The Incredible Human Journey

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The Incredible Human Journey Page 42

by Alice Roberts


  African Genes: Cape Town, South Africa

  1. Tishkoff, S. A., & Williams, S. M. Genetic analysis of African populations: human evolution and complex disease. Nature Reviews: Genetics 3: 611–21 (2002).

  2. Richards, M., Macaulay, V., Hickey, E., et al. Tracing European founder lineages in the Near Eastern mtDNA pool. American Journal of Human Genetics 67: 1251–76 (2000).

  3. Cann, R. L., Stoneking, M., & Wilson, A. C. Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution. Nature 325: 31–6 (1987).

  4. Jorde, L. B., Watkins, W. S., Bamshad, M. J., et al. The distribution of human genetic diversity: a comparison of mitochondrial, autosomal and Y-chromosome data. American Journal of Human Genetics 66: 979–88 (2000).

  5. Jakobsson, M., Scholz, S. W., Scheet, P., et al. Genotype, haplotype and copy-number variation in worldwide human populations. Nature 451: 998–1003 (2008).

  The Earliest Remains of Our Species: Omo, Ethiopia

  1. White, T. D., Asfaw, B., DeGusta, D., et al. Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Nature 423: 742–7 (2003).

  2. McDougall, I., Brown, F. H., & Fleagle, J. G. Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia. Nature 433: 733–6 (2005).

  3. Leakey, R. E. F. Early Homo sapiens remains from the Omo River Region of South-West Ethiopia. Faunal remains from the Omo Valley. Nature: 222, 1132–3 (1969).

  4. Day, M. H. Early Homo sapiens remains from the Omo River Region of South-West Ethiopia. Omo human skeletal remains. Nature 222: 1135–8 (1969).

  5. Johanson D., & Edgar B. From Lucy to Language, Simon & Schuster, New York (1996).

  6. Schwartz, J. H., & Tattersall, I. Craniodental Morphology of Genus Homo (Africa and Asia), The Human Fossil Record, vol. 2, Wiley Liss, New Jersey, pp 235–40 (2003).

  Modern Human Behaviour: Pinnacle Point, South Africa

  1. Henshilwood C., & Sealy, J. Bone artefacts from the Middle Stone Age at Blombos Cave, South Africa. Current Anthropology 38: 890–95 (1997).

  2. Minichillo, T. Raw material use and behavioural modernity: Howiesons Poort lithic foraging strategies. Journal of Human Evolution 50: 359–64 (2006).

  3. Mellars, P. Going east: new genetic and archaeological perspectives on the modern human colonization of Eurasia. Science 313: 796–800 (2006).

  4. D’Errico, F., Henshilwood, C., Vanhaeren, M., et al. Nassarius kraussianus shell beads from Blombos Cave: Evidence for symbolic behaviour in the Middle Stone Age. Journal of Human Evolution 48: 3–24 (2005).

  5. Henshilwood, C. S., d’Errico, F., Yates, R., et al. Emergence of modern human behaviour: Middle Stone Age engravings from South Africa. Science 295: 1278–80 (2002).

  6. Mellars, P. Why did modern human populations disperse from Africa ca. 60,000 years ago? A new model. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 25: 9381–6 (2006).

  7. Marean, C. W., Bar-Matthews, M., Bernatchez, J., et al. Early human use of marine resources and pigment in South Africa during the Middle Pleistocene. Nature 449: 905–9 (2007).

  The First Exodus: Skhul, Israel

  1. Tishkoff, S. A., & Williams, S. M. Genetic analysis of African populations: human evolution and complex disease. Nature Reviews: Genetics 3: 611–21 (2002).

  2. Oppenheimer, S. The Great Arc of dispersal of modern humans: Africa to Australia. Quaternary International doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2008.05.015 (2008).

  3. Flemming, N. C., Bailey, G. N., Courtillot, V. et al. Coastal and marine palaeo-environments and human dispersal points across the Africa-Eurasia boundary. In: The Maritime and Underwater Heritage, Wessex Institute of Technology, Southampton, pp 61–74 (2003).

  4. Smith, T. M., Taff oreau, P., Reid, D. J. et al. Earliest evidence of modern human life history in North African early Homo sapiens. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104: 6128–33 (2007).

  5. Stringer, C. B., & Barton, N. Putting North Africa on the map of modern human origins. Evolutionary Anthropology 17: 5–7 (2008).

  6. Bouzouggar, A., Barton, N., Vanhaeren, M., et al. 82,000-year-old shell beads from North Africa and implications for the origins of modern human behaviour. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104: 9964–9 (2007).

  7. Lahr, M. M., & Foley, R. Multiple dispersals and modern human origins. Evolutionary Anthropology 3: 48–60 (1994).

  8. Oppenheimer, S. Out of Eden. The Peopling of the World, Constable & Robinson, London (2003).

  9. Field, J. S., & Lahr, M. M. Assessment of the Southern Dispersal: GIS-based analyses of potential routes at Oxygen IsotopicStage 4. Journal of World Prehistory 19: 1–45 (2006).

