by Phil Keith
in US south, 24–26, 33, 34, 36
Reid, Charles, 286
Reid, Richard, 286, 323
Rejon, Pierre, 104
Renoir, Pierre, 151
Reuter, Ronald, 156–58
Richardson, Sammy, 173
Rickenbacker, Edward “Captain Eddie,” 115, 117–18
Robeson, Paul
childhood, 292
civil rights and, 295,
297–98
communism and, 294, 295, 296–97
education, 292–93
fame of, 291
Peekskill concerts and riots, 297–303
as singer and actor, 293, 294–95
Robeson, William, Sr., 292
Robinson, Bill, 172
Robinson, Edward G., 210
Robinson, Jackie, 296, 316
Rockefeller Center, 305–6,
310–14
Rockwell, Kiffin, 66–67, 69
Rockwell, Paul, 66–67, 69
Rodin, Auguste, 151
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 308–9, 310
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 276–77
Roosevelt, Quentin, 116–17
Roosevelt, Theodore, 116–117
Roosevelt, Theodore, Jr., 234
Saint-Saens, Camille, 151
Saturday Evening Post, 94
Scanlon, Bob, 247–48
boxing ability, 60, 62
boxing in Paris, 59
in Foreign Legion, 64,
67–68, 70
Scheer, Walter, 204–6
Scotland, 45–46
Second Battle of Artois, 78–83
Seeger, Alan, 66, 68–69
Seeger, Pete, 299, 300
Seven Spades Band, 149
Sharp, William, 84
Silverman, Louis. See McCloskey, Charlie “Blink”
Sinatra, Frank, 178
Smith, Ada Beatrice Queen Victoria Louise Virginia “Bricktop”
after Bullard left Le Grand Duc, 190
during and after WWII, 229, 303–4
background, 171–73
on Baker, 183–84
as “business wife,” 169, 171
on F. Scott Fitzgerald, 181–182
first impression Le Grand Duc, 175
at Le Grand Duc, 167, 173, 175, 176–77, 205
marriage, 187
Porter and, 182
relationship with Bullard, 175, 185–86
Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, 323–24
Soubiron, Bob, 68
SPAD VII and XIII planes, 10, 122, 124
Spain, 267–68
Sparks, James V., 235–38, 263, 274
Spector, Jack S., 273–74, 287
The Squadron (L’Escadrille), 190, 191–92, 193, 196, 231–32
Stanley Tribe (Gypsies), 30–31
Stein, Gertrude, 181, 210
Steinwehr, Otto, 204
Stempel, Herb, 310, 311
Stevens, Billy, 24–25
Stone, Edward Mandell, 68
Straumann, Marcelle Eugenie Henriette, 209
background, 163–64,
163–65
death of Eugene, Jr., 210–11
marriage and children, 165–70, 209
Straumann family, 163–65, 167
Strawmaker family myth, 22, 23
Sullivan, “Duck,” 49
The Sun Also Rises (Hemingway), 68, 180–81
Swanson, Gloria, 178
Sweeny, Charles, 68, 236
“tafia,” 82, 90–91
Terrier, Cleopatre “Kitty”
as French spy, 198, 200, 203, 205, 225, 240–41
hatred of Germans, 199–200
relationship with Bullard, 169, 220–21, 223, 224, 239, 242, 243, 244
Thaw, William, 67, 70
Thenault, George, 114
The Today Show, 310, 311–14
“Tout Le Sange Qui Coule Est Rouge” (“All Blood That Flows is Red”), 125
Trinkard, Charles, 68
Truman, Harry, 295
Tucker, Sophie, 178
Turner, John Z. “Zack,” 32–35
Twenty One, 310–11
United States. See also New York City
American aviators in Lafayette Escadrille, 113–14, 115–16
boxing in, 55–58
Bullard’s daughters escape to, 277–79
Bullard’s posthumous appointment as second lieutenant in the United States Air Force, 323
Bullard’s return to, 269
entrance into WWI, 109
“Eugene Bullard Day” (in Georgia), 323
House Un-American Activities Committee, 296, 297
Navy, 116–21
racism in North, 280, 291, 299–303
racism in South, 24–26, 33, 34, 36
racism in US armed services, 109, 110,
133–34, 140–41, 284
Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, 323–24
US Air Force Museum, 323
Vandivert, William, 212
Van Doren, Charles, 310–11
Vanity Fair, 176
Victory Medal, 142
Viel, Sergeant, 10, 124, 138, 140
Voiseaux, Captain, 251
Voluntary Enlistment Medal, 142
Volunteer Combat Cross, 86, 142
Walcott, “Barbados Joe,” 49, 56
Walker, James J. “Jimmy,” 185
Ward, Fannie, 178
Waterman, Henry S., 264–65
Webb, Clifton, 185
Weeks, Kenneth, 78
Welsh, Bill, 49, 50
Westphal, Ernst, 44–45
When Paris Sizzled (McAuliffe), 148
White, Gilbert
background, 95, 98
flight training bet, 99, 103
Straumanns and, 163
Wilkins, Barron DeWare, 172, 173–74
Wilson, Arthur “Dooley,” 177, 205, 217
Wilson, Woodrow, 65, 276
Windsor, Edward (Prince of Wales), 179
World War I. See also French Foreign Legion
aerial victories, 131–32
airplanes, 119–22, 124–25
ambulance corps, 112
American aviators, 115–21
Battle of Verdun, 87–92
Bullard’s record, 142
“Great Christmas Truce of 1914,” 77
patrons of soldiers, 95
Second Battle of Artois, 78–83
start of, 63–64
treatment of casualties, 92–93
US entrance, 109
World War II
Bullard and French Army, 242–46, 249–58
Bullard’s journey to Spain, 258–67
Bullard’s return to Paris, 246–49
invasion of Poland and, 225–26
“Phony War,” 226–33
World War I Medal, 142
Wound Medal (Medal for Military Wounded), 81, 86
Zammar, Gabriel, 154
Zelli, Joe, 149–50, 151, 152, 174, 190–91
Eugene Bullard grew up in a home almost identical to the one next door, shown here, in Columbus, Georgia, circa 1900.
