11. Mark Gallay, Ispytano v nebe [Tested in the Heavens], Moscow: Molodaya gvardiya, 1963.
12. Ibid.
13. The Cold War Superfortress Russian Style: Newsreel Footage of Tushino Airshow 1947, Moscow: Russian Central Studio of Documentary Films, 2004.
14. Gallay, Tested in the Heavens.
Post-scriptum
1. Communist Party Membership Records of Stanislav Antonovich Shumovsky, RGASPI.
2. ‘A Celebration of the Life of Professor Stanislav Shumovsky’, MFTI.
3. Shumovsky, ‘The Planning of Technical Education in Developing Countries’.
INDEX
The page numbers in this index relate to the printed version of this book; they do not match the pages of your ebook. You can use your ebook reader’s search tool to find a specific word or passage.
Adams, Arthur, 20, 43, 394
advertising industry, 130–1
Afghanistan, 71, 185–6
air force, Soviet, 6, 41–2, 117, 230; air war on Eastern Front, 354–5; Aviation Day (1947), 1–4, 267, 411, 415, 416–19; Scientific Research Institute, 324; Soviet-German cooperation (1920s), 60; and Spanish Civil War, 272–3, 301–2, 314, 321; strategic bombing capability, 7, 273–4, 291–2, 377–8, 411–15, 416–19, 421; tactical capability, 314, 315; ties with Nazi Germany, 321, 322–5; US reassessment of (1937), 301–2; vast expansion of, 122, 231, 232, 264–5, 270–1, 313
aircraft, German, 321, 322–5, 407–8, 410–11; AR-234 jet bomber, 410–11; Bf 109E, 321; Daimler-Benz DB 601 engine, 321; Ju 88 high-speed bomber, 321; Me 109 aircraft, 323; Me-163 ‘Komet’ rocket plane, 407–8; Me-262 jet fighter, 408
aircraft, Soviet, 2†; absence of skilled workers, 232–3; DB-a four-engined plane, 292–3; engines as Achilles heel of, 42, 240, 323, 411; Il-2 Shturmovik, 265–6, 315, 354; LaGG-3 fighter, 315, 336–7; Li-2 (DC-3 variant), 271, 315, 371; Maxim Gorky, 275, 275; MiG-15 jet fighter, 411; MiG-3 fighter, 315; move to war footing (late 1930s), 314–15; Pe-2 dive bomber, 315, 316, 336–7; poor build quality, 231–2, 243, 327–8; R-1 (first Soviet plane), 42; reproduction of foreign technology, 8, 21, 49–50, 248–9, 267, 270–1, 274, 314, 371, 410–11, 412–15; and ‘reverse-engineering’, 8, 42, 270–1, 413–15; RP-318 rocket plane, 316; Sb-2 bombers, 315; ‘storming’ practice at factories, 239; TB-1 monoplane, 230; and technology gap, 42, 60, 228–30; Tu-2 strategic bombers, 315, 316; Tu-4 strategic bombers, 4–5, 21, 267, 399, 411–15, 416–19, 417, 421; Tu-70 passenger planes, 4–5, 21; Tupolev ANT-25 RD, 259–60, 262, 264, 277, 278–84, 281, 289–90, 291; Vultee dive bombers, 265–6; world-leading design, 231, 232; Wright engine, 128*, 213–14, 264–5, 267, 269, 414; WW2 production levels, 315; WW2 production of, 336–7, 338; Yak-1 fighter, 315; see also TsAGI (Soviet centre of aircraft design)
aircraft, US: B-17 Flying Fortress bomber, 240, 274, 339; B-25 Mitchell bomber, 370; B-29 Superfortresses, 4, 201, 245, 274, 377, 411, 412–13, 414–15, 417, 418; Bell P-39 Airacobra fighter, 340, 354, 370; Bell P-63 Kingcobra fighter, 370; Curtiss-Wright Kittyhawk, 352; DC-1 transport, 270; DC-2 transport, 240, 247, 249, 270, 274; DC-3 transport, 126, 240, 267–8, 270, 274, 284, 315, 371; Douglas A-20 Havoc bomber, 370; Douglas C-47 Skytrain, 371; Hudson bomber, 297; Lightning fighter, 339; Northrop 2ED-C dive bomber, 249, 250, 252, 253; P-38 Lightning, 297; P-59 Airacomet (jet plane), 364
