29. Vassiliev, Notebooks.
30. NSA, Cables decrypted by the National Security Agency’s Venona Project.
31. FBI Records: The Vault.
32. The MIT Archives.
33. Vassiliev, Notebooks.
34. Ibid.
35. NKVD Interrogations of Mikhail Cherniavsky, RGASPI, 1935, f. 671, op. 1, d. 107–11.
36. Ibid.
37. S. Kanevsky, ‘Na aviatsionnykh zavodakh Ameriki, Frantsii, Anglii’ [At the Aviation Factories of America, France and England], 6 July 1935, quoted in Rossiya i SShA: ekonomicheskiye otnosheniya 1933–1941. Sbornik dokumentov [Russia and USA Economic Relations 1933–1941. A Collection of Documents], Moscow: Nauka, 2001.
38. N. S. Babaev, Yu. S. Ustinov, Kavalery zolotykh zvezd [Knights of the Golden Stars], Moscow, Patriot: 2001; ‘Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev’, trans. Svetlana Lokhova, SI Vavilov Institute of the History of Natural Science and Technology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IIET NAS).
39. Testimony to Congress House Investigation into Un-American Activities.
40. Hearings before Committee on Un-American Activities. House of Representatives 83rd Congress 25, 26 and 27 February 1953. Washington: Library of Congress, 1953.
41. Columbia University Archive.
42. Shumovsky, ‘Students in USSR Maintained by Government, Families Supported Too’, The Tech; Babaev and Ustinov, Knights of the Golden Stars.
43. Trashutin, Diesel Tank Engines.
44. Compton, ‘MIT President’s Report 1931’.
45. Shumovsky, ‘Students in USSR Maintained by Government, Families Supported Too’, The Tech.
46. ‘Tech Union Hears G Men Talk on Crime Detection’, The Tech, 20 December 1935.
47. John Fox, The FBI. A Brief History, www.fbi.com; ‘Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev’, trans. Svetlana Lokhova, IIET NAS. Moscow: www.ihst.ru
48. ‘Tech Union Hears G Men Talk on Crime Detection’, The Tech, 20 December 1935.
6 ‘Is This Really My Motherland?’
1. NKVD Interrogation Protocols of Raisa Bennett, RGASPI, 1935, f. 671, op. 1, d. 107–11.
2. NKVD Interview with Eugene Bukley in ibid.
3. NKVD Interrogations of Mikhail Cherniavsky in ibid.
4. NKVD Interview with Yefim Medkov and NKVD Interview with Eugene Bukley.
5. Ibid.
6. NKVD Interrogations of Mikhail Cherniavsky and NKVD Interview with Yefim Medkov.
7. NKVD Interview with Yefim Medkov.
8. M. A. Alekseev, A. L. Kolpakidi, V. Y. Kochik, Encyclopedia of Military Intelligence 1918–1945, Moscow: Kuchkovo Pole, 2012; S. Glukhovsky, When the Wings Grew, Moscow: Military Publishing, 1965.
9. NKVD Interview with Yefim Medkov.
10. NKVD Interrogation Protocols of Raisa Bennett.
11. NKVD Interview with Yefim Medkov.
12. NKVD Interrogations of Mikhail Cherniavsky.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.; NKVD Interrogation Protocols of Raisa Bennett.
15. Military Service Records of Mikhail Kondratevich Cherniavsky, Red Army, 1935; Alekseev et al., Encyclopedia of Military Intelligence 1918–1945, p. 827.
16. Communist Party Membership Records of Mikhail Kondratevich Cherniavsky, RGASPI.
17. Ibid.
18. A. Velidov, Krasnaya kniga VChK [Red Book of the All-Union CHEKA]. Photograph of Fishman and Cherniavsky. Moscow: Politizdat, 1989.
19. Military Service Records of Mikhail Kondratevich Cherniavsky.
20. Ibid.
21. Amos Fries, Chemical Warfare, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1921.
22. L. A. Fedorov, Chemical Weapons: War with One’s Own People, Moscow: Lesnaya Strana, 2009.
23. Yu. Dyakov, T. Bushueva, Fashistky mech kovalsya v SSSR [The Fascist Sword was Forged in Soviet Union: A Collection of Documents], Moscow: Sovetskaya Rossiya, 1992.
