Boonville (Missouri), 44
Boosterism, town boosters, 2, 16, 18–19
Botkin, Daniel B., 182(n2)
Boyd County (Nebraska), 48
Boy Scouts, 124, 136, 146, 149
Boyle’s Hot Springs. See Lolo Hot Springs
Bozeman (Montana), 36, 71, 97, 112
Bozeman Pass, 21, 71
Brooks, S.L., 85
Browning (Montana), 38–39
Brulé Teton band (of Native Americans), 49
Budd, Ralph, 30, 33
Budde, G. Edward “Gus,” 151
Buffalo, 44; first one seen, 45; Indians hunt, 48, 51, 62–63, 65, 74, 80, 82, 87; Keck statue depicting hunt, 29; remains in Missouri River at the Great Falls, 57; trading for meat and hides, 50; at the White Bear Islands, 58
Buffalo Bill Historical Center, 26
Burdick, Quentin, 150
Bureau of Land Management, 148
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation (U.S. Department of the Interior), 6; final report (1977), 155; H.R. 12289 authorizes trail study 1963, 130–132; interpreting trail, 141; and national trail system, 149–150; to plan for national trail legislation, 152–153; proposal for development, 131–132
Bureau of Public Roads, 99
Bureau of Reclamation: Canyon Ferry Dam, 101; Missouri Basin flood control, irrigation, 137–138; Missouri River recreation development, 134, 155
Burkett, Ray, 136
Burton, Benedict, 16
Butte (Montana), 25, 36, 97, 146, 152
Butte Tombstone Company, 25
Buttleman, John G., 113
Buttleman (Virginia), 117, 119
Cahokia, 115
California Auto Club, 105
Calumet Bluff, 47
Camas Prairie, 64, 70–71
Cameahwait: negotiations with Lewis and Clark, 62–63; pageant portrayals, 115, 160; reunion with Sacagawea at Camp Fortunate, 21, 133; sesquicentennial pageant, 121, 123
Cameron, Jim, 147–148
Camp Choppunish. See Long Camp
Camp Disappointment, 74, 148, 157
Camp Fortunate: Armstead monument, 134; Armstead 1915 pageant and ceremonies, 25, 115; DAR 1915 Sacajawea plaque, 25, 115; expedition at, 21, 62, 62, 65, 71, 133; Gray (Ralph) visit to, 102; proposal for statue at, 34; sesquicentennial pageant, 121, 122
Camp Wood, 135
Canada, 17, 53
Candlefish, 68
Cannon Beach (Oregon), 68, 109
Cannon, Joe, 15
Canoe Camp, 70, 145, 157
Canyon Ferry Dam and Reservoir, 59, 97, 101
Cape Disappointment, 12, 68, 69
Carlisle Indian school, 84
Carpenter, E.W., 12
Carris, Clayton, 91
Cascade Mountains, 66, 68, 70
Cascades, the (on the Columbia River), 141
Caywood, Louis, 110
Celilo Falls (“Great Falls” of the Columbia), 66–67, 141
Centennial Exposition (Nashville, 1897), 16
Chamberlain (South Dakota), 48, 138
Charbonneau, Toussaint (Sacagawea’s husband), 21–22, 51, 58
Chariton River, 44
Charles County Community College (La Plata, Maryland), 136
Charlot, Paul, 118
Charlottesville (Virginia), 28–29
Cheyenne (Native American tribe), 50
Cheyenne River, 50
Cheyenne River Reservation (South Dakota), 139
Chidester, David, 162
Chief Blackbird, 47
Chief Black Buffalo, 49
Chief Charlot, 118
Chief Joseph, 33
Chief Joseph Pass, 71
Chief Yellepit, 65
Chinook (Native American tribe), 29, 68; language, 68, 70
Chinook Point (Washington), 12, 68, 69, 144
Choppunish. See Nez Perce
Church, Frank, 104
Citadel Rocks. See White Cliffs
Clark Canyon Dam and Reservoir, 102, 122, 133, 134
Clark County (Idaho and Washington), 112
Clark Fork River, 73, 123