Akhmatova, Anna, 14*
Akhmerov (head of New York illegal line), 225–6
Alekseyev, General, 32
Aleutian Islands, 370
Alexander II, Tsar, 65
American Aerospace Industries Association, 301–2
American Airlines, 234
American Aluminum Company, 243–4
American Engineering and Technology (AMTORG magazine), 107–8
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 230
American Trading Corporation (AMTORG), 128, 157–8, 163, 202, 224–5, 305, 321, 342, 362, 363–4; aviation department, 107–8; and Jules Bennett, 178–9; Ray Bennett at, 178, 188; FBI surveillance of, 349; New York base of, 101; role of, 56, 105, 107–8, 120, 238; S&T espionage activity, 56, 105, 106, 110, 330; and Shumovsky, 107–8, 134, 140, 235, 254*, 296–7, 308
Arado aviation plant, Warnemünde, 410
Araki, General Sadao, 209
Ararat, Mount, 202
Arkhangelsky, Alexander, 227
Armenia, 25, 27–9, 40, 41, 201, 202–3
Artuzov, Artur, 61–2, 63, 96, 153, 203–4, 206
Attlee, Clement, 416
Auergesellschaft (German company), 206
aviation: aluminium alloys, 42, 236, 243–4, 320, 338; America to Russia delivery routes, 356–7, 371; Arctic radio station, 277; Blériot crosses English Channel, 11; ‘flutter’, 144, 262; German scientists in occupied zone, 410; golden age of flying heroes (1930s), 260–1; high altitude flying, 245–6, 248, 254, 255; Hunsaker’s contribution in US, 126–7, 128; lofting, 248; Long Island as US ‘cradle of’, 241; mass production techniques, 135–6, 228, 230, 234, 247, 248, 315, 327; and post-WW2 future, 376–7; and Russian Empire, 11–13, 21–2; Soviet commission to Germany (October 1939), 322–4; Soviet transpolar flights, 259–62, 260, 261, 263, 264, 271, 276–91, 287, 292–3, 313, 371–2; Soviet-German cooperation (1920s), 60; ‘Stalin’s Falcons’, 249, 259–60, 260, 261, 261–2, 277–91, 292–3, 293*, 372; Tupolev’s commision to USA (1935), 227, 228–30, 229, 233, 234–6, 237–9, 241–4, 246–8, 249; US civilian sector, 117, 233–6, 270; US rejection of Soviet ‘air myth’, 268–9, 301; US transport infrastructure, 234–5; wooden wings, 269–70
Azerbaijan, 25, 27–9, 40, 41
Bakhtin, Valentin, 346
Baku, 27, 28, 29, 39–40, 41
Baranov, Pyotr, 98–9
Báthory, Stephen (Polish king), 56
Bauman Institute, Moscow, 61, 203
Bell Aviation, 362, 364, 365, 397
Belshaw, Frank, 289
Belyaev, Pyotr (MIKHAILOV), 346, 347, 351, 362, 365, 367, 412
Bennett, Joy, 173, 185, 186, 186, 189, 192–3, 195, 197–9
Bennett, Julius (Jules), 176–7, 178–9, 198
Bennett, Raisa (Ray), 186; arrest and jailing of (1935), 173, 197–9; biographical details, 20, 174–6, 177, 179, 185–6; character of, 174, 175–6, 179, 192; and CPUSA, 157†, 177, 188, 193, 194–6; disappear in Great Purges, 199; as Military Intelligence officer, 173–4, 179–87, 190–7; mission in USA (1932), 173, 190–7, 252–3; mission to Kabul (1931), 185–6; mission to Shanghai (1929-30), 180–2, 183–5; move to Soviet Union (1927), 178–9; and plot against Stalin, 159, 173, 198; radical left politics of, 174, 175–7; role in students abroad mission, 65, 69, 148, 186–90; in Soviet Union (1923), 177–8; teaches English in Moscow, 179; and Trotskyist opposition, 158–9, 197; works at AMTORG’s offices, 178, 188
Bentley, Elizabeth, 196, 216