24. NKVD Interrogations of Mikhail Cherniavsky.
25. Military Service Records of Mikhail Kondratevich Cherniavsky.
26. NKVD Interrogations of Mikhail Cherniavsky.
27. Communist Party Membership Records of Mikhail Kondratevich Cherniavsky, RGASPI.
28. Military Service Records of Mikhail Kondratevich Cherniavsky.
29. The MIT Archives.
30. Vladimir Nikolaevich Ipatieff, The Life of a Chemist: Memoirs of Vladimir N. Ipatieff, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1946.
31. Dyakov, ‘The Fascist Sword was Forged in Soviet Union: A Collection of Documents’.
32. Ibid.
33. NKVD Interrogations of Mikhail Cherniavsky.
34. John Ross, ‘Frederick George Keyes June 24, 1885–April 14, 1976’, The National Acadamies, www.nap.edu, 1998.
35. Joel A. Vilensky, Dew of Death: The Story of Lewisite, America’s World War I Weapon of Mass Destruction, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005.
36. Ibid.
37. The Stalin Digital Archive, RGASPI.
38. Ibid.
39. NKVD Interrogations of Mikhail Cherniavsky.
40. Ibid.
7 ‘Questionable from Conception’
1. NKVD Interrogation Protocols of Raisa Bennett.
2. Bennett and Epstein Family Records, Ray Bennett.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. NKVD Interrogation Protocols of Raisa Bennett.
6. Ibid.
7. Bennett and Epstein Family Records.
8. NKVD Interrogation Protocols of Raisa Bennett.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Mikhail Alekseev, Sovetskaya voennaya razvedka v Kitae [Soviet Military Intelligence in China], Moscow: Kuchkovo Pole, 2010.
12. Ibid.
13. FBI Records: The Vault; Bennett and Epstein Family Records.
14. Bennett and Epstein Family Records.
15. The Spy Museum, Washington, DC, ‘The Tokyo Spy Ring’, www.spymuseum.com
16. Alekseev, Soviet Military Intelligence in China.
17. Maya and Nadezhda Ulanovskaya, Istoriya odnoy semyi [One Family’s Story], Moscow: Chalidze Publications, 1982.
18. NKVD Interrogation Protocols of Raisa Bennett.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. Chalmers Johnson and Edan Corkill, ‘Sorge’s Spy is Brought in From the Cold: A Soviet-Okinawan Connection’, Asia Pacific Journal, 2014.
22. NKVD Interview with Eugene Bukley.
23. The Stalin Digital Archive, RGASPI.
24. NKVD Interrogation Protocols of Raisa Bennett.
25. Ibid.
26. Bennett and Epstein Family Records.
8 ‘The Wily Armenian’
1. US Immigration Department Records. Passenger manifests from New York and Halifax arrivals, www.ancestry.com.
2. Robert J. Lamphere and Tom Shachtman, FBI–KGB War: A Special Agent’s Story, New York: W. H. Allen/Virgin Books, 1987.
3. Alexander Vassiliev, Notebooks, trans. Svetlana Lokhova. wilsoncenter.com
4. SVR, ‘Gaik Ovakimian’, Moscow: SVR, http://svr.gov.ru/history/ovakimjan.htm/
5. Vladimir Chikov, Nelegaly [Illegals], 2, Moscow: AST, 1997.
6. SVR, ‘Gaik Ovakimian’.
7. The Stalin Digital Archive, RGASPI.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Lamphere and Shachtman, FBI-KGB War.
13. Vladimir V. Poznyakov, Sovetskaya razvedka v Amerike, 1919–1941 [Soviet Intelligence in America, 1919–1941], Moscow: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. 2005.
14. Vassiliev, Notebooks.
15. The Stalin Digital Archive, RGASPI.
16. Vassiliev, Notebooks.
17. Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West, London: Penguin Books, 1999.
18. Vassiliev, Notebooks.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. NSA, Cables decrypted by the National Security Agency’s Venona Project.
2
3. John Earl Haynes, Howard Klehr and Alexander Vassiliev, Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009.
24. William Christian Bullitt, The Great Globe Itself, New York: Scribner’s, 1946.
25. Ibid.
26. Charles E. Bohlen, Witness to History, 1929–1969, New York: Norton, 1973.
27. The Stalin Digital Archive, RGASPI.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid.
32. Haynes, Klehr and Vassiliev, Spies.
33. FBI Records: The Vault.
34. Vassiliev, Notebooks.
35. Major George Racey Jordan, ‘From Major Jordan’s Diaries – The Truth about the US and USSR’, www.archive.org
9 Whistle Stop Inspections
1. S. Glukhovsky, When the Wings Grew.
2. The Stalin Digital Archive, RGASPI.
3. A. S. Yakovlev, Fifty Years of Aircraft Construction. Translated from the Russian: Jerusalem: Israel Program from Scientific Translations, 1970.
