The Incredible Human Journey

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by Alice Roberts


  10. Mulvaney, J., & Kamminga, J. Prehistory of Australia, Allen & Unwin Australia, Sydney (1999).

  11. Bednarik, R. G. Maritime navigation in the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences: Earth and Planetary Sciences 328: 559– 63 (1999).

  12. Bednarik, R. G. Seafaring in the Pleistocene. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 13: 41–66 (2003).

  13. Balter, M. In search of the world’s most ancient mariners. Science 318: 388–9 (2007).

  14. O’Connell, J. F., & Allen, J. Pre-LGM Sahul (Pleistocene Australia-New Guinea) and the archaeology of early modern humans.In Rethinking the Human Revolution: New Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans, Mellars, P., Boyle, K., Bar-Yosef, O., & Stringer, C. (eds), McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge,pp. 395–410 (2007).

  15. Pope, K. O., & Terrell, J. E. Environmental setting of human migrations in the circum-Pacific region. Journal of Biogeography 35: 121 (2008).

  Footprints and Fossils: Willandra Lakes, Australia

  1. Webb, S., Cupper, M. L., & Robins, R. Pleistocene human footprints from the Willandra Lakes, southern Australia. Journal of Human Evolution 50: 405–13 (2006).

  2. Roberts, R. G., Flannery, T. F., Ayliffe, L. K., et al. New ages for the last Australian megafauna: continent-wide extinction about 46,000 years ago. Science 292: 1888–92 (2001).

  3. Miller, G. H., Fogel, M. L., Magee, J. W., et al. Ecosystem collapse in Pleistocene Australia and a human role in megafaunal extinction. Science 309: 287–90 (2005).

  4. Pope, K. O., & Terrell, J. E. Environmental setting of human migrations in the circum-Pacific region. Journal of Biogeography 35: 121 (2008).

  5. Webb, S. Further research of the Willandra Lakes fossil footprint site, southeastern Australia. Journal of Human Evolution 52: 711–15 (2007).

  6. Bowler, J. M., Jones, R., Allen, H., & Thorne, A. G. Pleistocene human remains from Australia: a living site and humancremation from Lake Mungo, Western New South Wales. World Archaeology 2: 39–60.

  7. Thorne, A., Grun, R., Mortimer, G., et al. Australia’s oldest human remains: age of the Lake Mungo 3 skeleton. Journal of Human Evolution 36: 591–612 (1999).

  8. Bowler, J. M. & Magee, J. W. Redating Australia’s oldest human remains: a sceptic’s view. Journal of Human Evolution 38: 719–26 (2000).

  9. Bowler, J. M., Johnston, H., Olley, J. M., et al. New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia. Nature 421: 837–40 (2003).

  10. Mulvaney, J., & Kamminga, J. Prehistory of Australia. Allen & Unwin Australia, Sydney (1999).

  11. Westaway, M. The Pleistocene human remains collection from the Willandra Lakes World Heritage Centre Area, Australia,and its role in understanding modern human origins. In: Tomida, Y. (ed.), Proceedings of the 7th and 8th Symposia on Collection Building and Natural History Studies in Asia and the Pacific Rim, National Science Museum Monographs 34: 127–38 (2006).

  12. Brown, P. Australian Pleistocene variation and the sex of Lake Mungo 3. Journal of Human Evolution 38: 743–9 (2000).

  13. Wolpoff, M. H., Hawks, J., Frayer, D. W., & Hunley, K. Modern human ancestry at the peripheries: a test of the replacementtheory. Science 291: 293–7 (2001).

  14. Schwartz, J. H., & Tattersall, I. The Human Fossil Record, vol. 2, Craniodental Morphology of Genus Homo (Africa and Asia), Wiley Liss, New Jersey (2003).

  15. Yokoyama, Y., Falgueres C., Semah F., et al. Gamma-ray spectromagnetic dating of late Homo erectus skulls from Ngandong and Sambungmacan, Central Java, Indonesia. Journal of Human Evolution 55: 274–7 (2008).

  16. Stringer, C. B. A metrical study of the WLH-50 calvaria. Journal of Human Evolution 34: 327–32 (1998).

  17. Webb, S. Cranial thickening in an Australian hominid as a possible palaeo-epidemiological indicator. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 82: 403–12 (1990).

  18. Brown, P. Recent human evolution in East Asia and Australia. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences 337: 235–42 (1992).

  19. Thorne, A., & Curnoe, D. Sex and significance of Lake Mungo 3: reply to Brown ‘Australian Pleistocene variation and thesex of Lake Mungo 3’. Journal of Human Evolution 39: 587–600 (2000).

