Wild, E. “Is It Witchcraft? Is It Satan? Is It a Miracle? Mai Mai Soldiers and Christian Concepts of Evil in North-East Congo.” Journal of Religion in Africa 38, no. 4. (1998): 450–467.
Willame, J. C. L’automne d’un despotisme. Paris: Karthala, 1992.
———. L’ONU au Rwanda (1999–1995). Brussels: Labor, 1996.
———. Les Belges au Rwanda: Le parcours de la honte. Brussels: GRIP/Editions Complexe, 1997.
———. “Gestion verticale et horizontale des crises identitaires: Le cas du Kivu montagneux.” Hérodote, 4th quarter, no. 86/87 (1997): 78–115.
———. Banyarwanda et Banyamulenge: Violences ethniques et gestion de l’identitaire au Kivu. Brussels: CEDAF, 1997.
———. Congo: Nouvelle crise dans les Grands Lacs. Writenet Report, Geneva. August 1998.
———. L’odyssée Kabila. Paris: Karthala, 1999.
———. L’accord de Lusaka: Chronique d’une négociation internationale. Tervuren, Belgium: CEDAF, 2002.
Les faiseurs de paix au Congo. Brussels: CRIP/Editions Complexe, 2007.
Wrong, M. “The Emperor Mobutu.” Transition, no. 81/82 (2000): 92–112.
———. In the Footsteps of Mr Kurtz: Living on the Brink of Disaster in the Congo. London: Fourth Estate, 2000.
Yanacopoulos, H., and J. Hanlon, eds. Civil War, Civil Peace. Oxford: James Currey, 2006.
Yengo, P. “Chacun aura sa part: Les fondements historiques de la reproduction de la guerre à Brazzaville.” Cahiers d’Etudes Africaines 38, nos. 2–4 (1998): 471–504.
Young, C. Politics in the Congo: Decolonization and Independence. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965.
———. “The Heritage of Colonialism.” In J. W. Harbeson and D. Rothchild, eds., Africa in World Politics: The African State System in Flux, 23–42. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2000.
Young, C., and T. Turner. The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985.
Zarembo, A. “Judgement Day.” Harper’s Magazine, April 1997.
Zartman, W. “Inter-African Negotiations and State Renewal.” In J. W. Harbeson and D. Rothchild, eds., Africa in World Politics: The African State System in Flux, 139–159. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2000.
Zeebroek, X. Les humanitaires en guerre: Sécurité des travailleurs humanitaires en mission en RDC et au Burundi. Brussels: Editions Complexe, 2004.
INDEX
Acholi 81-2
Addis Ababa 269
ADF (Allied Democratic Forces) 87, 120-1, 127, 177, 196-7, 308, 321-2
ADM (Allied Democratic Movement) 85, 87
AFDL (Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération) 113-16, 119-20, 126-37, 142-8, 149-53, 158, 161, 164, 165, 168-70, 172, 174-6, 209-10, 212, 251-2, 338
Afeworki, Issayas 67, 68, 224
African states’ situation (general) 361-4
African Union 288, 300, 355
aid 7-8, 30, 37, 54, 79, 166, 195, 243, 245-6, 280, 317
air raids 132-3, 207, 212
Ajello, Aldo 258
Albright, Madeleine 136, 166
ALIR (Armée de Libération du Rwanda), ALIR I 193, 194-5, 226, 230, 234, 268, 275, 283, 366
ALIR II 268, 282
Amega, Kofi 159
AMFI (American Mineral Fields International) 137-42, 166-7
Amin, Idi 80, 82, 84, 193
Amisi 143, 145
Amisi, Gabriel 271, 301
Amnesty International 119, 154
AMP (Alliance pour la Majorité Présidentielle) 312-16
