Stromnes, John. “Explorers Depicted as Sent Oppressors. Missoula, Montana, Missoulian, September 13, 1992.
Susman, Warren I. Culture as History: The Transformation of American Society in the Twentieth Century. New York: Pantheon Books, 1984.
Taber, Ronald W. “Sacagawea and the Suffragettes: An Interpretation of a Myth.” Pacific Northwest Quarterly 58, no. 1 (January 1967): 7–13.
Thorson, John E. River of Promise, River of Peril: The Politics of Managing the Missouri River. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, ca. 1994.
Thwaites, Reuben Gold, ed. Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804–1806, 8 vols. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1904–1905.
The Unveiling of the Lewis-Clark Statue at Midway Park in the City of Charlottesville, Virginia. Charlottesville: City of Charlottesville, 1919.
Van Arsdol, Ted. “Pioneer of Travel Routes: The Story of C. C. Van Arsdol.” Latah Legacy (Latah County Historical Society, Moscow, Idaho) 15 (Spring 1986): 9–18.
van West, Carroll. “Montana’s Monuments: History in the Making.” Montana: The Magazine of Western History 40, no. 4 (Fall 1990): 12–25.
Vestal, Stanley. The Missouri. New York: Farrar & Rineholt, 1945.
Vinson, Michael. Motoring Tourists and the Scenic West, 1903–1948 (bibliography). Dallas: Southern Methodist University/De Golyer Library, 1989.
Wagner, Angie. “Seekers Who Destroyed.” AP story in the Denver Post, May 5, 2003.
West, Helen B. “Lewis and Clark Expedition: Our National Epic.” Montana: The Magazine of Western History 16, no. 3 (July 1966): 3–5.
Wheeler, Olin D. The Trail of Lewis and Clark, 1804–1904, 2 vols. Introduction by Frederick S. Dellenbaugh. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1926.
White, Richard. “The Winning of the West: The Expansion of the Western Sioux in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries.” Journal of American History 65 (September 1978): 319–343.
Williams, Lyle K. Historically Speaking: Tales of the Men and Women Who Explored and Settled the Missouri River Headwaters. Three Forks, Mont.: pub. by author, n.d.
Woolery, George W. “A New Northwest Passage.” Westways 56, no. 5 (May 1964): 26–29.
Wrobel, David M. Promised Lands: Promotion, Memory, and the Creation of the American West. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002.
Wyss, Marilyn. Roads to Romance: The Origins and Development of the Road and Trail System in Montana. Helena: Montana Department of Transportation, 1992.
Yates, Ted. “Since Lewis and Clark.” American West 2, no. 4 (Fall 1965): 23–30.
Zelinsky, Wilbur. Nation into State: The Shifting Symbolic Foundations of American Nationalism. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988.
ARCHIVE SOURCES AND GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS
“Along the Lewis and Clark Trail.” American Native Press Archives, www.anpa.ualr.edu/f_lewis_clark.htm (accessed November 17, 2002).
Boy Scouts of America. “Report on the Lewis and Clark Trail Project,” 1968. LC/SDSHS.
Canaday, Dayton. Letter to Lester F. Faber, March 29, 1974. LC/SDSHS.
Clark M. Maudlin Scrapbook. Three Forks Public Library, Three Forks, Mont.
Dedication program, Fort Clatsop National Memorial and Visitor Facilities, August 25, 1963. Astoria Museum/Clatsop County Historical Society, Astoria, Ore.
Department of the Interior, Bureau of Outdoor Recreation. Final Report to Congress [on Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail], 1977. House Document 277, vol. 13211-1. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1978.
———. The Lewis and Clark Trail: A Potential Addition to the National Trails System, 1974. PAM 3263, MSHS.
———. The Lewis and Clark Trail: A Proposed National Historic Trail, 1975 report. PAM 3262, MSHS.
Dillon/Camp Fortunate pageant program, July 31, 1955. Beaverhead County Historical Society, Dillon, Mont.