4. Andrey Tupolev, ‘Speech to Seventh Congress of the Soviets’, www.monimo.ru
5. Yakovlev, Fifty Years of Aircraft Construction.
6. S. Kanevsky and A. N. Tupolev, At Aviation Factories of America, France and England, Moscow: For Industrialisation, 1935.
7. A. Auzan, Aviation of the USA, Moscow: For Industrialisation, 1935.
8. Kanevsky and Tupolev, At Aviation Factories of America, France and England.
9. Ibid.
10. Auzan, Aviation of the USA.
11. Kanevsky and Tupolev, At Aviation Factories of America, France and England.
12. Aerospace Industries Association, ‘Aircraft Year Book – Aerospace Industries Association’, 1931 to 1939, www.aia.com
13. Kanevsky and Tupolev, At Aviation Factories of America, France and England.
14. Ibid.
15. FBI Records: The Vault.
16. Vassiliev, Notebooks.
17. Auzan, Aviation of the USA.
18. Ibid.
19. Vassiliev, Notebooks.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid.
24. Haynes, Klehr and Vassiliev, Spies.
25. NSA, Cables decrypted by the National Security Agency’s Venona Project.
26. Haynes, Klehr and Vassiliev, Spies.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid.
10 Glory to Stalin’s Falcons
1. Mikhail Gromov, Na zemlei v nebe [On the Ground and in the Sky], Moscow: Glasnost-AS, 2005.
2. The Stalin Digital Archive, RGASPI.
3. Leonard Leshuk, US Intelligence Perceptions of Soviet Power, 1921–1946, London: Routledge, 2003; 2018.
4. J. V. Stalin, ‘The Tasks of Business Executives. Speech Delivered at the First All-Union Conference of Leading Personnel of Socialist Industry 1, February 4, 1931’, www.marxists.org; J. V. Stalin, Voprosy leninizma [Problems of Leninism], Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1953, pp. 454–8.
5. ‘Soviet Air Expert Lauds Successful Flights’, Orlando Sentinel, 24 June 1937, interview with Shumovsky.
6. ‘President Wires Russian Flyers’, Indianapolis Star, 21 June 1937.
7. ‘Soviet Air Expert Lauds Successful Flights’, Orlando Sentinel, 24 June 1937.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. ‘Soviet Engineer Discloses Some of Secrets of Over-Top-of-World Airplane’, Montana Standard, 24 June 1937.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid
16. Vassiliev, Notebooks.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid.
19. Communist Party Membership Records of Stanislav Antonovich Shumovsky, RGASPI.
20. Vassiliev, Notebooks.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. Hornblum, The Invisible Harry Gold.
26. Vassiliev, Notebooks.
27. Aerospace Industries Association, ‘Aircraft Year Book – Aerospace Industries Association’, 1931 to 1939.
28. Ibid.
11 Back in the USSR
1. US Immigration Department Records, passenger manifests from New York and Halifax arrivals, www.ancestry.com
2. NSA, Cables decrypted by the National Security Agency’s Venona Project; Vassiliev, Notebooks.
3. Vassiliev, Notebooks.
4. Ibid.
5. NSA, Cables decrypted by the National Security Agency’s Venona Project.
6. Vassiliev, Notebooks.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Communist Party Membership Records of Stanislav Antonovich Shumovsky, RGASPI.
11. Ibid.
12. ‘Lessons in the management of domestic aircraft construction: to the 75th anniversary of the creation of the USSR People’s Commissariat for Aircraft Industry’ in Russian by Viktor Kuznetsov, published 20 December 2013 on aex.ru
13. Dana T. Parker, Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II, Cypress: Dana T. Parker, 2013.
14. Aviatsiya Vtoroy mirovoy [Aviation of the Second World War], www.airpages.ru
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. Aerospace Industries Association, ‘Aircraft Year Book – Aerospace Industries Association’, 1931 to 1939.