  20. Stone, T., & Cupper, M. L. Last Glacial Maximum ages for robust humans at Kow Swamp, southern Australia. Journal of Human Evolution 45: 99–111 (2003).

  21. Hudjashov, G., Kivisild, T., Underhill, P. A., et al. Revealing the prehistoric settlement of Australia by Y chromosome and mtDNA analysis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104: 8726–30 (2007).

  22. Van Holst Pellekan, S., Ingman, M., Roberts-Thomson, J., & Harding, R. M. Mitochondrial genomics identifies major haplogroups in aboriginal Australians. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 131: 282–94 (2006).

  23. Roberts, R. G., Jones, R., & Smith, M.A. Thermoluminescence dating of a 50,000-year-old human occupation site northernAustralia. Nature 345: 153–6 (1990).

  24. Roberts, R. G., Jones, R., Spooner, N. A., et al. The human colonisation of Australia: optical dates of 53,000 and 60,000 years bracket human arrival at Deaf Adder Gorge,Northern Territory. Quaternary Geochronology (Quaternary Science Reviews) 13: 575–83 (1994).

  25. O’Connell, J. F., & Allen, F. J. When did humans first arrive in Greater Australia, and why is it important to know?Evolutionary Anthropology 6: 132–46 (1998).

  26. O’Connell, J. F., & Allen, F. J. Dating the colonization of Sahul (Pleistocene Australia-New Guinea): a review of recentresearch. Journal of Archaeological Science 31: 835–53 (2004).

  27. Bulbeck, D. Where river meets sea. A Parsimonious model for Homo sapiens colonization of the Indian Ocean rim and Sahul. Current Anthropology 48: 315–21 (2007).

  28. Bird, M. I., Turney, C. S. M., Fifield, L. K., et al. Radiocarbon analysis of the early archaeological site of Nauwalabila I, Arnhem Land, Australia: implications for samplesuitability and stratigraphic integrity. Quaternary Science Reviews 21: 1061–75 (2002).

  29. Fullagar, R. L. K., Price, D. M., & Head, L. M. Early human occupation of northern Australia: archaeology and thermoluminescencedating of Jinmium rock-shelter, Northern Territory. Antiquity 70: 751–73 (1996).

  30. Roberts, R., Bird, M., Olley, J., et al. Optical and radiocarbon dating at Jinmium rock shelter in northern Australia. Nature 393: 358–62 (1998).

  Art in the Landscape: Gunbalanya (Oenpelli), Northern Territory, Australia

  1. Morwood, M., & Oosterzee, P. V. The Discovery of the Hobbit. The Scientific Breakthrough that Changed the Face of Human History, Random House Australia, Sydney (2007).

  2. Chatwin, B. The Songlines, Vintage, London (1987).

  3. Hamby, L. Twined Together: Kunmadj Njalehnjaleken Injala, Arts and Crafts, Gunbalanya (2005).

  3. Reindeer to Rice: The Peopling of North and East Asia

  Trekking Inland: Routes into Central Asia

  1. Derenko, M., Malyarchuk, B. A., Grzybowski, T., et al. Phylogeographic analysis of mitochondrial DNA in Northern Asian populations. The American Journal of Human Genetics 81: 1025–41 (2007).

  2. Oppenheimer, S. Out of Eden. The Peopling of the World, Constable & Robinson, London (2003).

  3. Derenko, M. V., Malyarchuk, B. A., Denisova, G. A., et al. Molecular genetic differentiation of the ethnic populations of south and east Siberia base on mitochondrial DNA polymorphism.Russian Journal of Genetics 38: 1196–1202 (2002).

  4. Goebel, T. Pleistocene human colonization of Siberia and peopling of the Americas: an ecological approach. Evolutionary Anthropology 8: 208–27 (1999).

  5. Goebel, T., Derevianko, A. P., & Petrin, V. T. Dating the Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic transition at Kara-Bom. Current Anthropology 34: 452–8 (1993).

  6. Brantingham, P. J. The initial Upper Paleolithic in Northeast Asia. Current Anthropology 42: 735–46 (2001).

  7. Krause, J., Orlando, L., Serre, D., et al. Neanderthals in central Asia and Siberia. 449: 902–4 (2007).

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  On the Trail of Ice Age Siberians: St Petersburg, Russia

  1. Pitulko, V. V., Nikolsky, P. A., Girya, E. Y., et al. The Yana RHS site: humans in the Arctic before the Last Glacial Maximum. Science 303: 52–6 (2004).

  2. Vasil’ev, S. A., Sergey, A., Kuzmin, L. A., et al. Radiocarbon-based chronology of the Paleolithic in Siberia and its relevance to the peopling of the New World. Radiocarbon 44: 403–630 (2002).

