
4 Military History Institute, Victory, 53.
5 Elliott, Vietnamese, 135.
6 Ibid., 86.
7 Miller, Misalliance, 178–83.
8 Hammer, Death, 77; Jacobs, Mandarin, 115; Frankum, Rat, ch. 4.
9 Colby, Lost, 76.
10 Ibid., 74.
11 FRUS 1958–1960, Vietnam, 1.575–79.
12 Ibid., 637, 649.
13 Ibid., 667–68.
14 Ibid., 581–82.
15 NYT, May 23, 1997.
16 Winik, 1944, 309.
17 FRUS 1958–1960, Vietnam, 1.409.
18 Ibid., 426.
19 EGL personnel file, CCP.
20 EGL to Eugene M. Zuckert, Oct. 25, 1963, HI/EGL, box 42.
21 FRUS 1958–1960, Vietnam, 1.457–59.
22 Ibid., 691–92.
23 Felt to EGL, Dec. 11, 1960, HI/EGL, box 49, file 1376.
24 EGL to Williams, Dec. 23, 1960, HI/EGL, box 49, file 1376.
25 PK to EGL, Jan. 25, 1961, PYPP.
26 Manila Bulletin, Jan. 3, 1961.
27 EGL to PK, Jan. 14, 1961, PYPP.
28 Trimble to Secretary of State, Jan. 3, 1961. HI/EGL, box 49, file 1376.
29 EGL to HL, Jan. 8, 1961, PCLPP.
30 “Far East Itinerary for General Lansdale,” HI/EGL, box 47, file 1330.
31 Logevall, Embers, 702–4.
32 EGL to PK, Jan. 14, 1961, PYPP.
33 Colby, Lost, 88.
34 Colby interview, June 24, 1985, CCP.
35 LBJPL/EGLOH.
36 EGL to PK, Jan. 14, 1961, PYPP.
37 EGL to Secretary of Defense, Jan. 17, 1961, HI/EGL, box 49, file 1376.
38 EGL to Secretary of Defense, Jan. 6, 1961, HI/EGL, box 49, file 1376.
39 HI/EGLOH/CRS.
40 EGL to HL, Jan. 8, 1961, PCLPP.
41 EGL to PK, Jan. 14, 1961, PYPP.
42 LBJPL/EGLOH; EGL interview, May 16, 1984, CCP; EGL to Diem, Jan. 30, 1961, HI/EGL, box 39.
43 LBJPL/EGLOH.
44 Reader’s Digest, July 1963.
45 Binh Hung: EGL, “Visit to Fifth Military Region,” Jan. 13, 1961, NARA, RG 330, EGL office files, box 5, Vietnam file #1; EGL, “Binh Hung: A Counter-Guerrilla Case Study,” Feb. 9, 1961, HI/EGL, box 73, file 2; EGL to PK, Jan. 14, 1961, PYPP.
46 EGL to PK, Jan. 14, 1961, PYPP.
47 “Far East Itinerary for General Lansdale,” HI/EGL, box 47, file 1330.
CHAPTER 21: The Ambassador Who Never Was
1 Time, Jan. 27, 1961.
2 Schlesinger, Thousand, 1.
3 NYT, Jan. 21, 1961.
4 Dallek, Unfinished, 398.
5 Caro, Passage, loc. 1110.
6 Dallek, Unfinished, 152.
7 http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/BqXIEM9F4024ntFl7SVAjA.aspx.
8 EGL to PK, Jan. 14, 1961, PYPP.
9 Newman, JFK, 3; Currey, Unquiet, 223.
10 JFKPL/EGLOH.
11 RP, Vietnam, 331.
12 EGL, “Vietnam,” Jan. 17, 1961, HI/EGL, box 49, file 1376.
13 EGL, “Binh Hung: A Counter-Guerrilla Case Study,” Feb. 1/9, 1961, HI/EGL, box 73, file 2.
14 EGL to Robert Komer, May 30, 1971, HI/EGL, box 4.
15 Schlesinger, Thousand, 672.
16 Rostow, Diffusion, 264–65; LBJPL/WWROH.
17 Bundy to McNamara, Rusk, Dulles, Jan. 27, 1963. JFKPL, NSF, box 193, Vietnam General 1/61–3/61 file.
18 Schlesinger, Thousand, 672.
19 http://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/Research-Aids/Ready-Reference/JFK-Fast-Facts/Items-in-the-Oval-Office.aspx; Caro, Passage, loc. 10727–56.
20 FRUS 1961–1963, Vietnam, 1.16.
21 JFKPL/EGLOH.
22 Ibid.
23 EGL interview, Nov. 28, 1984, CCP.
24 JFKPL/EGLOH; EGL, draft memoir, HI/EGL, box 76, file 264. Except where noted, all quotations from Jan. 28 meeting are from FRUS 1961–1963, Vietnam, 1.13–19.
25 EGL interview, May 16, 1984, CCP.
26 Shaplen, Lost, 148.
27 EGL to Robert Komer, May 30, 1971, HI/EGL, box 4.
28 EGL interview, May 16, 1984, CCP; JFKPL/EGLOH.
29 Ahern, Declassified, 72–73.
30 EGL to Redick, May 18, 1961, NARA, RG 330, EGL office files, box 5, Vietnam File #1.
31 EGL, “OSO/OSD,” n.d., CCP.
32 EGL to Nguyen Dinh Thuan, April 17, 1961, NARA, RG 330, EGL office files, box 5, Vietnam File #1.
33 Nguyen to EGL, April 22, 1961, NARA, RG 330, EGL office files, box 5, Vietnam File #1.
34 FRUS 1961–1963, Vietnam, 1.78.
35 LBJPL/WWROH.
36 FRUS 1961–1963, Vietnam, 1.72–73.
37 Ibid., 68; PP, Part IV.B.1, p. 24.
38 PP, Part IV.B.1, p. 23.
39 PP, Part V.B.4, bk. 1, pp. 22–34.
40 EGL to McNamara/Gilpatric, Aug. 1, 1961, NSA/EGL.
41 FRUS 1961–1963, Vietnam, 1.74.
42 LBJPL/RLGOH; McClintock, Instruments, 200.
43 EGL personnel file, CCP.
44 PP, Part IV.B.1, pp. 24–29.
45 FRUS 1961–1963, Vietnam, 1.132–34.
46 PP, Part V.B.4, bk. 1, p. 78.
47 PP, Part IV.B.1, p. 50.
48 Ibid., 36.
49 EGL to Robert Komer, May 30, 1971, HI/EGL, box 4.
50 EGL to Lionel McGarr, Oct. 2, 1961, NARA, RG 330, EGL office files, box 5, Vietnam #3 file.
CHAPTER 22: “The X Factor”
1 Hoopes, Patriot.
2 McNamara, Retrospect, 32.
3 RP, Vietnam, 104.
4 Life, Nov. 30, 1962.
5 HI/EGLOH/CRS.
6 Ibid.
7 Shapley, Promise, 13.
8 Ibid., 102.
9 Ibid., 65.
10 Ibid., 82.
11 Ibid., 103.
12 EGL to McNamara/Gilpatric, July 7, 1962, HI/EGL, box 47, file 1374.
13 AI/SVW.
14 HI/EGLOH/CRS.