The Last Mughal

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The Last Mughal Page 56

by William Dalrymple


  Sepoy Indian infantry private, in this case in the employ of the British East India Company. The word derives from sipahi, the Persian for soldier

  Shadi Marriage feast or party

  Shagird A pupil in poetry apprenticed to a master or ustad

  Shahzada Princes

  Shamiana Indian marquee, or the screen formed around the perimeter of a tented area

  Shanai Oboe-like Hindustani instrument

  Sharif Princely or noble

  Shi’a One of the two principle divisions of Islam, dating back to a split immediately after the death of the Prophet, between those who recognised the authority of the Medinian caliphs and those who followed the Prophet’s son in law Ali (Shi’at Ali means ‘the party of Ali’ in Arabic). Though most Shi’ites live in Iran, there have always been a large number in the Indian Deccan, and Hyderabad was for much of its history a centre of Shi’ite culture

  Shikar Hunting, hence shikari, hunter

  Shikastah An elaborate Persian and Urdu cursive script or calligraphy (lit. ‘broken writing’). Popular in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, shikastah is an elaborate and personalised form of nasta’liq script in which the natural pauses between letters and words are blurred by the writer joining up the normally empty passages of the verse or sentence, often making it very difficult to read

  Shir mal Sweet naan

  Shorba Soup

  Shwebo Wun Burmese provincial governor

  Sirdar Nobleman

  Sogh Mourning clothes

  Subahdar Indian senior officer in a sepoy regiment

  Sufi Muslim mystic

  Surahis Traditional tall, elegant North Indian water and wine cooler/flask

  Taal The beat in Hindustani music

  Tahsildar District official in charge of revenue and taxation

  Tasbih Rosary, hence Tasbih Khana, an oratory or prayer room

  Tawaif The cultivated and urbane dancing girls and courtesans who were such a feature of late Mughal society and culture

  Ta’wiz A charm

  Tehkhana Cool underground room or network of cool rooms

  Thammo Stop!

  Thana Police post or station, presided over by a Thanadar

  Tilangas This word apparently derives from Telingana, in modern Andhra Pradesh, where the British originally recruited many of their sepoys during the Carnatic Wars of the eighteenth century. In Delhi the name seems to have stuck as an appellation for British trained troops although the British had long since replaced Telingana with Avadh as their principle recruitment field, so that in 1857 most sepoys would have come from modern Uttar Pradesh and parts of Bihar. Purbias (qv), which in Delhi was used alternately with Tilangas, simply means Easterners. Both words carry the same connotations of foreignness, implying ‘these outsiders from the East’

  Tulwar Indian curved sword

  Ukases Decrees

  ‘Ulama In Arabic, the ‘ulama means ‘the ones possessing knowledge’, hence the ‘community of learned men’. In effect it means the Islamic clergy, the body of men with sufficient knowledge of the Koran, the Sunna and the Sharia to make decisions on matters of religion. ‘Ulama is an Arabic plural – the singular is ‘alim, a learned man

  ‘Umbara Covered elephant howdah (qv)

  Umrah Nobleman

  Unani Ionian (or Byzantine Greek) medicine, originally passed to the Islamic world through Byzantine exiles in Persia and still practised in India today

  ‘Urs Festival day

  Ustad The master (or teacher) of an art

  Vakil Ambassador or representative (though in modern usage the word means merely lawyer)

  Vilayat Province, homeland

  Zamindar Landholder or local ruler

  Zenana Harem, or women’s quarters

  BIBLIOGRAPHY

  1. MANUSCRIPT SOURCES IN EUROPEAN LANGUAGES

  Oriental and India Office Collections, British Library (formerly India Office Library), London (OIOC)

  Edwardes Papers, Mss Eur E 211

  Chichester Letters, Mss Eur Photo Eur 271

  Hardcastle Papers, Mss Eur Photo Eur 31 1B

  Johnson Diaries, Mss Eur A 101

  John Lawrence Papers, Mss Eur F 90

  Metcalfe Papers, Mss Eur D 610

  Montgomery Papers, Mss Eur D 1019

  Saunders Papers, Mss Eur E 185–187

  Vibart Papers, Mss Eur F 135/19

  The City of Delhi during 1857, translation of the account of Said Mobarak Shah, Eur Mss B 138