  3. Guthrie, R. D. Origin and causes of the mammoth steppe: a story of cloud cover, woolly mammoth tooth pits, buckles, andinside-out Beringia. Quaternary Science Reviews 20: 549–74 (2001).

  4. Goebel, T. The ‘microblade adaptation’ and recolonization of Siberia during the Late Upper Pleistocene. In Elston, R. G.,& Kuhn, S. L. (eds), Thinking Small: Global Perspectives on Microlithization, Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association no. 12 (2002).

  5. Goebel, T. Pleistocene human colonization of Siberia and peopling of the Americas: an ecological approach. Evolutionary Anthropology 8: 208–27 (1999).

  6. Schlesier, K. H. More on the ‘Venus’ figurines. Current Anthropology 42: 410 (2001).

  7. Soffer, O., Adovasio, J. M., & Hyland, D. C. More on the ‘Venus’ figurines: Reply. Current Anthropology 42: 410 –12 (2001).

  8. Hoffecker, J. F. Innovation and technological knowledge in the Upper Palaeolithic of Northern Eurasia. Evolutionary Anthropology 14: 186–8 (2005).

  9. Vasil’ev, S. A. Man and mammoth in Pleistocene Siberia. The World of Elephants. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference, pp. 363–6, Rome (2001).

  10. Ugan, A., & Byers, D. A global perspective on the spatiotemporal pattern of the Late Pleistocene human and woolly mammoth radiocarbon record. Quaternary International doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2007.09.035 (2008).

  11. Lister, A. M., & Sher, A. V. Ice cores and mammoth extinction. Nature 378: 23–4 (1995).

  12. Pushkina, D., & Raia, P. Human influence on distribution and extinctions of the late Pleistocene Eurasian megafauna. Journal of Human Evolution 54: 769–82 (2008).

  13. Stuart, A. J. The extinction of the woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) and straight-tusked elephant (Palaeoloxodon antiquus) in Europe. Quaternary International 126–8: 171–7 (2005).

  14. Stuart, A. J., Sulerzhitsky, L. D., Orlova, L. A., et al. The latest woolly mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius Blumenbach) in Europe and Asia: a review of the current evidence. Quaternary Science Reviews 21: 1559–69 (2002).

  Meeting with the Reindeer Herders of the North: Olenek, Siberia

  1. Vitebsky, P. Reindeer People. Living with Animals and Spirits in Siberia, HarperCollins, London (2005).HarperCollins, London (2005).

  2. Ingold, T. On reindeer and men. Man 9: 523–38 (1974).

  3. Pakendorf, B., Wiebe, V., Tarskaia, L. A., et al. Mitochondrial DNA evidence for admixed origins of central Siberian populations. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 120: 211–14 (2003).

  4. Pakendorf, B., Novgorodov, I. N., Osakovskij, V. L., & Stoneking, M. Mating patterns amongst Siberian reindeer herders:inferences from mtDNA and Y-chromosomal analyses. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 133: 1013–27 (2007).

  5. Uinuk-ool, T., Takezaki, N., Sukernik, R. I., et al. Origin and affinities of indigenous Siberian populations as revealed by HLA class II gene frequencies. Human Genetics 110: 209–26 (2002).

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  7. Galloway, V. A., Leonard, W. R., & Ivakine, E. Basal metabolic adaptation of the Evenki reindeer herders of Central Siberia.American Journal of Human Biology 12:75–87 (2000).

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  11. Shea, B. T. Eskimo craniofacial morphology, cold stress and the maxillary sinus. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 47: 289–300 (1977).

  12. Wallace, D. C. A mitochondrial paradigm of metabolic and degenerative diseases, aging, and cancer: a dawn for evolutionarymedicine. Annual Review of Genetics 39:359–407 (2005).

  The Riddle of Peking Man: Beijing, China

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  2. Pope, G. G. Craniofacial evidence for the origin of modern humans in China. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 35: 243–98 (1992).

  3. Tattersall, I., & Sawyer, G. J. The skull of ‘Sinanthropus’ from Zhoukoudian, China: a new reconstruction. Journal of Human Evolution 31: 311–14 (1996).Journal of Human

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  6. Shen, G., Teh-Lung, K., Cheng., H., et al. High-precision U-series dating of Locality 1 at Zhoukoudian, China. Journal of Human Evolution 41: 679–88 (2001).

  7. Lieberman, D. E. Testing hypotheses about recent human evolution from skulls: integrating morphology, function, developmentand phylogeny. Current Anthropology 36: 159–97 (1995).

  8. Stringer, C. B. Reconstructing recent human evolution. Philosophical Transactions:Biological Sciences 337: 217–24 (1992).