Clark, William, 109, 175–176(n20); Blackfeet resentment of today, 160; buried at Bellefontaine cemetery in St. Louis and bust dedicated for grave marker, 18; at Camp Fortunate, 62; caring for Baptiste (Pompey), 22; Cascade volcanic peaks viewed, 69; commemoration of, 40–41, 149; Continental Divide crossing in Bitterroots, 62; dealings with Indians recognized, 149; depicted on Lewis and Clark, 1905 Portland exposition emblem, 15; in flash flood near the Great Falls, 58; Freeman’s use of his journal, 136; and “Great Man” view of history, 79; historical significance, 1; Lolo Creek advance party, 64; Lolo Trail crossing, 83–85; Long Narrows description, 67; Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 18; mapping, 86; Missouri River intertribal warfare, 47; monuments and statues, 18, 27, 34, 35, 38, 41, 149; Multnomah River, 70; names “Council Bluffs” site, 46; observations along upper Missouri, 53, 54, 57; Peeble’s use of his journal and maps, 88; picked up by Lewis 1803, 43; at Pompey’s Pillar, 73; portrayed in Hollywood film, 107–108; portrayed in pageant, 120–121, 149; reconnaissance up Missouri from Marias River mouth, 55; reports first buffalo sign, 44; return to the Missouri River, 71–73; reunion of company near mouth of Little Missouri, 75; on Sacagawea, 20; Salmon River side expedition, 63; scouts ahead to the Three Forks, 59–60; sights Pacific Ocean, 68; Teton Sioux confrontation, 48–49; writing desk smashed, 64; to Yellowstone Valley on return journey, 71–73
Clark, William A., 26
Clark, William Glasgow, 109
Clark’s Lookout, 38
Clark’s River. See Bitterroot River
Clarkston (Washington), 65, 70, 112
Clarksville (Indiana Territory), 43
Clatsop (Native American tribe), 2, 33, 68
Clatsop Community College (Oregon), 146
Clatsop County (Oregon), amphitheatre, 147
Clatsop County Historical Society (Oregon), 110
Clearwater Basin, 82
Clearwater Country, 82, 84
Clearwater National Forest, 87
Clearwater River and canyon: confluence with Snake River, 102, 112; dugout canoes on, 66, 103; expedition route, 65, 71, 84–85, 104, 126; Lewis-Clark Highway, 103–105, 105, 126; Long Camp vicinity, 72, 133; Nez Perce villages on, 64–65; railroad construction along, 81; and sesquicentennial pageant, 124; USGS report on, 82; Weippe Prairie, 64, 84, 148; Wheeler-Wright mapping expedition, 82, 85
Clearwater Valley, 124
Coast to coast highways, 93–94
Cocks, Catherine, 116
Cody (Wyoming), 26
Coeur d’Alene mining area, 81
Collective identity, 3
Collins Creek, 84–85
Collins, John, 45, 120
Colorado Plateau, 78
Colorado (state), 17
Colter Falls, 57
Colter’s Creek. See Potlatch Creek
Colt-killed Creek, 64, 82–83, 104
Columbia Gorge, 68, 95, 145
Columbia (Missouri), 44
Columbia River: Astoria Column, 29, 31, 69; Clark sights Pacific Ocean, 68; Columbia River Historical Expedition, 30, 33; dams, 132–134, 140–141; discovery of, 29; dugout canoes, 66; Fort Astoria and Astor’s trading post, 8, 12, 29–31; Gorge, 67, 68; and Jefferson’s objectives for expedition, 43; Lewis and Clark expedition, 43, 61, 63, 65–66, 69–70; and Lewis and Clark Festival Association, 147; Lewis and Clark National Trail Commission tour, 144; mouth as destination for expedition, 52–53, 61; National Tourway proposal, 126; rapids and falls, 66–67; tourist interest in, 167; U.S. claim to, 149; Wallula Gap, 99; Wheeler expedition, 85; winter camp 1805–1806, 12, 32, 38, 111; Yates documentary film, 133
Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area, 68
Columbia River Historical Expedition (1926), 30
Columbia River Scenic Highway, 95
Columbian Exposition (Chicago, 1893), 16, 18
Columbus (Montana), 73
Columns, 29–32
Comanche (Native American tr
ibe), 22
Commemoration of expedition, xii; Astoria Column frieze, 29, 31; auto tourism and, 5–7, 108, 162; of Clark, 109; at early expositions in St. Louis and Portland, 15–18, 24; impact of Biddle and Thwaites, 10–11; interest in Sacagawea spurred, 19–20; and Lewis and Clark journals, 40–42; of Lewis and Clark route, 126; none before 1890s, 12; official expression of, 162–163; pageants and, 114, 122; public interest in, 3–5, 127; by retracing the route, 78, 99; sesquicentennial, 6, 127; shift in means of, 4, 5, 8; as statues and memorials, 38, 39, 41; of U.S. bicentennial, 163
Congress. See U.S. Congress
The Conquest: The True Story of Lewis and Clark (book). See Dye, Eva Emery
Conrad (Montana), 74
Continental Divide: Buffalo Road, 74; expedition crossing, 54, 56, 61–63, 62; Lemhi Pass, 102, 168
Continental Divide Trail, 149, 153
Cooper, Alice, 23, 26
Cooper, James Fenimore, 10
Cordelles (long ropes), 45
Corps of Discovery (official name for expedition company), xi; Arikaras encountered, 49–50; auto tourism and highways, 105, 168; to Beaverhead Rock, 152; buffs, 41; and Clatsop Indians, 69; Clearwater camp to Weippe prairie, 71; Colt-killed Creek, 82; Columbia River rapids, 66–67, 134; from Columbia River route (westward), 70; commemoration of, 7–8, 78, 127; “Great American Epic,” 30; historical consciousness of, 5; historical significance, 1–2; Indians initially encountered, 46; near James Kipp State Park site, 54; journals, importance of, 41; Lewis and Clark 1905 Portland exposition, 17; Lewis rejoins (1804), 44; Lolo Hot Springs, 81; Lolo Trail, 80–81, 104; to Mandan Villages, 47; men in expedition, 19; Missouri headwaters goal, 58; Nez Perce and, 65; portrayed in pageants, 117, 122–123; public interest in, 9–10, 12–13, 105, 108, 127; reunion of company at Weippe prairie, 84; river navigation, 137; route retraced, 78, 146; route to Pacific Ocean and back, 6; Shoshone (Lemhi), 63, 115; to Snake-Clearwater rivers confluence, 70, 96–97, 112; sesquicentennial, 40, 123–124, 127; sites affected or destroyed, 140; Snyder narrative account of, 1–3; sojourn in Montana, 37; tourism, tourists, 108, 165; trail retraced, 78, 146; at Traveler’s Rest, 122; water route article, 135; Wheeler on, 79; winter 1804–1805, 38, 51; winter 1805–1806, 32, 109, 111; York, 38. See also Lewis and Clark expedition
Corridor of an Empire (historical pageant), 119–121
Cottonwood Creek, 71
Cottonwood (Idaho), 71
Coues edition (history of Lewis and Clark expedition), 9, 13, 81, 84
Coues, Elliot, 9, 13, 22, 81, 84
“Council Bluffs” site, 46, 135
Council Grove Treaty (1855), 122
Courts martial (and punishment), 45
Coy, Maggie Basil Large, 180(n5)
Coxcomb Hill, 29
Craigmont (Idaho), 71
Cree (Native American tribe), 50
Crocker, Sewall, 91
Crockett, Davy, 8–10
