The Spy Who Changed History
Page 38
8. NSA, Cables decrypted by the National Security Agency’s Venona Project, transcribed by students of the Mercyhurst College Institute for Intelligence Studies. Arranged by John Earl Haynes, Library of Congress, 2010. www.wilsoncenter.org
9. US Immigration Department Records, passenger manifests from New York and Halifax arrivals, www.ancestry.com.
10. Major George Racey Jordan, ‘From Major Jordan’s Diaries – The Truth about the US and USSR’, www.archive.org
11. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology Yearbooks 1932–35, Cambridge, MA: MIT, 1932–5.
12. Alexander Vassiliev, Vassiliev Notebooks, trans. Svetlana Lokhova. www.wilsoncenter.org. A collection of eight notebooks and loose pages kept by Alexander Vassiliev while researching in the KGB archives. In the mid-1990s, Vassiliev researched Soviet espionage in America as part of an SVR-supported book project. His notebooks contain summaries of documents, transcriptions, and his own notes. Three versions of each notebook are provided: a scanned copy of the original notebook, a Russian transcription and an English translation.
13. Ibid.
14. Communist Party Membership Records of Stanislav Antonovich Shumovsky, RGASPI.
15. ‘A Celebration of the Life of Professor Stanislav Shumovsky’, MFTI, The Journal of Applied Mathematics and Technical Physics. Moscow: 2002.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
1 ‘Son of the Working People’
1. Military Service Record of Stanislav Antonovich Shumovsky, RGAVMF, trans. Svetlana Lokhova. St Petersburg: 1924. Fond R1108, Opis 3, File 195.
2. Theodore A. Shumovsky, Svet s Vostoka [The Light from the East], trans. Svetlana Lokhova. St Petersburg: St Petersburg University Press, 2006.
3. ‘A Celebration of the Life of Professor Stanislav Shumovsky’, MFTI.
4. Wikipedia.org
5. ‘A Celebration of the Life of Professor Stanislav Shumovsky’, MFTI.
6. Shumovsky, Svet s Vostoka [The Light from the East].
7. Military Service Record of Stanislav Antonovich Shumovsky, RGAVMF.
8. Shumovsky, Svet s Vostoka [The Light from the East].
9. Military Service Record of Stanislav Antonovich Shumovsky, RGAVMF; MIT, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology Yearbooks 1932–35; Communist Party Membership Records of Stanislav Antonovich Shumovsky., RGASPI.
10. Stanislav A. Shumovsky, ‘The Planning of Technical Education in Developing Countries: Lessons from the USSR Lecture – Discussion Series’. unesdoc.unesco.org. 1969.
11. Wikipedia.org
12. Shumovsky, ‘The Planning of Technical Education in Developing Countries’.
13. Ivan Trashutin, Tankovye dizeli [Diesel Tank Engines], trans. Svetlana Lokhova. Moscow: Voennoe izdatel’stvo ministerstva oboroni, 1959.
14. Wikipedia.org
15. Ibid.
16. Okhranka, Department for Protecting the Public Security and Order, Okhranka Records of the Paris Office, https://digitalcollections.hoover.org; Intelligence reports from agents in the field and the Paris office of the Russian imperial secret police, dispatches, circulars, headquarters studies, correspondence of revolutionaries and photographs relating to activities of Russian revolutionists abroad.
17. Wikipedia.org
18. Ibid.
19. Evgeny Primakov, Ocherki istorii Rossiiskoy vneshnei razvedki [Selected History of Russian Foreign Intelligence]. Moscow: Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenia (Foreign Relations), 1996.
20. G. I. Kasabova, O vremeni, o Noril’ske, o sebe … [Of the Times, Of Norilsk, Of Myself …], Moscow: PoliMedia, 2001. English-language versions of Klivans’s letters are in Harvard University’s Radcliffe College Archives.