  Home Miscellaneous, vol. 725, Kaye Mutiny Papers

  Delhi Gazette

  Delhi Gazette Extra

  Lahore Chronicle

  Bengal Wills 1780–1804 L/AG/34/29/4–16

  Madras Inventories L/AG/34/29 185–210

  Bengal Regimental Orders IOR/P/BEN/SEC

  Bengal Political Consultations IOR/P/117/18

  British Library

  Wellesley Papers, Add Mss 13,582

  South Asian Studies Centre Library, Cambridge

  Campbell Metcalfe Papers

  Bodleian Library, Oxford

  Jennings Papers

  Archives of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (SPG)

  National Army Museum Library, London

  Ewart Papers, 7310–48

  Gambier Letters, 6211–67

  Gardner Papers, 6305–56

  Coghill Letters, 6609–139

  Lt Gen. F. C. Maisey, “The Capture of the Delhi Palace’, 6309–26

  Spy Letters, 6807–138

  Col. E. L. Ommaney’s Letters and Diaries, 6301–143

  Wilson Correspondence, 5710–38, NAM

  Nottingham University Library

  Bentinck Papers, PW JF 1537–1556

  National Archives of India, New Delhi

  Precis of Palace Intelligence, Foreign, Foreign Dept Misc., vol. 361

  Mutiny Papers

  Dehli Urdu Akhbar

  Siraj ul Akhbar

  Ahsan ul Akhbar

  Lahore Chronicle

  Secret Consultations

  Political Consultations

  Foreign Consultations

  Foreign Miscellaneous

  Secret Letters to Court

  Secret Letters from Court

  Political Letters to Court

  Political Letters from Court

  Delhi Commissioners’ Office, Archive, New Delhi

  Mutiny Papers

  Mubarak Bagh Papers

  Myanmar National Archives, Yangon

  Records of the Delhi State Prisoners

  Files on the Grave of the King of Delhi

  Punjab Archives, Lahore

  Delhi Residency Papers

  Punjab Mutiny Papers

  Private Archives

  Fraser Papers, Inverness

  2. UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPTS AND DISSERTATIONS

  Ghosh, Durba, ‘Colonial Companions: Bibis, Begums, and Concubines of the British in North India 1760–1830;’ (unpublished PhD, Berkeley, 2000)

  Hashmi, Shakila Tabassum Hashmi, ‘The Trial of Bahadur Shah Zafar: Representation and Reality in Mughal-British Relations’ (unpublished B.A. Honours thesis, Department of History, National University of Singapore 1, 1998/99)

  Nizami, Farhan Ahmad, ‘Madrasahs, Scholars and Saints: Muslim Responses to the British Presence in Delhi and the Upper Doab 1803–1857’ (unpublished PhD, Oxford, 1983)

  Shorto, Sylvia, ‘Public Lives, Private Places, British Houses in Delhi 1803–57’ (unpublished dissertation, New York University, 2004)

  3. PERSIAN AND URDU SOURCES

  A. Manuscripts

  Oriental and India Office Collections, British Library (formerly India Office Library), London (OIOC)

  The calligraphy of Zafar and Mirza Fakhra, OIOC: 3577 and 2972/42

  Private family papers in the haveli of the late Mirza Farid Beg, Old Delhi

  Bankipore Oriental Library, Patna

  Farasu, Zafar-uz Zafar (also known as the Fath Nama-I Angrezi), Ms 129, Oriental Library, Bankipurr />
  B. Published Texts

  Ahmad, Naim, Shahr ashob, New Delhi, 1968

  Ali, Ahmed, The Golden Tradition: An Anthology of Urdu Poetry, New York, 1973

  Azad, Muhammed Husain (trans, and ed. Frances Pritchett and Shamsur Rahman Faruqi), Ab-e Hayat: Shaping the Canon of Urdu Poetry, New Delhi, 2001