22. TsAGI, ‘History’, www.tsagi.com
23. The Stalin Digital Archive, RGASPI.
24. Vassiliev, Notebooks.
25. SVR, ‘Gaik Ovakimian’.
26. Vassiliev, Notebooks.
12 Project ‘AIR’
1. Trashutin, Tankovye dizeli [Diesel Tank Engines].
2. The Stalin Digital Archive, RGASPI.
3. Ibid.
4. Gromov, On the Ground and in the Sky.
5. Ibid.
6. Communist Party Membership Records of Stanislav Antonovich Shumovsky, RGASPI.
7. TsAGI, ‘History’. www.tsagi.com
8. NSA, Cables decrypted by the National Security Agency’s Venona Project.
9. Ibid.
10. Convoys to Russia and Halifax, www.convoyweb.org
11. Gromov, On the Ground and in the Sky.
12. Ibid.
13. US Immigration Department Records, passenger manifests from New York and Halifax arrivals, www.ancestry.com; Convoys to Russia and Halifax, www.convoyweb.org
14. Convoys to Russia and Halifax, www.convoyweb.org
15. Vassiliev, Notebooks.
16. Andrey Gromyko, Memoirs, New York: Doubleday, 1989.
17. Vassiliev, Notebooks.
18. Ibid.
19. Hornblum, The Invisible Harry Gold.
20. Vassiliev, Notebooks.
21. The MIT Archives.
22. NSA, Cables decrypted by the National Security Agency’s Venona Project.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
26. Vassiliev, Notebooks.
27. NSA, Cables decrypted by the National Security Agency’s Venona Project.
28. FBI Records: The Vault.
29. NSA, Cables decrypted by the National Security Agency’s Venona Project.
30. Vassiliev, Notebooks.
31. US Congress, Testimony of Victor A. Kravchenko: Hearings Before the Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, Eightieth Congress, First Session, on H.R.1884 and H.R.2122, Bills to Curb Or Outlaw the Communist Party of the United States. Public Law 601 (section 121, Subsection Q (2)) July 22, 1947. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1948.
32. Ibid.
33. Major George Racey Jordan, ‘From Major Jordan’s Diaries – The Truth about the US and USSR’, www.archive.org
34. Vassiliev, Notebooks.
35. Ibid.
>
36. NSA, Cables decrypted by the National Security Agency’s Venona Project.
13 ENORMOZ
1. Pavel Anatoli Sudoplatov, Jerrold L. Schecter, Leona P. Schecter, Special Tasks: The Memoirs of an Unwanted Witness – A Soviet Spymaster, Boston: Little, Brown, 1994.
2. TsAGI. ‘History’. www.tsagi.com
3. Ibid.
4. Communist Party Membership Records of Stanislav Antonovich Shumovsky, RGASPI.
5. The Stalin Digital Archive, RGASPI.
6. Ibid.
7. Michael Neiberg, Potsdam: The End of World War II and the Remaking of Europe, New York: Basic Books, 2015.
8. Herbert Frank York, The Advisors: Oppenheimer, Teller, and the Superbomb, Redwood City, CA: Stanford University Press, 1989.
9. Kurchatov letters to Molotov, Atomny Proekt SSSR. Dokumenty I Materialy [USSR’s Atomic Project Documents and Materials]. Moscow: Naeuka, 1998.
10. Pavel Fitin’s letter to Ovamikian, January 1941, in Ibid.
11. History of the University of Minnesota online: https://www.physics.umn.edu/about/history/
12. Vassiliev, Notebooks.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Kurchatov letters to Molotov, USSR’s Atomic Project Documents and Materials.
16. Ibid.
17. Yershov had a mixed portfolio of political and S&T intelligence responsibilities.
18. Vassiliev, Notebooks.
19. Feklisov, The Man Behind the Rosenbergs.
20. Fuchs started providing valuable information to the Soviets in England before his transfer to the US.
21. Vassiliev, Notebooks.
22. Ibid.
14 Mission Accomplished
1. M. D. Yevtif’ev, Ognennye Kryl′ya [Fiery Wings], Moscow: Veche, 2005, p. 144.
2. Ibid.
3. A. S. Stepanov, Razvitie Sovetskoy aviatsii v predvoennyy period (1938 god – pervaya polovina 1941 goda) [The Development of Soviet Aviation in the Pre-war Period (1938– Early 1941)], Moscow: Litres, 2017.
4. FBI Records: The Vault.
5. NSA, Cables decrypted by the National Security Agency’s Venona Project.
6. Stepanov, The Development of Soviet Aviation.
7. The Stalin Digital Archive, RGASPI.
8. Aviation of the Second World War, www.airpages.ru
9. Andrey Tupolev, ‘The Dismantling of B29 Superfortress’. www.monimo.ru
10. Stepanov, The Development of Soviet Aviation.
The Spy Who Changed History Page 39