Crooked Falls, 57
Crooked Fork, 104
Crow (Native American tribe), 50, 65
Crow Creek Indian Reservation (South Dakota), 48, 139
Crown-Zellerbach company, 110
Crunelle, Leonard, 26
Cruzatte, Pierre, 46, 176(n21)
Curved-dash Oldsmobile. See Olds Motor Company
Cut Bank Creek, 74, 157
Cut Bank (Montana), 74, 97
Cutright, Paul Russell, 9
Dakotas: auto tourism (early) along route, 96; Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail segment, 155; Pick-Sloan project, 140, 142; plains vegetation, 45; sesquicentennial, 112, 126; shift in means for commemorating expedition, 5. See also North Dakota, South Dakota
Dakota Territory, 9
Darby Looks at Itself (sociodrama), 118
Darby (Montana), 63, 117–118
Darling Foundation. See J. N. “Ding” Darling Foundation
Darling, J. N. “Ding,” 130
Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR), 25–27, 27, 86, 115
Dayton (Washington), 70
Debow’s Review, 12
DeCamp, Ralph E., 60, 84–85
Deloria Jr., Vine, 140
Denver, Colorado, 94
Department of the Interior. See U.S. Department of the Interior
DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge, 46, 155
DeVoto, Bernard, 10, 110
Dillon(Montana): Beaverhead Rock, 152; Camp Fortunate memorial (1915) 25; Clark’s Lookout, 38; Gray driving along expedition route, 102; Rattlesnake Cliffs, 61; sesquicentennial, 121
Dispossession, 2
Divide, the. See Continental Divide
Dixon (Montana), 118
Donner Pass, 93
Donophan County (Kansas), 45–46
Doss, Erika, 163
Douglas fir, 66
Drouillard, George, 46, 61, 73, 74, 121
Duncan, Dayton, 157
Duniway, Abigail Scott, 23
Dust Bowl (1930s), 137
Dye, Eva Emery, 23, 25
East Glacier (Montana), 97
Eastern Shoshone. See Shoshone
Eastman, Charles, 22
Ecola Point, 103
Ecola State Park, 147
Eide, Ingvard, 86
Elliot, Howard, 30
End of the Trail (statue), 26, 33, 35, 36
Environmentalism, 129, 131
Erickson, Albert, 116
Evergreen Highway, 94
Explorers of America Project. See American Pioneer Trails Association
Fairbanks, Charles, 15
Fallon (Montana), 73
The Far Horizons (motion picture), 107–108
Farmer’s Island, 48
Federal aid to highways act (1916), 95
Ferdinand (Idaho), 71
Field, Joseph, 47, 73–74, 97
Field, Reuben, 47, 73–74, 97
Firearms, 53, 62–63, 65, 74
Fisher, Carl Graham, 93
Fisher, Sherry, 130–131, 142
Fjare, Orvin B., 146
Flathead (also Salish) (Native American tribe), 62, 163; attitude toward Lewis and Clark in 1922, 161; christianizing of, 118; expedition dependence on Indians, 2; expedition encounter with at Ross’s Hole, 173(n53); Missoula sesquicentennial pageant, 123, 160; Stevensville sesquicentennial pageant, 118; Three Forks sesquicentennial pageant, 160; treaty, 122–123
Flathead Indian Reservation, 118
Flink, James J., 93
Florida, state of, 93–94
Floyd, Charles: death, 47; grave, 135; monument and grave marker, 101, 135, 157, 173(n38)
Ford, Henry, 92–93
Forest Road 500. See Lolo Motorway
Forest Service. See U.S. Forest Service
Fort Astoria (Oregon), 12, 29
Fort Benton Community Improvement Association, 38
Fort Benton (Montana): Lewis and Clark expedition, 12, 56, 74, 80, 135; monument location issue, 37; National Recreation Area (Missouri River), 56; National Wild Scenic River system, 145, 150; Scriver statue, 38, 39; sesquicentennial, 38; steamboats on Missouri River, 137; U.S. bicentennial, 38