  10. Pope, K. O., & Terrell, J. E. Environmental setting of human migrations in the circum-Pacific region. Journal of Biogeography 35: 1–21 (2008).

  11. Richards, M., Bandelt, H-J., Kivisild, T., & Oppenheimer, S. A model for the dispersal of modern humans out of Africa.Nucleic Acids and Molecular Biology 18: 225–65 (2006).

  12. Smith, P. J. Dorothy Garrod, first woman Professor at Cambridge. Antiquity 74: 131–6 (2000).

  13. Stringer, C., Grun, R., Schwarcz, H. P., & Goldberg, P. ESR dates for the hominid burial site of Es Skhul in Israel. Nature 338: 756–8 (1989).

  14. Grun, R., Stringer, C., McDermott, F., et al. U-series and ESR analyses of bones and teeth relating to the human burials from Skhul. Journal of Human Evolution 49: 316–34 (2005).

  15. Vanhaeren, M., d’Errico, F., Stringer, C., et al. Middle Palaeolithic shell beads in Israel and Algeria. Science 312: 1785–8 (2006).

  16. Johanson, D., & Edgar, B., From Lucy to Language, Simon & Schuster, New York, (1996).

  17. Stringer, C. Modern human origins: progress and prospects. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 357: 563–79 (2002).

  18. Vermeersch, P. M., Paulissen, E., Stokes, S. et al. A Middle Palaeolithic burial of a modern human at Taramsa Hill, Egypt. Antiquity 72: 475–84 (1998).

  19. Underhill, P. A., Passarino, G., Lin, A. A. et al. The phylogeography of Y chromosome binary haplotypes and the origins of modern human populations. Annals of Human Genetics 65: 43–62 (2001).

  20. Forster, P. Ice Ages and the mitochondrial DNA chronology of human dispersals: a review. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 359: 255–64 (2004).

  21. Kivisild, T. Complete mtDNA sequences – quest on ‘Out-of-Africa’ route completed? In: Mellars, P., Boyle, K., Bar-Yosef,O., & Stringer, C. (eds), Rethinking the Human Revolution: New Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, pp 33–42 (2007).

  22. Macaulay, V., Hill, C., Achilli, A., et al. Single, rapid coastal settlement of Asia revealed by analysis of complete mitochondrial genomes. Science 308: 1034–6 (2005).

  23. Mellars, P. Going east: new genetic and archaeological perspectives on the modern human colonization of Eurasia. Science 313: 796–800 (2006).

  24. Walter, R. C., Buffler, R. T., Bruggemann, J. H., et al. Early human occupation of the Red Sea coast of Eritrea during the last interglacial. Nature 405: 65–9 (2000).

  25. Rose, J. The Arabian Corridor migration model: archaeological evidence for hominin dispersals into Oman during the Middleand Upper Pleistocene. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 37: 1–19 (2007).

  An Arabian Mystery: Oman

  1. Rose, J. The Arabian Corridor migration model: archaeological evidence for hominin dispersals into Oman during the Middleand Upper Pleistocene. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 37: 1–19 (2007).

  2. Field, J. S., & Lahr, M. M. Assessment of the Southern Dispersal: GIS-based analyses of potential routes at Oxygen IsotopicStage 4. Journal of World Prehistory 19: 1–45 (2006).

  3. Petraglia, M. D., & Alsharekh, A. The Middle Palaeolithic of Arabia: implications for modern human origins, behaviour anddispersals. Antiquity 77: 671–84 (2003).

  4. Parker, A. G., & Rose, J. I. Climate change and human origins in southern Arabia. Proceedings of the Semina
r for Arabian Studies 38: 25–42 (2008).

  5. Pope, K. O., & Terrell, J. E. Environmental setting of human migrations in the circum-Pacific region. Journal of Biogeography 35: 1–21 (2008).

  6. Rose, J. The question of Upper Pleistocene connections between East Africa and South Arabia. Current Anthropology 45: 551–5 (2004).

  7. Stringer, C. Coasting out of Africa. Nature 405: 24–7 (2000).

  2. Footprints of the Ancestors: From India to Australia

  Archaeology in the Ashes: Jwalapuram, India

  1. Rampino, M. R., & Self, S. Volcanic winter and accelerated glaciation following the Toba super-eruption. Nature 359: 50–52 (1992).

  2. Petraglia, M., Korisettar, R., Boivin N., et al. Middle Palaeolithic assemblages from the Indian subcontinent before and after the Toba super-eruption. Science 317: 114–16 (2007).

  3. Oppenheimer, C. Limited global change due to the largest known Quaternary eruption, Toba E74 kyr BP? Quaternary Science Reviews 21: 1593–609 (2002).