Craig Lloyd/Eugene Bullard Collection, Columbus State University.
Bullard went only so far as through second grade in this segregated school in Columbus, circa 1902.
Craig Lloyd/Eugene Bullard Collection, Columbus State University.
When Eugene was a child, his father, William “Big Chief Ox” Bullard, worked at the Bradley Warehouse in Columbus, Georgia.
Bradley Co.
The SS Marta Russ provided the teenage Bullar
d with the means of escape to Europe.
Bob Scanlon was a friend and colleague of Bullard both in the ring and on the battlefield.
Aaron Lister Brown, the boxer known as the “Dixie Kid,” befriended Bullard early in his boxing career.
Bullard’s boxing career benefited from being able to train with Jack Johnson, the first African American heavyweight champion.
As a member of the French Foreign Legion, Eugene Bullard (right) first served in the 3rd Marching Regiment (1915).
Shown here in 1913, a svelte Eugene Bullard was a rising boxing star in the welterweight class.
Top is Fort Douaumont and its immediate surroundings in 1915, and bottom is the same area after the impact of one million shells.
Corporal Bullard in the uniform of the 170th Infantry, “Les Hirondelles du Mort,” in 1916. Affixed to his left breast is the Croix de Guerre.
National Museum of the US Air Force, Dayton, Ohio.
As a pilot in training, Bullard first learns to “fly” the flightless “Penguin.”
National Museum of the US Air Force, Dayton, Ohio.
The actual license the twenty-one-year-old Eugene Bullard earned that enabled him to become a combat pilot.
National Museum of the US Air Force, Dayton, Ohio.
A flight training class at Avord in 1917 gathers for a group portrait. Bullard is standing at the back, fourth from the right.
National Museum of the US Air Force, Dayton, Ohio.
This photograph, taken in September or October 1917, shows Bullard in the cockpit about to undertake a mission. Note the distinctive heart and the slogan, “All Blood That Runs is Red.”
National Museum of the US Air Force, Dayton, Ohio.
Bullard’s fellow pilots congratulate him with a “lift” after his first combat mission in the fall of 1917.
National Museum of the US Air Force, Dayton, Ohio.
Quickly becoming an experienced combat pilot, Bullard poses in front of a SPAD with his “copilot,” Jimmy.
National Museum of the US Air Force, Dayton, Ohio.
Thanks to his bravery and good fortune in not getting killed, Bullard began to accumulate awards from a grateful France.
National Museum of the US Air Force, Dayton, Ohio.
Among the American pilots who served in France before and after the US entered World War I were:
Quentin Roosevelt
Eddie Rickenbacker
Norman Prince
Raoul Lufbery (and Whiskey)
Ted Parsons
Ernest Bleckley
Frank Luke
Harold Goettler
Victor Chapman
David Ingalls
The bigoted Dr. Edmund Gros became Bullard’s nemesis and was part of his removal from active duty as a pilot.
Back in Paris after the war, Bullard enjoyed being a man-about-town.
Turning to drumming to make a living, Bullard became a member of the very popular Zelli’s Band, seen here in 1922 (Eugene is seated behind the drum, front row).
Bricktop (second from left) and Bullard (right) with Joe Zelli (center) and Mabel Mercer (second from right), 1932.
Courtesy of Manuscript, Archives and Rare Book Library, Emory University.
During his nightclub impresario days in Paris, Bullard enjoyed entertaining patrons with an impromptu concert.
Screenshot courtesy of Critical Past, Reston, Virginia.