21. Bennett and Epstein family records. Documents kindly provided to the author by the family of Ray Bennett.
22. Vladimir Lotta, GRU i atomnaya bomba [The GRU and the Atomic Bomb], Moscow: Olma Press, 2002.
23. Allen Hornblum, The Invisible Harry Gold: The Man Who Gave the Soviets the Atom Bomb, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2010.
24. FBI Records: The Vault, https://vault.fbi.gov/
25. NSA, Cables decrypted by the National Security Agency’s Venona Project.
26. Aviatsiya Vtoroy mirovoy [Aviation of the Second World War], www.airpages.ru
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid.
29. Mikhail Butov, ‘When the Tsar Banned Booze’, Russia and Beyond, 2014. www.rbth.com
30. Raymond Kevorkian, The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History, London: I. B. Tauris, 2011.
31. Arsen Melik-Shakhnazarov, ‘Small Caucasian Paris’, www.analyticon.com
32. Wikipedia.org
33. Anton Denikin, The Russian Turmoil: Memoirs Military, Social and Political, London: Hutchinson, 1922.
34. Sigismund Levanevsky, Moya stikhiya [My Element], Rostov on Don, 1935.
35. Kevorkian, The Armenian Genocide.
36. Ibid.
37. Wikipedia.org
38. Shumovsky, Svet s Vostoka [The Light from the East].
39. Military Service Record of Stanislav Antonovich Shumovsky, RGAVMF.
40. Ibid.
41. Wikipedia.org
42. Military Service Record of Stanislav Antonovich Shumovsky, RGAVMF.
43. N. I. Ivanko, Konstantin Trunov: Ocherk o zhizni i deyatel’nosti geroya grazhdanskoy voyny na Stavropol’ye [Konstantin Trunov: Essay on the Life and Activities of the Hero of the Civil War in the Stavropol Area], Stavropol Book Publishing, 1954.
44. Mikkel Thorup, An Intellectual History of Terror: War, Violence and the State, London: Routledge, 2010.
45. Ivanko, Konstantin Trunov.
46. Ibid.
47. Military Service Record of Stanislav Antonovich Shumovsky, RGAVMF; NSA, Cables decrypted by the National Security Agency’s Venona Project.
48. Ivanko, Konstantin Trunov.
49. Ibid.; Military Service Record of Stanislav Antonovich Shumovsky, RGAVMF.
50. Military Service Record of Stanislav Antonovich Shumovsky, RGAVMF.
51. Philip White, ‘A Leadership Legacy: Happy 138th, Winston, Friday, December 7, 2012’, National Churchill Museum, 2012, www.nationalchurchillmuseum.org
52. Military Service Record of Stanislav Antonovich Shumovsky, RGAVMF.
53. Communist Party Membership Records of Stanislav Antonovich Shumovsky, RGASPI.
54. Military Service Record of Stanislav Antonovich Shumovsky, RGAVMF.
55. Ibid.
56. Communist Party Membership Records of Stanislav Antonovich Shumovsky, RGASPI.
57. Military Service Record of Stanislav Antonovich Shumovsky, RGAVMF.
58. Aviatsiya Vtoroy mirovoy [Aviation of the Second World War], www.airpages.ru
59. Ibid.
60. Shumovsky, Svet s Vostoka [The Light from the East].
61. Lotta, The GRU and the Atomic Bomb.
62. Communist Party Membership Records of Stanislav Antonovich Shumovsky, RGASPI.
63. Shumovsky, Svet s Vostoka [The Light from the East].
2 ‘We Must Catch Up or They Will Crush Us’
1. Communist Party Membership Records of Stanislav Antonovich Shumovsky, RGASPI.
2. Alan M. Ball, Imagining America: Influence and Images in Twentieth Century Russia, Rowman & Littlefield, 2003.
3. Svetlana Lokhova, Stalin, the NKVD and the Investigation of the Kremlin Case: Prelude to the Great Terror, London: Routledge, 2015.