  9. Stringer, C. Modern human origins: progress and prospects. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 357: 563–79 (2002).

  10. Lieberman, D. E., Krovitz, G. E., Yates, F. W., et al. Effects of food processing on masticatory strain and craniofacial growth in a retrognathic face. Journal of Human Evolution 46: 655–77 (2004).

  11. Macaulay, V., Hill, C., Achilli, A., et al. Single, rapid coastal settlement of Asia revealed by analysis of complete mitochondrial genomes. Science 308: 1034–6 (2005).

  12. Shang, H., Tong, H., Zhang, S., et al. An early modern human from Tianyuan Cave, Zhoukoudian, China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104: 6573–8 (2007).

  An Archaeological Puzzle: Zhujiatun, China

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  2. Wu, X. On the origin of modern humans in China. Quaternary International 117:131–40 (2004).

  3. West, J. A., & Louys, J. Differentiating bamboo from stone tool cut marks in the zooarchaeological record, with a discussionon the use of bamboo knives. Journal of Archaeological Science 34: 512–18 (2007).

  4. Shen, G., Wang, W., Cheng, H., & Edwards, R. L. Mass spectrometric U-series dating of Laibin hominid site in Guangxi, southernChina. Journal of Archaeological Science 34: 2109–14 (2007).

  5. Jian, L., & Shannon, C. L. Rethinking early Palaeolithic typologies in China and India. Journal of East Asian Archaeology 2: 9–35 (2000).

  6. Shea, J. L. Lithic microwear analysis in archaeology. Evolutionary Anthropology 1: 143–50 (2005).

  East Asian Genes to the Rescue: Shanghai, China

  1. Ke, Y., Su, B., Song, X., et al. African origin of modern humans in East Asia: a tale of 12,000 chromosomes. Science 292: 1151–3 (2001).

  2. Su, B., Xiao, J., Underhill, P., et al. Y-chromosome evidence for a northward migration of modern humans into Eastern Asia during the last Ice Age. American Journal of Human Genetics 65: 1718–24 (1999).

  3. Li, H., Cai, X., Winograd-Cort, E. R., et al. Mitochondrial DNA diversity and population differentiation in southern East Asia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 134: 481–8 (20
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  4. Kivisild, T., Tolk, H-V., Parik, J., et al. The emerging limbs and twigs of the East Asian mtDNA tree. Molecular and Biological Evolution 19: 1737–51 (2002).

  5. Oppenheimer, S. Out of Eden. The Peopling of the World, Constable & Robinson, London (2003).

  6. Yao, Y-G., Kong, Q-P., Bandelt, H-J., et al. Phylogeographic differentiation of mitochondrial DNA in Han Chinese. American Journal of Human Genetics 70: 635–51 (2002).

  7. Pope, K. O., & Terrell, J. E. Environmental setting of human migrations in the circum-Pacific region. Journal of Biogeography 35: 1–21 (2008).

  Pottery and Rice: Guilin and Long Ji, China

  1. Diamond, J., & Bellwood, P. Farmers and their languages: the first expansions.Science 300: 597–603 (2003).

  2. Matsumura, H., & Hudson, M. J. Dental perspectives on the population history of Southeast Asia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 127: 182–209 (2005).

  3. Oppenheimer, S. Out of Eden. The Peopling of the World, Constable & Robinson, London (2003).

  4. Kuzmin, Y. V. Chronology of the earliest pottery in East Asia: progress and pitfalls. Antiquity 80: 362–71 (2006).

  5. Pearson, R. The social context of early pottery in the Lingnan region of south China. Antiquity 79: 819–28 (2005).

  6. Shelach, G. The earliest Neolithic cultures of Northeast China: recent discoveries and new perspectives on the beginningof agriculture. Journal of World Prehistory 14: 363–413 (2000).

  7. Cohen, D. J. New perspectives on the transition to agriculture in China. In Yasuda, Y. (ed.), The Origins of Pottery and Agriculture, Roli Books, New Delhi, pp. 217–27 (2002).

  8. Lu, T. & L-D. The occurrence of cereal cultivation in China. Asian Perspectives 45: 129–58 (2006).

  9. Jiang, L., & Liu, L. New evidence for the origins of sedentism and rice domestication in the Lower Yangtzi River, China.Antiquity 80: 355–61 (2006).

  10. Underhill, P. A., Passarino, G., Lin, A. A., et al. The phylogeography of Y chromosome binary haplotypes and the origins of modern human populations.Annals of Human Genetics 65: 43–62 (2001).

  4. The Wild West: The Colonisation of Europe

  On the Way to Europe: Modern Humans in the Levant and Turkey

 

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