benzine, synthetic, 205
SS Berengaria, 303
Beria, Lavrenty, 398–9
Berkeley, Busby, 181
Berlin, 377, 410
Berzin, Yan, 163, 179–80, 197
biological weapons, 162, 163, 169, 218–19
Birmingham University, UK, 380, 389
Black, Thomas ‘Tasso’ (CHERNY), 224–5
Blaisdell, Edwin, 150
Blakeslee, Howard, 244
Blériot, Louis, 11, 125, 126
Blunt, Anthony, 7*
Boeing, 240, 245, 248, 274, 275–6, 339
Bohlen, ‘Chip’, 221–2
Bolimov, Battle of (1915), 166
bomber aircraft: bomb sights, 145–6, 212, 241, 300, 339; carpet or saturation bombing, 377–8, 378; Douhet strategic bomber philosophy, 274, 421; German, 321, 410–11; incendiary bombs, 377; mass air raids in Spanish Civil War, 273, 292, 314; pressurised long-range bombers, 245–6; rotating gun-turrets, 276; Soviet, 4–5, 21, 265–6, 267, 315, 316, 336–7, 399, 411–15, 416–19, 417, 421; strategic bombing, 7, 21–2, 273–4, 291–2, 314, 376–8, 411–15, 416–19, 421; US, 240, 249, 250, 252, 253, 274, 297, 339, 370; US as leader in bomber d
esign, 274, 275–6; WW1 strategic bombing, 21–2; WW2 raids on Britain, 345
Britain: Bletchley Park, 344; and jet engines, 364–5, 376, 406, 411; Lend Lease credit from USA, 340; Luftwaffe bombing raids on, 345; and post-WW1 Transcaucasia, 28–30, 40; and race to create atomic bomb, 380–1, 382–3, 384, 385–90, 391–5, 406–7, 416; Red Army delegation to (1930), 109; and Russian civil war, 38–9, 40; and strategic bombing, 314
Broda, Engelbert (ERIC), 392
Browder, Earl (FATHER), 195, 196
Budd Company, Philadelphia, 245
Bukley, Eugene, 72–3, 121
Bullitt, William, 50, 213, 219–21, 222–4, 237
Burgess, Guy, 7*
Bush, Vannevar, 115, 117
Cairncross, John, 7*, 382, 384
California Institute of Technology (CalTech), 246–7, 384
Cambridge University: Cavendish Laboratory, 68, 381, 389; ‘Magnificent Five’ Soviet spies, 7, 62, 382
Cannon, James A., 256–7
Capra, Frank, ‘The Battle for Russia’ (film), 359–60
Carnegie Foundation, 68–9
Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh, 100
Caucasus region, 25, 27–30; and civil war, 39, 40, 41; oil industry in, 25, 27, 28, 29–30, 39, 40, 352
Central Intelligence Agency, US (CIA), 205*, 307–8
Chambers, Whittaker, 185
Chelyabinsk, 136, 334–5, 335
chemical warfare, 59*, 108, 161–3, 164–71, 206
Cherniavsky, Mikhail (Mikhail Ivanov), 155–63, 160, 164, 165–6, 168, 169–72, 173, 197, 198, 256, 297
Chertok (Korolyov’s assistant), 325
Cheskis, Professor, 188
Chiang Kai-shek, 181, 182
Chicago (play), 89
Chicago University, 387, 389, 390, 394
Childs, Kipper, 195
Childs, Morris, 195
China, 169, 180–5, 207, 269, 384
Chinese Eastern Railway, 182
Chkalov, Valery, 277–80, 278, 282, 283, 284–5, 293*, 373
Christie, John Walter, 109–11
Churchill, Winston, 38–9, 40, 168, 169, 266–7, 343, 379, 391
cinema, 89–90, 181, 193–4, 312; WW2 pro-Russia films in USA, 359–60
Clausen, Max, 183, 184
Coffey, E.P., 153
Cohen, Morris and Lona, 329, 374, 393
Cologne, 377
Colorado School of Mines, 100
Columbia University, New York, 63, 150, 193, 225–6, 305, 350*, 384, 387, 395
Comintern (Communist International), 60, 105
Communist Party, Soviet, 45, 52, 67, 122, 144, 177, 197, 389; elite scientists and engineers, 55, 60–1, 64–5, 68, 95, 97–8, 203–5; and Great Terror (1937), 294–5; Politburo, 54, 68, 69, 109, 158, 172, 264; Red Army reforms (1919), 36–7; Shumovsky joins (1920), 40–1; Soviet students’ cell at MIT, 121–2, 150, 156, 158
