In the Footsteps of Lewis and Clark

by Wallace G. Lewis

Boonville (Missouri), 44

  Boosterism, town boosters, 2, 16, 18–19

  Botkin, Daniel B., 182(n2)

  Boyd County (Nebraska), 48

  Boy Scouts, 124, 136, 146, 149

  Boyle’s Hot Springs. See Lolo Hot Springs

  Bozeman (Montana), 36, 71, 97, 112

  Bozeman Pass, 21, 71

  Brooks, S.L., 85

  Browning (Montana), 38–39

  Brulé Teton band (of Native Americans), 49

  Budd, Ralph, 30, 33

  Budde, G. Edward “Gus,” 151

  Buffalo, 44; first one seen, 45; Indians hunt, 48, 51, 62–63, 65, 74, 80, 82, 87; Keck statue depicting hunt, 29; remains in Missouri River at the Great Falls, 57; trading for meat and hides, 50; at the White Bear Islands, 58

  Buffalo Bill Historical Center, 26

  Burdick, Quentin, 150

  Bureau of Land Management, 148

  Bureau of Outdoor Recreation (U.S. Department of the Interior), 6; final report (1977), 155; H.R. 12289 authorizes trail study 1963, 130–132; interpreting trail, 141; and national trail system, 149–150; to plan for national trail legislation, 152–153; proposal for development, 131–132

  Bureau of Public Roads, 99

  Bureau of Reclamation: Canyon Ferry Dam, 101; Missouri Basin flood control, irrigation, 137–138; Missouri River recreation development, 134, 155

  Burkett, Ray, 136

  Burton, Benedict, 16

  Butte (Montana), 25, 36, 97, 146, 152

  Butte Tombstone Company, 25

  Buttleman, John G., 113

  Buttleman (Virginia), 117, 119

  Cahokia, 115

  California Auto Club, 105

  Calumet Bluff, 47

  Camas Prairie, 64, 70–71

  Cameahwait: negotiations with Lewis and Clark, 62–63; pageant portrayals, 115, 160; reunion with Sacagawea at Camp Fortunate, 21, 133; sesquicentennial pageant, 121, 123

  Cameron, Jim, 147–148

  Camp Choppunish. See Long Camp

  Camp Disappointment, 74, 148, 157

  Camp Fortunate: Armstead monument, 134; Armstead 1915 pageant and ceremonies, 25, 115; DAR 1915 Sacajawea plaque, 25, 115; expedition at, 21, 62, 62, 65, 71, 133; Gray (Ralph) visit to, 102; proposal for statue at, 34; sesquicentennial pageant, 121, 122