Fort Berthold Indian Reservation (North Dakota), 52
Fort Bragg (North Carolina), 136
Fort Canby State Park, 167
Fort Clatsop: archeological site, 110, 111; Astoria Column, 7, 10, 18, 29, 31, 32; built, 68; dedication ceremony, 33; expedition’s response to conditions, 33, 69, 85; Green Beret canoe trip to, 136; and Indians, 68; Lewis and Clark Trail Commission, 144; Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 18; neglected, 109–110; replica, 7, 29 109–110, 111, 112, 127; replica burned, rebuilt in 2006, 180(n8); sesquicentennial, 112; trail to Salt Cairn, 145; Wheeler visits, 85; winter 1805–1806, 10, 34
Fort Clatsop National Historic Site, 147
Fort Clatsop National Monument and Interpretive Center, 111, 167
Fort Columbia State Park, 145
Fort Hall Shoshone-Bannock Reservation (Idaho), 124
Fort Lookout (South Dakota), 48
Fort Mandan National Monument and
Interpretive Center, 167
Fort Mandan (North Dakota): expedition departure 1805, 51–52, 98; Hollywood depiction, 120; inundation of original site, 135; meeting Sacagawea, 20–21; 125th anniversary of expedition, 98; replica, 7, 51, 157; returning to St. Louis 1806, 75; winter camp 1804–1805, 50, 135
Fort Manuel Lisa (Nebraska), 22
Fort Peck Dam and Reservoir: built, 148; covers part of Lewis and Clark route, 99, 140; National Wild Scenic River system, 145, 156; near Roosevelt International Highway (U.S. 2), 53
Fort Peck Indian Reservation, 53
Fort Pierre (South Dakota), 161
Fort Randall Dam, 101, 138
Fort Rock, 160
Fort Union (North Dakota), 33, 52, 157
Fort Washakie (Wyoming), 180(n5)
Foster, Chapin D., 112
Founders Club of Montana, 113
Franklin (type of automobile), 91
Frazer, Private Robert, 73
Fred Robinson Bridge, 54
Freeman, Lewis, 135–136, 140
Fremont, John Charles, 8
French, Burton L., 98
Fur trade, 8, 137
Gallatin River, 59, 71, 112
Galveston, Texas, 94
Garfield County (Montana), 54
Garrison Dam and Reservoir, 52, 101, 138, 149
Gass, Sergeant Patrick, 20, 73–74; journal, 88, 121
Gates of the Mountains, 101, 103, 157; expedition passes through 58–59, 59; and Holter Dam, 156
Gateway Arch (St. Louis), 127, 145–146, 167
Gavins Point Dam, 101, 138, 156
Gearhart (Oregon), 109
Genocide, 161
Geysers to Glaciers Trail, 37
Giant Springs, 57, 157
Gibbons Pass, 6, 62
Glacier National Park, 33, 53, 74, 95
Glade Creek, 64, 82
Glasgow (Montana), 53, 97, 151
Glassberg, David, 113–114, 116
Glendive (Montana), 73, 97
Goodrich, Silas, 120
Good Roads promotion, 94–95, 97
Goodyear Tire Company, 93
Gore, Albert, 104
Graber, Archie M., 146
Grand Detour, 48
Grand Forks (North Dakota), 115
Grand River, 50, 136
Grangeville (Idaho), 71
Gray, Ralph, 101–103, 156
Gray, Robert, 29
Great Depression (1930s), 37, 91, 98
Great Divide. See Continental Divide
Great Falls, Montana: Big Falls on the Missouri River, 56; Boy Scouts, 124–125, 149; expedition portage, 57–58; expedition return journey, 97, 124–125; Lewis and Clark Interpretive Center, 167; and public interest in expedition, 112; sesquicentennial, 125; statues, 34, 36–38, 40; U.S. Highway 200, 104; waterfalls near, 57; White Bear Island camp, 74
In the Footsteps of Lewis and Clark Page 23