4. Richard B. Spence, Wall Street and the Russian Revolution 1905–1925, Waterville, OR: Trine Day, 2017.
5. Charles E. Sorenson with Samuel T. Williamson, My Forty Years with Ford, New York: Norton, 1956.
6. Ball, Imagining America.
7. The Stalin Digital Archive, RGASPI.
8. Ball, Imagining America.
9. Levanevsky, My Element.
10. R. W. Davies et al., The Stalin-Kaganovich Correspondence 1931–6, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1993.
11. Primakov. Ocherki istorii rossiyskoy vneshney razvedki [Selected Hist
ory of the SVR].
12. J. V. Stalin, ‘The Tasks of Business Executives. Speech Delivered at the First All-Union Conference of Leading Personnel of Socialist Industry 1 February 4, 1931’, www.marxists.org
13. Richard Wilmer Rowan. Spy and Counterspy: The Development of Modern Espionage, New York: Viking Press, 1928; babel.hathitrust.org
14. Yu. Dyakov, T. Bushueva, Fashistky mech kovalsya v SSSR [The Fascist Sword was Forged in the USSR: A Collection of Documents], Moscow: Sovetskaya Rossiya, 1992.
15. Primakov, Ocherki istorii rossiyskoy vneshney razvedki [Selected History of the SVR].
16. Vladimir V. Poznyakov, Sovetskaya razvedka v Amerike, 1919–1941 [Soviet Intelligence in America, 1919–1941], Moscow: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 2005.
17. Alexander Feklisov, The Man Behind the Rosenbergs: Memoirs of the KGB Spymaster Who Also Controlled Klaus Fuchs and Helped Resolve the Cuban Missile Crisis, New York: Enigma Books, 2001.
18. Mikhail Lyubimov, Angliya. Gulyaniya s Cheshirskim Kotom [England. Celebrations with the Cheshire Cat], Moscow: Amfora, 2010.
19. Oleg Kalugin, Spymaster: My Thirty-two Years in Intelligence and Espionage Against the West, New York: Basic Books, 2002.
20. Feklisov, The Man Behind the Rosenbergs.
21. NKVD Interrogation Protocols of Raisa Bennett, RGASPI, trans. Svetlana Lokhova. Moscow, USSR: 1935, f. 671, op. 1, d. 107–11.
22. Shumovsky, ‘The Planning of Technical Education in Developing Countries: Lessons from the USSR Lecture – Discussion Series’; G. A. Tokaty, Spaceflight Volume X: The Origins of Soviet Cosmonautics, London: British Interplanetary Society, 1968. A rare mistake allowed Shumovsky’s name to be published in the West in connection with the secret acquisition of aeronautics information from abroad.
23. John Reed, Ten Days that Shook the World, New York: Boni & Liveright, 1919.
24. Victor Serge, Memoirs of a Revolutionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963.
25. FBI Records: The Vault, https://vault.fbi.gov/
26. Ibid.
27. Kasabova, O vremeni, o Noril’ske, o sebe … [Of the Times, Of Norilsk, Of Myself …].
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid.
30. Wikipedia.org
31. Kasabova, O vremeni, o Noril’ske, o sebe … [Of the Times, Of Norilsk, Of Myself …].
32. Ibid.
3 ‘What the Country Needs Is a Real Big Laugh’
1. Youngstown Vindicator, 20 August 1931.
2. Calvin Coolidge, State of the Union Address to Congress 1928, Whitefish: Kessinger Publishing, 2016.
3. Gordon Lloyd, The Two Faces of Liberalism: How the Hoover–Roosevelt Debate Shapes the 21st Century, Salem: M&M Scrivener Press, 2006.
4. Theodore Dreiser, The Financier, New York: Harper, 1912.
5. President Hoover in a statement to Raymond Clapper, 1931. Quoted in Charles Rappleye, Herbert Hoover in the White House: The Ordeal of the Presidency, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2016.
6. Ibid.
7. ‘We Break a Lance for Harvard’, Coshocton Tribune, 22 September 1931.