Erickson, Albert. Letter to Clark Maudlin, September 22, 1949. Clark Maudlin Scrapbook, Three Forks Public Library, Three Forks, Mont.
Fisher, Sherry. Letters to Dayton Canaday, February 7, 1969, and to Life Magazine editor George P. Hunt, February 14, 1969. LC/SDSHS.
Foster, Chapin D. Letter to Ferris Weddle, May 19, 1955. LC/SDSHS.
Gallatin County Historical Society newsletter, April 16, 1980. Lewis and Clark VF, Gallatin Historical Society and Pioneer Museum, Bozeman, Mont.
Greenslit, John. Letter to Christopher D. Koss, August 11, 1969. LC/SDSHS.
Harris, Zillah. “Lullaby,” in unattributed news story, “What Became of Sacajawea?” Dated April 9, 1916. Astoria Heritage Museum VF C boxes, Astoria, Ore.
Hansen, Bert. “Sociodrama in a Speech Communication Program.” Repr. from Western Speech 33, no. 2 (April 1947). Bert Hansen Papers, MSHS.
Hansen, Bert, and Virginia Buttleman. Corridor of Empire (pageant script). Bert Hansen Papers, MSHS.
Hay, Keith G. Memo, September 23, 1966. LC/SDSHS.
“Historical Sites Preserved and Markers Erected by the Montana Society DAR . . . 1899–1917.” Lewis and Clark Expedition—Statuary Markers, Monuments, etc., VF, MSHS.
“History of the Henry Lyons Bronze, etc.” VF MHS, Lewis and Clark Memorial Committee, MSHS.
The Lewis and Clark Journal (newsletter) 2, no. 3 (1971), and 3, no. 4 (1972). LC/SDSHS.
Lewis and Clark Journal: Official Publication of the Lewis and Clark Fair 1, no. 1 (January 1904).
Lewis and Clark Memorial Association (Lewiston, Idaho). Report of First Annual Meeting, October 30, 1929. RS 164, folder 4, MSHS.
Lewis and Clark Memorial Commission (Montana). Minutes of May 1, May 26, and September 10, 1929, and meetings and undated copy of final report to Montana Legislature. RS 164, folders 1–4, MSHS.
Lewis and Clark Three Forks 1980 pageant program. Three Forks Public Library, Three Forks, Mont.
Lewis and Clark Trail Commission. Final Report, October 1969. Lewis and Clark Trail Commission Records, SC 1961, MSHS.
———. Interim Report to Congress and the President, 1966. Lewis and Clark Trail Commission Records, SC 1961, MSHS.
———. Resolution of Portland Meeting, November 1968. LC/SDSHS.
Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation. “South Dakota Report,” presented at meeting in Helena, Montana, August 9, 1972. LC/SDSHS.
Lichty, Lawrence. Letter to Sherry Fisher, July 2, 1968. LC/SDSHS.
Loh, Jules. “Westward to the Sea.” Associated Press story in Lewiston (Idaho) Morning Tribune, September 19, 1971. Lewis and Clark VF, Asotin County Historical Society, Clarkston, Washington, no pages.
Mullan, John. Handwritten draft of speech at Fort Owen, Montana, December 24, 1861. SC 547, MSHS.
National Congress of American Indians. Resolution #SPO-01-112, adopted at its 58th Annual Session, 2001.
National Council of the Lewis and Clark Bicentennial brochure, 2003. St. Louis, author’s possession.
Neuberger, Richard. U.S. Senate speech, July 12, 1955. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1955. VF 906, Washington State University Special Collections, Pullman.
North Dakota. State Outdoor Recreation Agency Digest 4, no. 5 (May 15, 1969): map.
North Dakota Lewis and Clark Trail Council meeting minutes, March 14, 1975. Neff Papers, North Dakota State Historical Society, Bismarck.