Seen here in 1927 are musicians on the bandstand at Zelli’s nightclub, including (left to right) Glover Compton on piano, Ferdie Allen on banjo, Cricket Smith on trumpet, Frank Goudie on alto sax and Eugene Bullard on drums.
Courtesy of Dave Radlauer, Constantine Soo’s “Dagogo,” February 2018.
Bullard owned and operated a gym that became a popular place for boxers to train and patrons to sweat out a night of partying.
National Museum of the US Air Force, Dayton, Ohio.
Ada Louise “Bricktop” Smith began her singing career in Paris thanks to Eugene Bullard, and she became one of the city’s most popular performers.
Another Bullard import whom Paris patrons enjoyed was Dooley Wilson, later to find fame as Sam in the Oscar-winning classic Casablanca (October 1942).
Courtesy of Warner Bros.
Fred and Adele Astaire, seen here in Lady Be Good in 1924, enjoyed Le Grand Duc during visits to Paris.
The composer Cole Porter was a frequent patron, especially because of his friendship with Bricktop.
Courtesy of NPR (National Public Radio).
The sultry Josephine Baker took Paris by storm in the 1920s and, like her friend and possible romantic partner Eugene Bullard, aided the French Resistance
Ernest Hemingway, shown on the day of his wedding to Hadley in 1921, was a friend of Bullard’s and modeled a character on him in The Sun Also Rises.
The acclaimed poet Langston Hughes worked for Bullard as a waiter and dishwasher in Paris.
Louis “Satchmo” Armstrong and Eugene Bullard became fast friends the first time the jazz artist visited Paris in the early 1930s.
Courtesy of Richard Havers, uDiscoverMusic.com, July 2014.
Zelda and F. Scott Fitzgerald in 1924 when they—especially the latter—frequented Bullard’s nightclub Le Grand Duc.
The Brasserie Universelle in Paris, seen in 1923, where Eugene and Marcelle celebrated their wedding.
The interior of L’Escadrille, Eugene Bullard’s very popular nightclub in Paris in the 1930s.
Courtesy of louisjeang.wixsite.com/allbloodrunsredsite.
Eugene Bullard in 1930, when he was opening L’Escadrille and becoming one of the most well-known impresarios in Paris.
Courtesy of New Georgia Encyclopedia. 31 January 2017.
Bullard, seen here in 1936, always made sure the champagne was flowing at L’Escadrille…especially when Nazi officers began to arrive and alcohol fueled loose lips.
Courtesy of Craig Lloyd/Eugene Bullard Collection, Columbus State University.
Eugene Bullard is overjoyed to be reunited with his daughters, Lolita (left) and Jacqueline (right), in New York in February 1941.
“Ebony” Magazine, December 1967.
Paul Robeson, a popular entertainer before and after World War II, often combined his performances with political causes.
Courtesy of Office of War Information-1942.
Eugene Bullard is shown being beaten when trying to attend a Paul Robeson concert in Peekskill, New York, in 1949.
“People’s Weekly World,” September 1949.
Louis Armstrong and his wife, Lucille, are on their way to Paris in 1951, accompanied by Eugene Bullard, who was their interpreter as well as friend and occasional studio musician.
“Ebony” Magazine, December 1967.
Bullard in his French Legionnaire’s uniform in New York in 1959.
Courtesy of louisjeang.wixsite.com/allbloodrunsredsite.
Bullard and other French war veterans relight the eternal flame and lay flowers at the Arc de Triomphe in 1954.
National Museum of the US Air Force, Dayton, Ohio.
Eugene Bullard in his Harlem apartment, which was filled with memorabilia dating back to his years in France.
“Ebony” Magazine, December 1967.
One of the proudest moments of Eugene Bullard’s life, shared with his daughters, was when he received the Chevalier of the Legion of Honor in 1959.
Eugene Bullard’s array of medals and decorations, including his pilot’s badge (far left).
National Museum of the US Air Force, Dayton, Ohio.
The Rockefeller Center elevator operator Eugene Bullard being interviewed on the Today show by host Dave Garroway, who displays the many medals and decorations Bullard earned.
National Museum of the US Air Force, Dayton, Ohio.
Taken in April 1961, this is the last known photo of Eugene Bullar
d, standing beneath a statue of the Marquis de Lafayette in New York.
National Museum of the US Air Force, Dayton, Ohio.
This bust of the combat pilot Eugene Bullard can be found in the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, DC.
Courtesy of National Air and Space Museum, NASM #92-13509.
Cover Image: U.S. Air Force photo
ISBN-13: 9781488036033
All Blood Runs Red
Copyright © 2019 by Phil Keith with Tom Clavin
All rights reserved. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the nonexclusive, nontransferable right to access and read the text of this ebook on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereafter invented, without the express written permission of the publisher, Harlequin Enterprises Limited, 22 Adelaide St. West, 40th Floor, Toronto, Ontario M5H 4E3, Canada.