8. ‘It Girl in Russia Is Only Hick in USA’, Casper Star-Tribune, 2 September 1931.
9. ‘Well of All Things Soviets Don’t Neck’, Pittsburgh Press, 23 August 1931.
10. Ibid.
11. Cleveland Plain Dealer, 3 September 1931.
12. Maya and Nadezhda Ulanovskaya, Istoriya Odnoi Semyi [One Family’s Story], Moscow: Chalidze Publications, 1982.
13. ‘Interviews with Gertrude Klivans’, Youngstown Telegram, 1931.
14. Ella Winter, Red Virtue: Human Relationships in the New Russia, London: Victor Gollancz, 1933.
15. Lincoln Steffens, Autobiography, Volume 2, Boston: Mariner Books, 1968.
16. Upton Sinclair, The Metropolis, Lititz: AP Publishing House, 2012. From the biography section quoting a 1951 interview with the author.
17. William E. Leuchtenberg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, New York: Harper & Row, 1963.
18. Ball, Imagining America.
19. Lev Kuleshov, Neobychaynye priklyucheniya mistera Vesta v strane bol’shevikov [The Extraordinary Adventures of Mr West in the Land of the Bolsheviks], Moscow: Goskino, 1924.
20. Ilf and Petrov, One-storied America or Ilf and Petrov’s American Road Trip: The 1935 Travelogue of Two Soviet Writers, 1936; New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2006.
21. Upton Sinclair, The Jungle, New York: Doubleday Page, 1906.
22. Ibid.
23. Ilf and Petrov, Ilf and Petrov’s American Road Trip.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. ‘Interviews with Gertrude Klivans’, Youngstown Telegram, 1931.
4 ‘Agent 001’
1. US Immigration Department Records, passenger manifests from New York and Halifax arrivals, www.ancestry.com
2. ‘Brief Life of American Textile Industry Entrepreneur Francis Cabot Lowell’, Harvard Magazine, Boston: Harvard, 2009.
3. J. V. Stalin, ‘Address to the Graduates from the Red Army Academies. Delivered in the Kremlin, May 4, 1935’, London: Red Star Press, 1978.
4. US Immigration Department Records, passenger manifests from New York and Halifax arrivals, www.ancestry.com
5. S. Glukhovsky, Kogda vyrastali kryl’ya [When the Wings Grew], Moscow: Military Publishing, 1965.
6. US Immigration Department Records, passenger manifests from New York and Halifax arrivals, www.ancestry.com
7. Ibid.
8. Felix Ivanovich Chuev, Stechkin, Moscow: Molodaya gvardiya, 1978.
9. The Stalin Digital Archive, RGASPI.
10. Svetlana Chervonnaya, ‘Documents Talk: Ludwig Lore’, 2010, www.documentstalk.com
11. The Stalin Digital Archive, RGASPI.
12. NKVD interview with Yefim Medkov, RGASPI, 1935, f. 671, op. 1, d. 107–11.
13. Stanislav A. Shumovsky, ‘Samolet dlya Antarktiki’ [Aeroplane for Antarctica]. Amerikanskaya tekhnika i promyshlennost [American Engineering and Technology], 1933, No. 10.
14. Tim Tzouliadis, The Forsaken: An American Tragedy in Stalin’s Russia, New York: Penguin Press, 2008.
15. Alexander Vershinin. ‘Christie’s Chassis: An American tank for the Soviets’, Moscow, 2015, www.rbth.com
16. The Stalin Digital Archive, RGASPI.
17. Ibid.
18. Belorussian State Archive, ‘Soviet Students Arrive at MIT’, World Photo, 1931, www.tut.by
19. Karl Compton, ‘MIT President’s Report 1931’, Boston: MIT, 1932.
20. MIT, ‘Technology’, The Vault of MIT, 1934, www.youtube.com
21. Stanislav A. Shumovsky, ‘Students in USSR Maintained by Government, Families Supported Too’, The Tech, Cambridge, MA: 19 February 1932.