  Dehlavi, Zahir, Dastan i-Ghadr: Ya Taraze Zaheeri, Lahore, 1955

  Faizuddin, Munshi, Bazm i-Akhir, Yani sehr e-Delhi ke do akhiri badshahon ka tareeq i-maashrat (The Last Convivial Gathering – The Mode of Life of the Last Two Kings of Delhi), Lahore, 1965

  Farrukhi, Aslam, Muhammad Husain Azad, 2 vols, Karachi, 1965

  Ghalib, Mirza Asadullah Khan, Dastanbuy (trans. Khwaja Ahmad Faruqi), New Delhi, 1970

  Khairabadi, Allamah Fazl ul-Haqq, “The Story of the War of Independence, 1857–8’, in Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, vol. 5, January 1957, part 1

  Khan, Hakim Ahsanullah, ‘Memoirs’, in Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, vol. 6, 1958

  Khan, Dargah Quli, The Muraqqa’ e-Dehli (trans. Chander Shekhar), New Delhi, 1989

  Khan, Sir Sayyid Ahmad, Asar us Sanadid, New Delhi, 1990

  Khan, Sir Sayyid Ahmad, The Causes of the Indian Revolt, Translated into English by his Two English Friends, Benares, 1873 (reprint edition introduced by Francis Robinson, Karachi, 2000)

  Lal, Jeewan, A Short Account of the Life and Family of Rai Jeewan Lal Bahadur, Late Honorary Magistrate of Delhi, with extracts from his diary relating to the time of the Mutiny 1857 compiled his son, New Delhi, 1902

  Latif, Abdul, 1857 Ka Tarikhi Roznamacha (ed. Khaliq Ahmed Nizami), Nadwatul Musannifin Series (68), New Delhi, 1958

  Nizami, Khwaja Hasan, Begmat ke Aansu (Tears of the Begums), New Delhi, 1952

  Parvez, Aslam, Bahadur Shah Zafar: Anjuman Taraqqi-e Urdu Hind, New Delhi, 1986

  Qamber, Akhtar, The Last Musha’irah of Delhi: A Translation of Farhatullah Baig’s Modern Urdu Classic Dehli ki Akhri Shama, New Delhi, 1979

  Quraishi, Salim al-Din, Cry for Freedom: Proclamations of Muslim Revolutionaries of 1857, Lahore, 1997

  Qureshi, Salim and Ashur Kazmi (trans, and ed.), 1857 ke Ghaddaron ke Khutut, New Delhi, 2001

  Rizvi, S. A. and M. L. Bhargava (eds.), Freedom Struggle in Uttar Pradesh, 6 vols, Lucknow, 1957

  Russell, Ralph, The Oxford Ghalib: Life, Letters and Ghazals, New Delhi, 2003

  Server ul-Mulk, My Life, Being the Autobiography of Nawab Server ul Mulk Bahadur (translated from the Urdu by his son, Nawab Jiwan Yar Jung Bahadur), London, 1903

  Taimuri, Arsh, Qila-i Mua’lla ki Jhalkiyan (ed. Dr Aslam Parvez), New Delhi, 1986

  Zafar, Bahadur Shah II, Emperor of Hindustan, Kulliyat-I Zafar, or the complete poetical works of Abu Zafar Siraj al-Din Muhammad Bahadur Shah, Lucknow, 1869–70

  Zakaullah, Tarikh-I-Uruj-e’Ahd – I Sultanat-I-Inglishiya, New Delhi, 1904

  4. CONTEMPORARY WORKS AND PERIODICAL ARTICLES IN EUROPEAN LANGUAGES

  Andrews, C. F., Zakaullah of Delhi, Cambridge, 1929

  Anon, [probably Robert Bird], Dacoitee in Excelsis, or the Spoilation of Oude by the East India Company, London, 1857; Archer, Major, Tours in Upper India, London, 1833