  4. James, H. V. A., & Petraglia, M. D. Modern human origins and the evolution of behaviour in the Later Pleistocene recordof south Asia. Current Anthropology 46: S3–S16 (2005).

  5. Gibbons, A. Pleistocene population explosions. Science 5130: 27–8 (1993).

  6. Rampino, M. R., & Self S. Bottleneck in Human Evolution and the Toba eruption. Science 262: 1955 (1993).

  7. Pope, K. O., & Terrell, J. E. Environmental setting of human migrations in the circum-Pacific region. Journal of Biogeography 35: 1–21 (2008).

  8. Louys, J. Limited effect of the Quaternary’s largest super-eruption (Toba) on land mammals from Southeast Asia. Quaternary Science Reviews 26: 3108–17 (2007).

  9. Macaulay, V., Hill, C., Achilli, A., et al. Single, rapid coastal settlement of Asia revealed by analysis of complete mitochondrial genomes. Science 308: 1034–6 (2005).

  10. Mellars, P. Going east: new genetic and archaeological perspectives on the modern human colonization of Eurasia. Science 313: 796–800 (2006).

  11. Field, J. S., & Lahr, M. M. Assessment of the Southern Dispersal: GIS-based analyses of potential routes at Oxygen IsotopicStage 4. Journal of World Prehistory 19: 1–45 (2006).

  12. Field, J. S., Petraglia, M. D., & Lahr, M. M. The southern dispersal hypothesis and the South Asian archaeological record:examination of dispersal routes through GIS analysis. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 26: 88–108 (2007).

  Hunter-Gatherers and Genes in the Rainforest: Lenggong, Perak, Malaysia

  1. Flint, J., Hill, A. V. S., Bowden, D. K., et al. High frequencies of α-thalassaemia are the result of natural selection by malaria Nature 321: 744–50 (1986).

  2. Oppenheimer, S. J., Higgs, D. R., Weatherall, D. J., et al. Alpha thalassaemia in Papua New Guinea. Lancet 25: 424–6 (1984).

  3. Oppenheimer, S. J., Hill, A. V. S., Gibson, F. D., et al. The interaction of alpha thalassaemia with malaria. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 81: 322–6 (1987).

  4. Isa, H. M. Material culture transformation and its impact on cultural ecological change: the case study of the Lanoh inUpper Perak (2007).

  5. Carey, I., Orang Asli. The Aboriginal Tribes of Peninsular Malaysia. Oxford University Press, Oxford (1976).

  6. Rabett, R., & Barker, G. Through the looking glass: new evidence on the presence and behaviour of late Pleistocene humansat Niah Cave, Sarawak, Borneo. In: Mellars, P., Boyle, K., Bar-Yosef, O., & Stringer, C. (eds) Rethinking the Human Revolution: New Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, pp 411–24 (2007).

  7. Lahr, M. M. The Evolution of Modern Human Diversity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1996).

  8. Oppenheimer, S. Out of Eden. The Peopling of the World. Constable & Robinson, London (2003).

  9. Hill, C., Soares, P., Mormina, M., et al. Phylogeography and Ethnogenesis of Aboriginal Southeast Asians. Molecular Biology and Evolution 23: 2480–91 (2006).

  10. Jablonski, N. G., & Chapman, G. The evolution of human skin coloration. Journal of Human Evolution 39: 57–106 (2000).

  11. Jablonski, N. G. The evolution of human skin and skin colour. Annual Review of Anthropology 33: 585–623 (2004).

  12. Norton, H. L., Kittles, R. A., Parra, E., et al. Genetic evidence for the convergent evolution of light skin in Europeans and East Asians. Molecular Biology & Evolution 24: 710–22 (2007).

  13. Thangaraj, K., Chaubey, G., Singh, V. K., et al. In situ origin of deep rooting lineages of mitochondrial Macrohaplogroup ‘M’ in India. BMC Genomics 7: 151 (2006).

  14. O’Connell, J. F., & Allen, J. Dating the colonization of Sahul (Pleistocene Australia-New Guinea): a review of recentresearch. Journal of Archaeological Science 31:835–53 (2004).

  Headhunting an Ancient Skull: Niah Cave, Borneo

  1. Tom Harrison, The Barefoot Anthropologist, BBC Four (2006).

  2. Barker, G., Barton, H., Bird, M., et al. The ‘human revolution’ in lowland tropical Southeast Asia: the antiquity and behaviour of anatomically modern humans atNiah Cave (Sarawak, Borneo). Journal of Human Evolution 52: 243–61 (2007).

  3. Rabett, R. & Barker, G. Through the looking glass: new evidence on the presence and behaviour of late Pleistocene humansat Niah Cave, Sarawak, Borneo. In: Mellars, P., Boyle, K., Bar-Yosef, O., & Stringer, C. (eds), Rethinking the Human Revolution: New Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, pp. 411–24 (2007).