  Camp Wood, 135

  Canada, 17, 53

  Candlefish, 68

  Cannon Beach (Oregon), 68, 109

  Cannon, Joe, 15

  Canoe Camp, 70, 145, 157

  Canyon Ferry Dam and Reservoir, 59, 97, 101

  Cape Disappointment, 12, 68, 69

  Carlisle Indian school, 84

  Carpenter, E.W., 12

  Carris, Clayton, 91

  Cascade Mountains, 66, 68, 70

  Cascades, the (on the Columbia River), 141

  Caywood, Louis, 110

  Celilo Falls (“Great Falls” of the Columbia), 66–67, 141

  Centennial Exposition (Nashville, 1897), 16

  Chamberlain (South Dakota), 48, 138

  Charbonneau, Toussaint (Sacagawea’s husband), 21–22, 51, 58

  Chariton River, 44

  Charles County Community College (La Plata, Maryland), 136

  Charlot, Paul, 118

  Charlottesville (Virginia), 28–29

  Cheyenne (Native American tribe), 50

  Cheyenne River, 50

  Cheyenne River Reservation (South Dakota), 139

  Chidester, David, 162

  Chief Blackbird, 47

  Chief Black Buffalo, 49

  Chief Charlot, 118

  Chief Joseph, 33

  Chief Joseph Pass, 71

  Chief Yellepit, 65

  Chinook (Native American tribe), 29, 68; language, 68, 70

  Chinook Point (Washington), 12, 68, 69, 144

  Choppunish. See Nez Perce

  Church, Frank, 104

  Citadel Rocks. See White Cliffs

  Clark Canyon Dam and Reservoir, 102, 122, 133, 134

  Clark County (Idaho and Washington), 112

  Clark Fork River, 73, 123

  Clark, William, 109, 175–176(n20); Blackfeet resentment of today, 160; buried at Bellefontaine cemetery in St. Louis and bust dedicated for grave marker, 18; at Camp Fortunate, 62; caring for Baptiste (Pompey), 22; Cascade volcanic peaks viewed, 69; commemoration of, 40–41, 149; Continental Divide crossing in Bitterroots, 62; dealings with Indians recognized, 149; depicted on Lewis and Clark, 1905 Portland exposition emblem, 15; in flash flood near the Great Falls, 58; Freeman’s use of his journal, 136; and “Great Man” view of history, 79; historical significance, 1; Lolo Creek advance party, 64; Lolo Trail crossing, 83–85; Long Narrows description, 67; Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 18; mapping, 86; Missouri River intertribal warfare, 47; monuments and statues, 18, 27, 34, 35, 38, 41, 149; Multnomah River, 70; names “Council Bluffs” site, 46; observations along upper Missouri, 53, 54, 57; Peeble’s use of his journal and maps, 88; picked up by Lewis 1803, 43; at Pompey’s Pillar, 73; portrayed in Hollywood film, 107–108; portrayed in pageant, 120–121, 149; reconnaissance up Missouri from Marias River mouth, 55; reports first buffalo sign, 44; return to the Missouri River, 71–73; reunion of company near mouth of Little Missouri, 75; on Sacagawea, 20; Salmon River side expedition, 63; scouts ahead to the Three Forks, 59–60; sights Pacific Ocean, 68; Teton Sioux confrontation, 48–49; writing desk smashed, 64; to Yellowstone Valley on return journey, 71–73

  Clark, William A., 26

  Clark, William Glasgow, 109

  Clark’s Lookout, 38

  Clark’s River. See Bitterroot River

  Clarkston (Washington), 65, 70, 112

  Clarksville (Indiana Territory), 43

  Clatsop (Native American tribe), 2, 33, 68

  Clatsop Community College (Oregon), 146

  Clatsop County (Oregon), amphitheatre, 147

  Clatsop County Historical Society (Oregon), 110

  Clearwater Basin, 82

  Clearwater Country, 82, 84

  Clearwater National Forest, 87

  Clearwater River and canyon: confluence with Snake River, 102, 112; dugout canoes on, 66, 103; expedition route, 65, 71, 84–85, 104, 126; Lewis-Clark Highway, 103–105, 105, 126; Long Camp vicinity, 72, 133; Nez Perce villages on, 64–65; railroad construction along, 81; and sesquicentennial pageant, 124; USGS report on, 82; Weippe Prairie, 64, 84, 148; Wheeler-Wright mapping expedition, 82, 85

  Clearwater Valley, 124

  Coast to coast highways, 93–94

  Cocks, Catherine, 116

  Cody (Wyoming), 26

  Coeur d’Alene mining area, 81

  Collective identity, 3

  Collins Creek, 84–85

  Collins, John, 45, 120

  Colorado Plateau, 78

  Colorado (state), 17

  Colter Falls, 57

  Colter’s Creek. See Potlatch Creek

  Colt-killed Creek, 64, 82–83, 104

  Columbia Gorge, 68, 95, 145

  Columbia (Missouri), 44

  Columbia River: Astoria Column, 29, 31, 69; Clark sights Pacific Ocean, 68; Columbia River Historical Expedition, 30, 33; dams, 132–134, 140–141; discovery of, 29; dugout canoes, 66; Fort Astoria and Astor’s trading post, 8, 12, 29–31; Gorge, 67, 68; and Jefferson’s objectives for expedition, 43; Lewis and Clark expedition, 43, 61, 63, 65–66, 69–70; and Lewis and Clark Festival Association, 147; Lewis and Clark National Trail Commission tour, 144; mouth as destination for expedition, 52–53, 61; National Tourway proposal, 126; rapids and falls, 66–67; tourist interest in, 167; U.S. claim to, 149; Wallula Gap, 99; Wheeler expedition, 85; winter camp 1805–1806, 12, 32, 38, 111; Yates documentary film, 133

  Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area, 68

  Columbia River Historical Expedition (1926), 30

  Columbia River Scenic Highway, 95

  Columbian Exposition (Chicago, 1893), 16, 18

  Columbus (Montana), 73

  Columns, 29–32

  Comanche (Native American tr
ibe), 22

  Commemoration of expedition, xii; Astoria Column frieze, 29, 31; auto tourism and, 5–7, 108, 162; of Clark, 109; at early expositions in St. Louis and Portland, 15–18, 24; impact of Biddle and Thwaites, 10–11; interest in Sacagawea spurred, 19–20; and Lewis and Clark journals, 40–42; of Lewis and Clark route, 126; none before 1890s, 12; official expression of, 162–163; pageants and, 114, 122; public interest in, 3–5, 127; by retracing the route, 78, 99; sesquicentennial, 6, 127; shift in means of, 4, 5, 8; as statues and memorials, 38, 39, 41; of U.S. bicentennial, 163

  Congress. See U.S. Congress

  The Conquest: The True Story of Lewis and Clark (book). See Dye, Eva Emery

  Conrad (Montana), 74

  Continental Divide: Buffalo Road, 74; expedition crossing, 54, 56, 61–63, 62; Lemhi Pass, 102, 168

  Continental Divide Trail, 149, 153

  Cooper, Alice, 23, 26

  Cooper, James Fenimore, 10

  Cordelles (long ropes), 45

  Corps of Discovery (official name for expedition company), xi; Arikaras encountered, 49–50; auto tourism and highways, 105, 168; to Beaverhead Rock, 152; buffs, 41; and Clatsop Indians, 69; Clearwater camp to Weippe prairie, 71; Colt-killed Creek, 82; Columbia River rapids, 66–67, 134; from Columbia River route (westward), 70; commemoration of, 7–8, 78, 127; “Great American Epic,” 30; historical consciousness of, 5; historical significance, 1–2; Indians initially encountered, 46; near James Kipp State Park site, 54; journals, importance of, 41; Lewis and Clark 1905 Portland exposition, 17; Lewis rejoins (1804), 44; Lolo Hot Springs, 81; Lolo Trail, 80–81, 104; to Mandan Villages, 47; men in expedition, 19; Missouri headwaters goal, 58; Nez Perce and, 65; portrayed in pageants, 117, 122–123; public interest in, 9–10, 12–13, 105, 108, 127; reunion of company at Weippe prairie, 84; river navigation, 137; route retraced, 78, 146; route to Pacific Ocean and back, 6; Shoshone (Lemhi), 63, 115; to Snake-Clearwater rivers confluence, 70, 96–97, 112; sesquicentennial, 40, 123–124, 127; sites affected or destroyed, 140; Snyder narrative account of, 1–3; sojourn in Montana, 37; tourism, tourists, 108, 165; trail retraced, 78, 146; at Traveler’s Rest, 122; water route article, 135; Wheeler on, 79; winter 1804–1805, 38, 51; winter 1805–1806, 32, 109, 111; York, 38. See also Lewis and Clark expedition

  Corridor of an Empire (historical pageant), 119–121

  Cottonwood Creek, 71

  Cottonwood (Idaho), 71

  Coues edition (history of Lewis and Clark expedition), 9, 13, 81, 84

  Coues, Elliot, 9, 13, 22, 81, 84

  “Council Bluffs” site, 46, 135

  Council Grove Treaty (1855), 122

  Courts martial (and punishment), 45

  Coy, Maggie Basil Large, 180(n5)

  Coxcomb Hill, 29

  Craigmont (Idaho), 71

  Cree (Native American tribe), 50

  Crocker, Sewall, 91

  Crockett, Davy, 8–10

  Crooked Falls, 57

  Crooked Fork, 104

  Crow (Native American tribe), 50, 65

  Crow Creek Indian Reservation (South Dakota), 48, 139

  Crown-Zellerbach company, 110

  Crunelle, Leonard, 26

  Cruzatte, Pierre, 46, 176(n21)