ANC (African National Congress) 91, 190
Anglo-American 140, 141, 166-7
Angola 67, 74-5, 88-99, 111-12, 127-8, 131, 145, 155, 168, 170-1, 174, 184, 185-90, 192, 214-17, 223, 226, 233, 238-9, 251, 253-4, 260, 262, 265, 278, 286-7, 309, 316, 359
Annan, Kofi 16, 134, 159, 194, 215, 223, 244, 247, 268, 271, 298, 345, 350
ANR (Agence Nationale de Renseignements) 150, 153, 170, 260, 262
Anvil Mining 139, 279, 319
armed forces reorganization in DRC 304-9
arms supplies 27, 69, 70, 84, 92, 98, 115, 127, 129-30, 168, 171, 185, 194, 197, 200, 240, 243-4
Arusha Agreement (Rwanda) 7, 42-3
Australia 41, 139, 279
AZADHO (Association Zaïroise des Droits de l’Homme) 153, 158
Baamba 82
Babembe 51-2, 69-70, 114, 173, 230, 297
Bafwasende 229, 267
Baganda 84-6
Bagaza, Jean-Baptiste 60, 65, 66
Bahunde 50-1, 57, 58, 324
Bailundo 97, 215
Bakongo 90-3, 97, 107, 262
Bakonjo 82-3, 87, 121
Balas, Fr Laurent 124-5, 146
Baluba 77, 78-9, 114, 150, 178, 254-5, 259
Banana 183, 185
Banande 49, 50, 83, 173, 324, 325
Bandundu 311
Bangala 205, 208, 313
Bangui 207, 260
Banyamulenge 51-3, 68-72, 116-17, 124, 150, 176, 177, 182, 205, 228, 231, 283, 296-8, 322, 326, 332, 357
Banyanga 57, 58, 324
Banyarwanda in Zaire/DRC 48-53, 172, 322, 323, 333-4, see also Banyamulenge
Banyingana, Peter 13-14
Baramoto, Kpama 128, 136, 222
Barega 69-70, 297
Barrick Gold 138, 139, 166-7
Barril, Maurice 123, 125
Barril, Paul 263
Bazira, Amon 83
Belgium 7, 35, 48, 75-6, 78, 138, 147, 215, 246, 259, 262, 280
Bemba, Jean-Pierre 204-5, 208, 212, 221, 225, 232, 238, 260, 261, 267, 270, 281-2, 290, 303, 304, 309-14
Bembe, Anzuluni 69
Beni 177, 195, 229, 281
Beye, Alioune Blondin 188
Biaro 146-7, 157
Bicesse agreement 95-6
Bihozagara, Jacques 40
Birekeraho, Gervais 22
Birindwa, Faustin 79
Bisengimana, Barthélémy 49, 50
Bizimungu, Augustin 28, 56, 68-9, 210, 274
Bizimungu, Pasteur 7, 16, 40, 42, 43, 46, 71, 183, 222, 223, 241, 294-5
Boboliko, André 134
Boganda, Barthélémy 102-3
Bokassa, Jean-Bedel 103-6
Bolongo, Likulia 128, 134
Boma 185
Botswana 224, 267, 288
Bouar 105
Boulle, Jean-Raymond 140-2
Boutros Ghali, Boutros 16, 56, 57, 119, 350
Boutroue, Joël 24, 55
Bozizé, François 290
Bradol, Jean-Hervé 143
Brazzaville 107, 108, 110-12, 133, 135, 136-7, 168, 171, 238, 263, 316
Bredenkamp, J.A. 237, 262
Britain 82, 99, 218, 226, 248, 269, 299
Bruguière, Judge Louis 356
Bugera, Deogratias 113, 116, 150, 152, 183-4
Bujumbura 60, 64
Bukavu 34, 52, 53, 69, 70, 113, 117, 118, 132-3, 145, 173, 175, 176, 181, 253, 276, 296, 323
Bulinga 193
Bululu, Lunda 183, 221
Bumba 205, 206, 281
Bundibugyo 196
Bundu dia Kongo 315-16
Bunia 86, 128, 130, 195, 230, 259, 281, 293
Bunyenyezi, Chris 13-14
Burkina Faso 98, 208, 215
Burundi 24-5, 53, 54, 59-67, 71, 74, 75, 116, 117, 121, 148, 151, 174, 176, 183, 198, 199, 225, 226, 268, 288-9, 297, 298-9, 321-2, 359
Bush, George W. 259, 275, 293, 340-1
Butare 16, 39, 41
Butembo 131, 177, 227, 229, 281, 283, 325
Buyoya, Pierre 65-7, 288
Byumba 17, 19
cabinda 93-4, 97, 111-12, 168, 170, 185, 189
Canada 119, 138, 140
cannibalism 310
Cape Town 301
Carter, Jimmy 56
Catholic Church 6, 212, 240, 310, 336, 354, 356
Cazombo 238