Northwest Lewis and Clark Sesquicentennial Committee minutes, December 18, 1954, and undated committee report. LC/SDSHS.
Pollard, Lancaster (superintendent of the Oregon Historical Society). “Lewis and Clark at Seaside.” Report for Seaside, Oregon, Chamber of Commerce, n.d. VF 906, Washington State University Special Collections, Pullman.
Riggs, Dick. Commentary accompanying a photograph of the Lewis-Clark Hotel for the Nez Perce County Historical Society 2004 calendar. Lewis and Clark VF, Nez Perce County Historical Society, Lewiston, Idaho.
Robinson, Will. Letters to Chapin D. Foster, July 24, 1957, and Curtis B. Mateer, July 19, 1967. LC/SDSHS.
The Salmon River Saga program for Vio Mae
Powell pageant, Salmon, Idaho. August 20–21, 1955. VF 2609, Washington State University Special Collections, Pullman.
Scott, Laura Tolman. Paper presented to the Montana Federation of Women’s Clubs, Lewistown, Mont., June 1914. VF 2606, Washington State University Special Collections, Pullman.
South Dakota Department of Highways. Missouri River Perimeter Road System: Upper Big Bend and Oahe Reservoirs, Pierre to Northern Boundary of South Dakota. Mobridge, S.D.: Nance Engineering Study, 1965. South Dakota State Historical Society, Pierre.
“The Three Forks of the Missouri River: Logical Site of a National Memorial to Captains Lewis and Clark.” Chamber of Commerce, Three Forks, Montana, 1928. Leggat-Donahoe Collection, Montana State University Special Collections, Bozeman.
U.S. Statutes at Large 88 (1964), 630; 89 (1966), 475; 95 (1978), 625.
“Washington State Committee’s Speech Outline for the Sesquicentennial” (undated) and “Suggested Programs for Clubs and Organizations” (prep. Ruth M. Babcock; undated). VF 906, Washington State University Special Collections, Pullman.
Weippe (Idaho) Hilltop Heritage Society, Inc. “Lewis and Clark on the Weippe Hilltop” (grant proposal, 2001).
Your Land Forever, program for Bert Hansen pageant, Missoula, Mont. K. Ross Toole Archives, Mansfield Library, University of Montana, Missoula.
NEWSPAPERS
Billings Gazette (Billings, Mont.), May 21, 1976.
Bismarck Tribune (Bismarck, N.D.), July 8, 1968.
Clearwater Progress (Kamiah, Idaho), October 7, 1955.
Clearwater Tribune (Orofino, Idaho), June 26, 1932.
Daily Astorian (Astoria, Ore.), March 16, 1907; September 27, 1965; January 20, February 8, April 21, October 23, November 9 and 17, and December 4, 1967; March 29, June 9, November 20, and December 19, 1968; July 22, 1976 (U.S. Centennial issue); September 25, 1988 (Astoria 125th anniversary issue).
Daily Chronicle (Bozeman, Mont.), July 18, 1980; July 27, 1981.
Denver Post, May 5, 2003; September 26, 2004.
Des Moines Register (Des Moines, Iowa), May 1, 1969.
Dillon Daily Tribune (Dillon, Mont.), September 3, 1915; July 28 and August 1, 1955.
Evening Budget (Astoria, Ore.), February 10, 1922; July 21 and 22, 1926; July 10 and 16, 1948; August 10, 1953; January 25, July 12, and August 17, 1955; July 22, 1976.
Glasgow Courier (Glasgow, Mont.), July 19, 1974.
Great Falls Tribune (Great Falls, Mont.), February 18, 1945; May 26, 1964; May 16, 1968.
Lewiston Morning Tribune (Lewiston, Idaho), November 3, 1916; September 3, 1933; July 9 and October 10, 1955; September 19, 1971; February 14, 1999.
Missoulian (Missoula, Mont.), May 16, 1968; September 13, 1992.