Communist Party, US (CPUSA), 20, 49, 152, 157–8, 257, 394, 397; and Raisa Bennett, 157†, 176–7, 188, 191, 193, 194–6
Compton, Karl Taylor (President of MIT), 117, 121, 131–2, 305, 350, 381
Consolidated Aircraft Corporation plant, California, 289
Coolidge, Calvin, 76
Cornell, Ithaca, 100
Cossacks, 16, 17, 35
Currie, Lachlan, 86
Curtiss-Wright, 128, 213–14, 225, 235, 239–40, 264–5, 267, 269, 352, 364–5
Curzon Ultimatum, 2*
Dagestan, 41
Danilin, Sergey, 259–60, 260, 261
Davies, John E., 360
Davis, James, 254
Denikin, General Anton, 25–6, 32, 36, 38, 39
Dietrich, Marlene, 285
Dostoevsky, Fyodor, The Devils, 215–16
Douglas, Donald, 126, 135, 236, 250, 270, 315, 371
Douglas factory, California, 248, 251, 255–6, 267–8, 274, 347, 362, 367, 371
Douhet, Giulio, 274, 421
Draper, Charles Stark, 125
Dreiser, Theodore, 86, 90
Dresden, 377
Du Pont, Pierre S., 104
Du Yue-sheng, 181
DuPont, 225
Duranty, Walter, 223
Dzerzhinsky, ‘Iron Felix’, 51–3, 57, 58, 60
Dzigan, Yefim, 312–13
Earhart, Amelia, 236, 261
Eastman, George, 118, 329
Edgewood Arsenal, 165, 168
education: female students in USSR, 151; Soviet, 56, 65, 66–7, 103, 116, 151–2; Soviet open democracy, 116–17; Soviet university curriculums, 116; TsAGI replicates MIT Master’s course in aviation, 122–4; Tsarist fear of, 65–6
Einhorn, Abraham, 111
Einstein, Albert, 133, 381, 393
Eisenstein, Sergey, 193–4, 313
engines, aircraft, 111, 232, 234, 251–2, 276, 277, 282–3, 284, 289–90; ASh-73, 267, 414; Curtiss-Wright plant in USSR, 264–5; Daimler-Benz DB 601, 321; high-octane fuel, 205*, 354; jet engines, 364–5, 376, 406, 407, 409, 410, 411; M-25 variant, 267; Nene jet engines, 411; radial designs, 240, 269; radiator weight problem, 323; as Soviet Achilles heel of, 42, 240, 323, 411; Soviet jet design, 405–6, 407; and C. Fayette Taylor, 127–8; TsIAM (Central Scientific Research Institute for Aircraft Engine Construction), 325; Wright Cyclone 9 engine, 213–14, 240; Wright engine in Soviet planes, 128*, 213–14, 264–5, 267, 269, 414; Wright plant in Paterson, 239, 240; Wright ‘Whirlwind’, 127, 240; WW2 production of, 315
EPIC (End Poverty In California), 88–9
Eremin, Ivan, 122, 363
The Extraordinary Adventures of Mr West in the Land of the Bolsheviks (film), 89–90
Faymonville, Raymond, 223, 320
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI): arrest of Ovakimian (May 1941), 329–30, 348; belated identification of Soviet agents, 242–3, 253–4, 254*, 401–3, 423; and Bennett, 197; counter-espionage as low priority in 1930s, 152, 153–4; ignorance of Soviet S&T espionage, 308; investigation of Smilg, 138, 140–1, 409; KURT’s exposure of spy networks, 396–7; on Ovakimian, 201; post-war investigations into Soviet espionage, 5–6, 68†, 401–3; search for FRED, 5–6, 402–3; and Shumovsky, 6–7, 8*, 225, 254*; Soviets as low priority in 1930s, 152–3; WW2 targeting of Russian spies, 349, 361
Feklisov, Alexander, 64, 350*
Fermi, Enrico, 390
Finland, 319–20, 342–3
First World War, 21–7; American Expeditionary Force, 166; Brest-Litovsk treaty (1918), 159–60; poison gas during, 25, 165, 166; Russian defeats and failures, 22, 23, 24, 25–6, 57; US Liberty Bonds, 175–6; US public opinion after, 266