  Ball, Charles, History of the Indian Mutiny, 2 vols, London, 1858–9

  Barter, Richard, The Siege of Delhi, London, 1984

  Bas, C. T. Le, ‘How we escaped from Delhi’, Fraser’s magazine, February 1858 Bayley, Emily, The Golden Calm: An English Lady’s Life in Moghul Delhi, London, 1980

  Beames, John, Memoirs of a Bengal Civilian, London, 1961

  Bernier, François, Travels in the Mogul Empire, 1656–68 (ed. Archibald Constable, trans. Irving Brock), Oxford, 1934

  Blomfield, David (ed.), Lucknow – The Indian Mutiny Journal of Arthur Moffat Laing, London, 1992

  Bourchier, Colonel George, CB, Eight Months Campaign against the Bengal Sepoy Army During the Mutiny of 1857, London, 1858

  Campbell, Sir George, Memoirs of My Indian Career, London, 1893

  Chick, N. A., Annals of the Indian Rebellion 1857–8 and Life in the Fort of Agra During the Mutinies of 1857, Calcutta, 1859 (reprinted London, 1972)

  Coopland, Mrs R. M., A Lady’s Escape from Gwalior in 1857, London, 1859

  Dunlop, Robert Henry Wallace, Service and Adventure with the Khakee Ressalah or Meerut Volunteer Horse During the Mutinees of 1857–8, London, 1858

  Eden, Eden, Journals, reprinted as Tigers, Durbars and Kings, London, 1988

  Eden, Emily, Up the Country: Letters from India, London, 1930

  Fergusson, James, History of Indian & Eastern Architecture, London, 1876

  Greathed, H. H, Letters Written During the Siege of Delhi, London, 1858

  Griffiths, Charles John, The Siege of Delhi, London, 1910

  Haldane, Julia, The Story of Our Escape from Delhi in 1857, Agra, 1888

  Heber, Reginald, A Narrative of a Journey Through the Upper Provinces of India from Calcutta to Bombay, 1824–1825, 3 vols, London, 1827

  Hodson, Major W. S. R., Twelve Years of a Soldier’s Life in India, London, 1859

  Holmes, T. Rice, A History of the Indian Mutiny and of the Disturbances which Accompanied it among the Civil Population, London, 1898

  Huxley, Aldous, Jesting Pilate, London, 1926

  Imperial Records Department, Press List of Mutiny Papers 1857, Being a Collection of the Correspondence of the Mutineers at Delhi, Reports of Spies to English Officials and other Miscellaneous Papers, Calcutta, 1921

  Ireland, William W., A History of the Siege of Delhi by an Officer who served there, Edinburgh, 1861

  Jacob, E., A Memoir of Professor Yesudas Ramchandra of Delhi, vol. 1, Cawnpore, 1902

  Jacquemont, Victor, Letters From India (1829–32), 2 vols (trans. Catherine Phillips), London, 1936

  Kaye, J. W., A History of the Sepoy War in India 1857–8, London, 1877

  Khan, Sir Sayyid Ahmad, The Causes of the Indian Revolt (reprint edition introduced by Francis Robinson), Karachi, 2000

  Lang, Arthur Moffat, Lahore to Lucknow: The Indian Mutiny Journal of Arthur Moffat Lang, London, 1992

  Mackenzie, Col. A. R. D., Mutiny Memoirs – being personal reminiscences of the Great Sepoy Revolt of 1857, Allahabad, 1891

  Maisey, Lt Gen. F. C, ‘An Account by an eyewitness of the taking of the Delhi Palace’, in Royal United Services Institution Journal, 1930

  Majendie, Vivien Dering, Up Among the Pandies or A Year’s Service in India, London, 1859

  Maunsell, F. R., The Siege of Delhi, London, 1912

  Metcalfe, Charles Theophilus, Two Native Narratives of the Mutiny in Delhi, London, 1898

  Montgomery, Martin R., The Indian Empire, 6 vols, London, 1860

  Muter, Mrs, My Recollections of the Sepoy Revolt, London, 1911

  Norman, Sir Henry W. and Mrs Keith Young, Delhi 1857, London, 1902

  Nugent, Lady Maria, Journal of a Residence in India 1811–15, 2 vols, London, 1839