Montana Standard (Butte/Anaconda, Mont.), June 17 and July 24, 1955; May 16, 1968; February 6, 1970.
The New York Times, May 8 and 21, 1955.
Omaha Register (Omaha, Neb.), May 7, 1969.
Oregonian (Portland, Ore.), May 31, 1955.
River Press (Fort Benton, Mont.), June 9, 1976.
Salt Lake Tribune, August 29, 1955.
Seattle Times, January 28, 1968.
St. Louis Post-Dispatch, February 9, 1968; October 12, 1969.
Three Forks Herald (Three Forks, Mont.), May 19, 1980.
Wall Street Journal, May 7, 1969.
LOCATIONS OF HISTORICAL PHOTOGRAPHS
Beaverhead County Library and Museum, Dillon, Mont.
Montana State Historical Society, Helena.
Index
Abbott, Carl, 19
Air Force (U.S.) jet fighters, 125
Alamo, 8, 9
Alaska Gold Rush Trail, 153
Alberta (Canada), 53
Aldrich, Mrs. Richard, 30
Alexander, Donald B., 132
Alice Creek, 74
Allen, John Logan, 10, 11
Ambrose, Stephen, 40
“American epic,” 2, 30
American Fur Company, 42
American imperialism. See Imperialism, U.S.
American Legion Auxiliary (Astoria, Oregon), 110
American Pacific trade, 19
American Pageant Association, 114–115
American Philosophical Society (Philadelphia), 9
American Pioneer Trails Association, 110, 121; Explorers of America Project, 125
Anthony, Susan B., 23
Appalachian Trail, 6, 153
Appleman, Roy E., 132–133
Archeological sites. See individual states by name
Arikara (Native American tribe), 49–50, 53, 103; culture, 50
Arikara Villages (South Dakota), 49–50, 96
Arlee (Montana), 118
Armstead, Montana: Camp Fortunate, 102, 134; monument site, 36, 134; 1915 pageant, 25–27, 27; Sacajawea plaque, 25, 115; sesquicentennial pageant, 122
Army Corps of Engineers (U.S.): dams on Snake and Columbia rivers, 134; Fort Peck Dam, 138; Pick-Sloan project, 137–138; recreation site development, 141, 155
Arrow Rock State Park (Missouri), 44
Ashland Shakespearean Festival, 148
Assiniboin (Native American tribe), 50, 53
Astor, John Jacob, 8, 29, 30
Astoria (book). See Irving, Washington
Astoria Column (Oregon), 31, 32; dedication, 29–33; preservative applied, 173(n40)
Astoria Evening Budget, 110
Astoria (Oregon), 29; American Legion Auxiliary, 110; Astoria Column and dedication, 30, 31–33, 31, 32; near 1805–1806 winter camp, 68; and Fort Columbia State Park (Washington), 147; near Fort Clatsop National Monument and replica, 111, 167; Green Beret canoe trip to, 136; Jaycees, 110; Lions Club, 110; Scammon trip to, 12; view of Columbia River from Astoria hill, 69
Astoria trading post. See Fort Astoria
Atchison (Kansas), 65
Athearn, Robert, 96
Augusta (Montana), 74
Automobiles, 89–93; clubs, 95; technology, 95–96
Auto tourism, xi–xii; accessing trail, 77; automobile manufacturing and improvements, 91–93; Blue Book guides, 92; Bureau of Outdoor Recreation and, 131–132, 143–144; commercial promotion, 108, 165; cross-country, 7, 91–95; exploration by motorcar, xii, 89, 96–97, 165; and federally funded highway system, 5, 90, 94; following Lewis and Clark trail, 100–103, 142; guidebooks and travel accounts, 156; highway conditions and improvements, 95–97; highway route associations and names, 93–95; highways as tourist destinations, 90, 95–96; historical markers, xi–xii, 87–88, 98, 125, 149 165; historical tourism, 