Fish III, Hamilton, 220
Fishman, Dr Yakov, 68, 159–60, 160, 161–2, 163, 168
Fitin, Pavel, 342, 363, 398
Fleet, Reuben, 289
Fleming, Ian, 184
Flosdorf, Earl W. (OUTPOST), 218–19
Fokker, 270
Footlight Parade (film, 1933), 181
Ford, Henry, 50, 52–3, 82, 143, 228
Forverts (radical Yiddish newspaper), 20
Fowler, William, 384
France, 109, 332, 400
Franklin, Zelmond (CHAP), 394
Fries, General Amos, 161, 164–5, 167
Frisch, Otto, 380
Frunze, Mikhail, 163
FSB (Russian domestic security service), 10*
Fuchs, Klaus, 8*, 225, 393, 395, 397*, 401
Gallay, Mark, 416–17
Gapon, Father, 255
gas masks, 170–1, 206
Geneva Protocol (1925), 164, 169
Georgia (Caucasus), 40, 41
German-American Bund, 143–4
Germany: aviation industry, 321, 322–4; Blitzkrieg strategy, 108; buys jet engine design from UK patent office, 376; defeat of France (1940), 332; destruction of USSR during retreat, 375; Fishman in Berlin, 163–4; intelligence-gathering in USA, 300; invasion of Poland (1 September 1939), 319; military cooperation with Soviets (1920s), 59–60, 108, 161–2, 163–4, 165, 171; Nazi plan to dismember USSR, 332–3; Nazis’ anti-Semitic pol
icies, 216, 318; Nazi–Soviet Pact (1939), 316–17, 321–5, 331, 349; Operation Barbarossa (June 1941), 273, 331–7; Ovakimian in Berlin, 204–6; and race to create atomic bomb, 380, 385, 387–8, 393–4, 416; rearmament under Nazis, 230, 271; rise of Nazis, 206, 216–17, 271, 272; rocket and jet research, 2–3, 376, 405–6, 407–8, 409, 410–11; and Spanish Civil War, 273, 291, 292, 301, 314, 321; underestimation of Soviet resistance, 332, 333, 374–5; V1 and V2 rockets, 406, 409
Gilliland, Edwin, 402
Goddard, Robert, 212
Gold, Harry (GOOSE), 20†, 216, 225, 300, 306, 349, 393, 395, 401–2
Golos, Jacob (SOUND), 217
Golovanov, Alexander, 419
Golyaev, Dmitry, 314
Goodyear Zeppelin, 127
Gramp, Alexander, 72, 73, 74, 76, 100–1
Great Depression (1930s), 54, 75, 76, 77–9, 80, 83, 85–8, 100, 219; MIT during, 93, 118, 129–30, 149–50; and New York City, 77, 78, 79, 83–4, 103–4, 105; and role of science, 131–2; and US aviation, 233–4, 269, 270
Great Falls, Montana, 356–7, 365–6, 370
Green, Stanley, 168
Greenglass, David, 306, 395, 401
Grew, Joseph, 209, 219
Grigulevich, Iosif (YUZIK), 310
Gromov, Mikhail, 249, 277, 278, 324, 327, 343–4; meeting with Roosevelt (September 1941), 338–9; non-stop transpolar flight (1937), 259–60, 260, 261, 282, 285–9, 287, 313, 372
Gromyko, Andrey, 350, 393
Grumman, 235, 241
Guggenheim family, 124, 246
Gurevich, Mikhail, 2†
Gurvich, Alexander (JIM), 183, 195
Gustav Adolphus, King of Sweden, 56–7
Gutzeit, Pyotr, 134, 296
Hahn, Otto, 380
Haight, Norman Leslie (DAVIS/LONG), 145–6, 217, 225, 306, 402
Halifax, Nova Scotia, 345, 346
Hall, Ted, 20†, 329*, 395
Halphin, Professor, 188
Hamburg, 377
Hankey, Lord, 382
Harriman, Averell, 339
Harvard, 100, 112, 188, 189, 256
Hayward, Jack, 83
Hemingway, Ernest, 131, 392
Henderson, Loy, 268
Heye, General Wilhelm, 165
Hirota, Koki, 208–9, 209*
Hirt aviation plant, Berlin, 410
His Girl Friday (film), 89
Hiskey, Clarence (RAMSAY), 387–8, 394
Hitler, Adolf, 206, 273, 292, 316, 317; declares war on USA (December 1941), 344–5, 347
The Spy Who Changed History Page 40