22. The MIT Archives, Cambridge, MA: www.mit.com
23. Compton, ‘MIT President’s Report 1931’.
24. ‘Student Disclosed as Secret Agent of OGPU; Throws Bomb into Class’, The Tech, 1935.
25. NKVD Interrogations of Mikhail Cherniavsky, RGASPI, 1935, f. 671, op. 1, d. 107–11, and MIT Yearbook.
26. RGASPI, 1935, f. 671, op. 1, d. 107–11.
27. The MIT Archives.
28. Ivan Trashutin, Tankovye dizeli [Diesel Tank Engines].
29. RGASPI, 1935, f. 671, op. 1, d. 107–11.
30. Edward Reilly Stettinius, Lend-lease: Weapon for Victory, New York: Penguin Books, 1944.
31. The MIT Archives.
32. TsAGI, ‘History’, www.tsagi.com
33. The MIT Archives.
34. MIT Yearbook 1933. MIT, 1933.
35. Jack L. Kerrebrock, Biographical Memoirs: Jerome Clarke Hunsaker, The National Academies Press, 2000.
36. Lauren Clark and Eric Feron, with additional material by William T. G. Litant, ‘A Brief History of MIT Aeronautics and Astronautics’, Cambridge: MIT.
37. MIT ‘Professor C. Fayette Taylor Centenary Celebration’, 1994, http://web.mit.edu/hmtl/www/taylor.pdf
38. Taylor obituary, h
ttp://web.mit.edu/hmtl/www/taylor.pdf
39. Compton, ‘MIT President’s Reports 1931–1935’.
5 ‘A Nice Fellow to Talk To’
1. MIT Yearbook 1933.
2. ‘Soviet Students Celebrate 16th Year of Regime’, The Tech, Cambridge, MA: 17 November 1933.
3. Ibid.
4. Peter J. Kuznick, Beyond the Laboratory: Scientists as Political Activists in 1930s America, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
5. Ibid.
6. Stanislav A. Shumovsky, ‘Letter to Karl Compton’, Cambridge, MA: MIT Archive, 1939.
7. Geoff Olynyk, ‘Rings: Is It Looked Down Upon For an MIT Graduate Student to Wear the Grad Rat?’, 2014. www.quora.com
8. NSA, Cables decrypted by the National Security Agency’s Venona Project.
9. Vassiliev, Notebooks.
10. Ibid.
11. Compton, ‘MIT President’s Reports 1931–1935’.
12. Trashutin, Diesel Tank Engines.
13. FBI Records: The Vault.
14. Vassiliev, Notebooks.
15. US Immigration Department Records, passenger manifests from New York and Halifax arrivals, www.ancestry.com
16. Ibid.
17. FBI Records: The Vault.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. Vassiliev, Notebooks.
22. Nigel West, Historical Dictionary of Cold War Counterintelligence, Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2007; ‘Spy Case Figure Freed; Smilg, Approached by Gold, Acquitted of Perjury’, New York Times, 1955.
23. FBI Records: The Vault.
24. Vassiliev, Notebooks.
25. NSA, Cables decrypted by the National Security Agency’s Venona Project.
26. A. James Rudin, The Dark Legacy of Henry Ford’s Anti-Semitism, Washington: Washington Post, 2014.
27. L. Dinnerstein, ‘Jews and the New Deal’, American Jewish History, Vol. 72, No. 4 (June 1983), pp. 461–76.
28. Benjamin Smilg, ‘Application of Three-dimensional Flutter Theory to Aircraft Structures with Corrections for the Effects of Control Surface Aerodynamic Balance and Geared Tabs’, Washington: War Department, Air Corps, Materiel Division, 1942; Benjamin Smilg and Frank Louis, ‘The Development of a Procedure for Vibrating Loaded Structures’, Cambridge, MA: MIT Department of Aeronautical Engineering, 1934.