  Curved-dash Oldsmobile. See Olds Motor Company

  Cut Bank Creek, 74, 157

  Cut Bank (Montana), 74, 97

  Cutright, Paul Russell, 9

  Dakotas: auto tourism (early) along route, 96; Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail segment, 155; Pick-Sloan project, 140, 142; plains vegetation, 45; sesquicentennial, 112, 126; shift in means for commemorating expedition, 5. See also North Dakota, South Dakota

  Dakota Territory, 9

  Darby Looks at Itself (sociodrama), 118

  Darby (Montana), 63, 117–118

  Darling Foundation. See J. N. “Ding” Darling Foundation

  Darling, J. N. “Ding,” 130

  Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR), 25–27, 27, 86, 115

  Dayton (Washington), 70

  Debow’s Review, 12

  DeCamp, Ralph E., 60, 84–85

  Deloria Jr., Vine, 140

  Denver, Colorado, 94

  Department of the Interior. See U.S. Department of the Interior

  DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge, 46, 155

  DeVoto, Bernard, 10, 110

  Dillon(Montana): Beaverhead Rock, 152; Camp Fortunate memorial (1915) 25; Clark’s Lookout, 38; Gray driving along expedition route, 102; Rattlesnake Cliffs, 61; sesquicentennial, 121

  Dispossession, 2

  Divide, the. See Continental Divide

  Dixon (Montana), 118

  Donner Pass, 93

  Donophan County (Kansas), 45–46

  Doss, Erika, 163

  Douglas fir, 66

  Drouillard, George, 46, 61, 73, 74, 121

  Duncan, Dayton, 157

  Duniway, Abigail Scott, 23

  Dust Bowl (1930s), 137

  Dye, Eva Emery, 23, 25

  East Glacier (Montana), 97

  Eastern Shoshone. See Shoshone

  Eastman, Charles, 22

  Ecola Point, 103

  Ecola State Park, 147

  Eide, Ingvard, 86

  Elliot, Howard, 30

  End of the Trail (statue), 26, 33, 35, 36

  Environmentalism, 129, 131

  Erickson, Albert, 116

  Evergreen Highway, 94

  Explorers of America Project. See American Pioneer Trails Association

  Fairbanks, Charles, 15

  Fallon (Montana), 73

  The Far Horizons (motion picture), 107–108

  Farmer’s Island, 48

  Federal aid to highways act (1916), 95

  Ferdinand (Idaho), 71

  Field, Joseph, 47, 73–74, 97

  Field, Reuben, 47, 73–74, 97

  Firearms, 53, 62–63, 65, 74

  Fisher, Carl Graham, 93

  Fisher, Sherry, 130–131, 142

  Fjare, Orvin B., 146

  Flathead (also Salish) (Native American tribe), 62, 163; attitude toward Lewis and Clark in 1922, 161; christianizing of, 118; expedition dependence on Indians, 2; expedition encounter with at Ross’s Hole, 173(n53); Missoula sesquicentennial pageant, 123, 160; Stevensville sesquicentennial pageant, 118; Three Forks sesquicentennial pageant, 160; treaty, 122–123

  Flathead Indian Reservation, 118

  Flink, James J., 93

  Florida, state of, 93–94

  Floyd, Charles: death, 47; grave, 135; monument and grave marker, 101, 135, 157, 173(n38)

  Ford, Henry, 92–93

  Forest Road 500. See Lolo Motorway

  Forest Service. See U.S. Forest Service

  Fort Astoria (Oregon), 12, 29

  Fort Benton Community Improvement Association, 38

  Fort Benton (Montana): Lewis and Clark expedition, 12, 56, 74, 80, 135; monument location issue, 37; National Recreation Area (Missouri River), 56; National Wild Scenic River system, 145, 150; Scriver statue, 38, 39; sesquicentennial, 38; steamboats on Missouri River, 137; U.S. bicentennial, 38