  Panday, Sitaram, From Sepoy to Subedar: being the life and Adventures of Subedar Sita Ram, A Native Officer of the Bengal Army, Written and Related by Himself (trans. Lt Col. J. T. Norgate), London, 1873

  Parkes, Fanny, Wanderings of a Pilgrim in Search of the Picturesque, London, 1850

  Peile, Mrs Fanny, The Delhi Massacre: A Narrative by a Lady, Calcutta, 1870

  Polier, Antoine, Shah Alam II and his Court, Calcutta, 1947

  Proceedings on the Trial of Muhammad Bahadur Shah, Titular King of Delhi, Before a Military Commission, upon a charge of Rebellion, Treason and Murder, held at Delhi, on the 27th Day of January 1858, and following days London 1859.

  Records of the Intelligence Department of the Government of the North West Provinces of India During the Mutiny of 1857, Edinburgh, 1902

  Reid, Major Charles, Defence of the Main Piquet at Hindoo Rao’s House as recorded by Major Reid Commanding the Sirmoor Battalion, London, 1957

  Lord Roberts of Kandahar (Fred Roberts), Forty One Years in India, London, 1897
r />   Lord Roberts of Kandahar, Letters Written During the Indian Mutiny, London, 1924

  Rotton, John Edward, The Chaplain’s Narrative of the Siege of Delhi, London, 1858

  Russell, W. H., My Diary in India, London, 1860

  Sleeman, Major General Sir W. H., Rambles and Recollections of an Indian Official, Oxford, 1915

  Thornhill, Mark, Personal Adventures and Experiences of a Magistrate, during the Rise, Progress and Suppression of the Indian Mutiny, London, 1884

  Trotter Lionel J., A Leader of Light Horse: A Life of Hodson’s Horse, Edinburgh, 1901

  Trotter, Lionel J., The Life of John Nicholson, Soldier and Administrator, London, 1898

  Turnbull, Lt Col, John, Letters Written During the Siege of Delhi, London, 1886

  Tytler, Harriet, An Englishwoman in India: The Memoirs of Harriet Tytler 1828–1858 (ed. Anthony Sattin), Oxford, 1986

  Vibart, Edward, The Sepoy Mutiny As Seen by a Subaltern from Delhi to Lucknow, London, 1858

  Wagentrieber, Florence, The Story of Our Escape from Delhi in May 1857, from personal narrations by the late George Wagentrieber and Miss Haldane, Delhi, 1894

  White, Col. S. Dewe, Indian Reminiscences, London, 1880

  Wilberforce, R. G., An Unrecorded Chapter of the Indian Mutiny, London, 1894

  Wilkinson, Johnson and Osborn, The Memoirs of the Gemini Generals, London, 1896

  Wise, James, The Diary of a Medical Officer During the Great Indian Mutiny of 1857, Cork, 1894

  Young Mrs Keith, and Sir Henry Norman, Delhi 1857, London, 1902

  5. SECONDARY WORKS AND PERIODICAL ARTICLES

  Ahmed Aziz, Studies in Islamic Culture in the Indian Environment, Oxford, 1964

  Alam, Muzaffar and Seema Alavi, A European Experience of the Mughal Orient: The I’jaz-I Arslani (Persian Letters, 1773–1779) of Antoine-Louis Henri Poller, New Delhi, 2001

  Alavi, Seema, The Sepoys and the Company: Tradition and Transition in Northern India 1770–1820, New Delhi, 1995

  Allen, Charles, God’s Terrorists: The Wahhabi Cult and the Hidden Roots of Modern Jihad, London, 2006

  Allen, Charles, Soldier Sahibs: The Men Who Made the North-West Frontier, London, 2000

  Anderson, Olive, ‘The Growth of Christian Militarism in Mid-Victorian Britain’, in English Historical Review, Vol. 86, 1971

  Archer, Mildred, Company Drawings in the India Office Library, London, 1972

 

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