  4. Detroit, F., Dizon, E., Falgueres, C., et al. Upper Pleistocene Homo sapiens from the Tabon Cave (Palawan, The Philippines): description and dating of new discoveries. Comptes Rendus Palevol 3: 705–12 (2004).

  5. Storm, P. The evolution of humans in Australasia from an environmental perspective. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 171: 363–83 (2001).

  6. Pope, K. O., & Terrell, J. E. Environmental setting of human migrations in the circum-Pacific region. Journal of Biogeography 35: 121 (2008).

  7. Cattelain, P. Hunting during the Upper Palaeolithic: bow, spearthrower, or both? In: H. Knecht (ed.), Projectile Technology, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 213–40 (1997).

  8. Hunt, C. O., Gilbertson, D. D., & Rushworth, G. Modern humans in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, during Oxygen Isotope Stage3: palaeoenvironmental evidence from the Great Cave of Niah. Journal of Archaeological Science 34: 1953–69 (2007).

  The Hobbit: Flores, Indonesia

  1. Morwood, M., & Oosterzee, P. V. The Discovery of the Hobbit. The Scientific Breakthrough that Changed the Face of Human History, Random House Australia, Sydney (2007).

  2. Brown, P., Sutikna, T., Morwood, M. J., et al. A new small-bodied hominin from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia. Nature 431: 1055–61 (2004).

  3. Jakob, T., Indriati, E., Soejono, R. P., et al. Pygmoid Australomelanesian Homo sapiens skeletal remains from Liang Bua, Flores: population affinities and pathological abnormalities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 103: 13421–6 (2006).

  4. Falk, D., Hildebolt, C., Smith, K. et al. Brain shape in human microcephalics and Homo floresiensis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104: 2513–18 (2007).

  5. Obendorf, P. J., Oxnard, C. E., & Kefford, B. J. Are the small human-like fossils found on Flores human endemic cretins?Proceedings of the Royal Society B e-publication doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1488 (2008).

  6. Argue, D., Donlon, D., Groves, C., & Wright, R. Homo floresiensis: microcephalic, pymoid, Australopithecus, or Homo? Journal of Human Evolution 51: 360–74 (2006).

  7. Larson, S. G., Jungers, W. L., Morwood, M. J., et al. Homo floresiensis and the evolution of the hominin shoulder. Journal of Human Evolution 6: 718–31 (2007).

  8. Tocheri, M. W., Orr, C. M., Larson, S. G., et al. The primitive wrist of Homo floresiensis and its implications for hominin evolution. Science 317: 1743–5 (2007).

  9. Moore, M. W., & Brumm, A. Stone art
ifacts and hominins in island Southeast Asia: new insights from Flores, eastern Indonesia.Journal of Human Evolution 52: 85–102 (2007).

  10. O’Connor, S. New evidence from East Timor contributes to our understanding of earliest modern colonisation east of theSunda Shelf. Antiquity 81: 523–35 (2007).

  11. Morwood, M. J., Brown, P., Jatmiko, et al. Further evidence for small-bodied hominins from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia. Nature 437: 1012–17 (2005).

  A Stone Age Voyage: Lombok to Sumbawa, Indonesia

  1. Macaulay, V., Hill, C., Achilli, A., et al. Single, rapid coastal settlement of Asia revealed by analysis of complete mitochondrial genomes. Science 308: 1034–6 (2005).

  2. Oppenheimer, S. Out of Eden. The Peopling of the World, Constable & Robinson, London (2003).

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  4. Ingman, M. & Gyllensten, U. Mitochondrial genome variation and evolutionary history of Australian and New Guinean aborigines.Genome Research 13: 1600– 1606 (2003).

  5. Van Holst Pellekan, S., Ingman, M., Roberts-Thomson, J., & Harding, R. M. Mitochondrial genomics identifies major haplogroups in aboriginal Australians. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 131: 282–94 (2006).

  6. O’Connell, J. F., & Allen, J. Dating the colonization of Sahul (Pleistocene Australia-New Guinea): a review of recent research.Journal of Archaeological Science 31: 835– 53 (2004).

  7. O’Connor, S. New evidence from East Timor contributes to our understanding of earliest modern colonisation east of theSunda Shelf. Antiquity 81: 523–35 (2007).

  8. Bulbeck, D. Where river meets sea. A parsimonious model for Homo sapiens colonization of the Indian Ocean rim and Sahul. Current Anthropology 48: 315–21 (2007).

  9. Bird, M. I., Taylor, D., & Hunt, C. Palaeoenvironments of insular Southeast Asia during the Last Glacial Period: a savannacorridor in Sundaland? Quaternary Science Reviews 24: 20–21 (2005).

 

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