  Fort Berthold Indian Reservation (North Dakota), 52

  Fort Bragg (North Carolina), 136

  Fort Canby State Park, 167

  Fort Clatsop: archeological site, 110, 111; Astoria Column, 7, 10, 18, 29, 31, 32; built, 68; dedication ceremony, 33; expedition’s response to conditions, 33, 69, 85; Green Beret canoe trip to, 136; and Indians, 68; Lewis and Clark Trail Commission, 144; Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 18; neglected, 109–110; replica, 7, 29 109–110, 111, 112, 127; replica burned, rebuilt in 2006, 180(n8); sesquicentennial, 112; trail to Salt Cairn, 145; Wheeler visits, 85; winter 1805–1806, 10, 34

  Fort Clatsop National Historic Site, 147

  Fort Clatsop National Monument and Interpretive Center, 111, 167

  Fort Columbia State Park, 145

  Fort Hall Shoshone-Bannock Reservation (Idaho), 124

  Fort Lookout (South Dakota), 48

  Fort Mandan National Monument and
Interpretive Center, 167

  Fort Mandan (North Dakota): expedition departure 1805, 51–52, 98; Hollywood depiction, 120; inundation of original site, 135; meeting Sacagawea, 20–21; 125th anniversary of expedition, 98; replica, 7, 51, 157; returning to St. Louis 1806, 75; winter camp 1804–1805, 50, 135

  Fort Manuel Lisa (Nebraska), 22

  Fort Peck Dam and Reservoir: built, 148; covers part of Lewis and Clark route, 99, 140; National Wild Scenic River system, 145, 156; near Roosevelt International Highway (U.S. 2), 53

  Fort Peck Indian Reservation, 53

  Fort Pierre (South Dakota), 161

  Fort Randall Dam, 101, 138

  Fort Rock, 160

  Fort Union (North Dakota), 33, 52, 157

  Fort Washakie (Wyoming), 180(n5)

  Foster, Chapin D., 112

  Founders Club of Montana, 113

  Franklin (type of automobile), 91

  Frazer, Private Robert, 73

  Fred Robinson Bridge, 54

  Freeman, Lewis, 135–136, 140

  Fremont, John Charles, 8

  French, Burton L., 98

  Fur trade, 8, 137

  Gallatin River, 59, 71, 112

  Galveston, Texas, 94

  Garfield County (Montana), 54

  Garrison Dam and Reservoir, 52, 101, 138, 149

  Gass, Sergeant Patrick, 20, 73–74; journal, 88, 121

  Gates of the Mountains, 101, 103, 157; expedition passes through 58–59, 59; and Holter Dam, 156

  Gateway Arch (St. Louis), 127, 145–146, 167

  Gavins Point Dam, 101, 138, 156

  Gearhart (Oregon), 109

  Genocide, 161

  Geysers to Glaciers Trail, 37

  Giant Springs, 57, 157

  Gibbons Pass, 6, 62

  Glacier National Park, 33, 53, 74, 95

  Glade Creek, 64, 82

  Glasgow (Montana), 53, 97, 151

  Glassberg, David, 113–114, 116

  Glendive (Montana), 73, 97

  Goodrich, Silas, 120

  Good Roads promotion, 94–95, 97

  Goodyear Tire Company, 93

  Gore, Albert, 104

  Graber, Archie M., 146

  Grand Detour, 48

  Grand Forks (North Dakota), 115

  Grand River, 50, 136

  Grangeville (Idaho), 71

  Gray, Ralph, 101–103, 156

  Gray, Robert, 29

  Great Depression (1930s), 37, 91, 98

  Great Divide. See Continental Divide

  Great Falls, Montana: Big Falls on the Missouri River, 56; Boy Scouts, 124–125, 149; expedition portage, 57–58; expedition return journey, 97, 124–125; Lewis and Clark Interpretive Center, 167; and public interest in expedition, 112; sesquicentennial, 125; statues, 34, 36–38, 40; U.S. Highway 200, 104; waterfalls near, 57; White Bear Island camp, 74