164–165; Lewis and Clark bicentennial, 160–163; Lewis and Clark Memorial Association and proposed memorial highway route, 98–99; Lewis and Clark National Trail Commission, 131–132, 143–144; to Lewis and Clark 1905 Portland exposition, 92; Lincoln Highway, 93–94; Meeker and, 77–78; and national trail system, 149–150; and railroad travel, 90; “tin can” tourists, 95; trail highway signs and logo contest, 141–142, 144–145, 168; U.S. Forest Service, 87–88, 149; visualizing history, 142; Wheeler expedition and promotional materials of route, 78–86. See also Bureau of Outdoor Recreation; interstate highways by name
Bad River. See Teton River
Baier, Oliviane, 160
Baker, George Pierce, 114–115
Baker’s Bay, 12, 18
Bankhead Highway, 94
Bankside Theatre (University of North Dakota), 115
Baptiste. See Pompey
Basil, son of Otter Woman, 180(n5)
Beacon Rock (Washington state), 68
Beacon Rock State Park, 145
Bear Paw battleground, 33
Bear Paw Mountains, 54
Beaverhead Mountains, 63
Beaverhead River: Armstead 1915 pageant, 115; on expedition route, 60–62; sesquicentennial pageant, 121, 123, 154; Traveler’s Rest, 71, 88
Beaverhead Rock, 21, 61, 102; protected, 152, 154
Bellefontaine Cemetery (St. Louis), 18
Bellevue (Nebraska), 46
Betts, Howard, 40
Biddle-All
en edition (history of Lewis and Clark expedition), 9–10, 13, 20, 170(n8)
Biddle, Nicholas, 9–10, 13, 20
Big Belt Mountains, 58
Big Bend Dam, 138
Big Hole Valley, 62
Big Hole (Wisdom) River, 60
Big horn sheep, 54
Big Muddy Creek, 53
Big Muddy National Wildlife Refuge, 155
Big Timber (Montana), 73
Billings (Montana), 73, 131, 144, 167
Bird-Truax party (Lolo Trail), 87
Bird, Wellington, 87
Bird Woman (sculpture), 24, 25, 26
Bismarck (North Dakota), 50; auto caravan along Lewis and Clark route (1935), 125; Bird Woman statue dedicated, 26; Gray family trip along the expedition route, 101; historical sites spared inundation, 156; near Mandan Villages, 50; Missouri River bridge, 96; site of Trail Commission meetings, 131
Bison. See Buffalo
Bitterroot Mountains, 65; Bitterroot Gap, 99; at Continental Divide, 61; crossing by expedition, 21, 63, 69–71, 88, 104, 123–124, 133; Gray drives through, 99; Lolo Motorway, 102–103; Mullan Trail crosses, 8; obtaining horses to cross, 21, 124; OR&N railroad survey, 81; wagon road across, 87; Wheeler traces expedition route through, 80–86; Wheeler’s artist/photographer DeCamp, 83; wilderness as Lewis and Clark saw it, 132, 167
Bitterroot River, 63, 71, 73, 88, 103
Bitterroot Valley, 118
Blackbird. See Chief Blackbird
Black Buffalo. See Chief Black Buffalo
Black Canyon, 104
Black Eagle Falls (on the Missouri River), 57
Blackfeet (Native American tribe; also Blackfoot): 1980 Headwaters Pageant, 160; protection from, 63, 65; skirmish with, 74; traditional view of incident on Marias River, 160–161
Blackfoot Confederacy, 62
Blackfoot River, 54, 73–74; canyon, 74
Blackfoot Valley, 74
Black Hills, 52
Blair (Nebraska), 46
Blood (Native American tribe), 62
Blue Book (auto travel guide), 92
Blue Mountains, 65–66, 70
Bodnar, John, 4, 162
Bonner (Montana), 74
Bonneville, Benjamin L.E., 8
Bonneville Dam, 95, 134, 141
Boone, Daniel, 8–10
In the Footsteps of Lewis and Clark Page 22