CEEAC (Communauté Economique des Etats de l’Afrique Centrale) 238
Central African Republic 82,
101-7, 201, 204, 207, 232-3, 260, 290, 321
Chad 105, 193, 201, 204-5, 206, 224, 289-90
Chamulesso, Godefroid 250
child soldiers 164, 170, 176, 177, 227, 251-3, 259
Chiluba, Frederick 100, 183, 198-9, 224, 248, 249
China 27, 130, 139, 209, 240
Chingombe, Amos 260
Chirac, Jacques 56, 57, 98, 117, 133, 134, 223, 259, 264
Chivukuvuku, Abel 214-15
Chiyangwa, Philip 192
CIA 74, 76, 126, 135, 189
CIAT (Comité International d’Accompagnement de la Transition) 300, 302, 303, 311, 320
Clinton, Bill 97, 120, 134, 135, 139-42, 160, 195, 235, 339
Cluff-Banro 138
CNDD (Conseil National de Défense de la Démocratie) 59, 68, 74, 116, 198, 199, 226, 230, 231, 268, 288
CNDP (Congrès National pour la Défense du Peuple) 323
CNL (Conseil National de Libération) 114,
CNS (Conférence Nationale Souveraine, Zaire) 50, 78, 79, 136, 172, 268, 324
cobalt 138, 139-41, 161, 218
COHYDRO 262
coltan 220, 244-5, 302
Compaoré, Blaise 208, 215
CONAKAT (Confédération des Associations Tribales du Katanga) 114
Congo, Democratic Republic of, see Democratic Republic of Congo
Congo, Republic of/Congo-Brazzaville 90, 98, 107-12, 135-6, 167-71, 200-1, 204, 233, 259, 286
copper 99, 100, 139, 161, 319
corruption 108, 128, 168-9, 195, 197, 216, 279, 306, 317, 318-19, 351
Cosleg 239
Creoles (Angola) 92
Crocker, Chester 92
Cuba 90-3,97,114,178
Cyangugu 17, 70, 122, 297
Dacko, David 103, 105
Dar-es-Salaam 80, 115, 209
Darfur 353
DDRRR (Disarmament, Demobilization, Rehabilitation, Reintegration, and Resettlement)) 268-9, 277, 303-8, 321, 337
De Beers 139, 140, 142, 213, 217, 239
deaths in DRC war 242-3, 278, 338, 353
debt: Angola 98
DRC 162, 166, 278, 280, 316-17
Uganda 265
Deby, Idriss 201, 224, 289
Delaye, Bruno 137
DEMIAP (Direction Militaire des Activités Anti-Patrie) 153
Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) 23-4, 135-7, 149-79
chapters 5-10, 344-5, 347-8
constitution of 2003 301
economy 79, 161-7, 213-14, 236-8, 261-2, 278-80, 316
elections of 2006 309-15
see also Zaire
Depelchin, Jacques 159, 183
Diamond Field Resources 140
diamonds 94, 97-8, 100-1, 134, 139-40, 142, 161, 166, 188, 206, 213-14, 215, 216-17, 220, 222-3, 238, 239, 244-6, 254, 278-9, 319
Directorate of Military Intelligence 44-5
Dolisie 238, 260, 286
Dongo 232, 233
Dos Santos, José Eduardo 67, 95-8, 183, 184, 185, 187, 214, 223, 248-9, 258
DSP (Division Spéciale Présidentielle) 32, 51, 78, 117, 128, 134, 168, 201
Dungu 204
Dupuch, Michel 134, 223, 259
Elf 109, 110-12, 169-70, 200
Equateur province 128, 151, 204, 205, 207, 208, 212, 233, 259, 271, 280, 281, 304, 312, 321
Eritrea 67, 195
Ethiopia 67, 81, 195
Etsou, Cardinal Frédéric 310
EU 8, 57, 133, 153, 166, 219, 245, 264, 300, 307, 309, 343
Executive Outcomes 210
ESO (External Service Organization, Uganda) 83-4, 116, 308
Eyadema, Gnassingbé 215
FAA (Forças Armadas Angolanas) 170, 185-6, 189-90, 215-16, 238
FAC (Forces Armées Congolaises) 173, 176-8, 182-4, 199, 201, 207, 209-12, 228, 230-1, 232, 234, 251-3, 263, 270, 306, 324
FAPLA (Forças Armadas Populares de Libertação de Angola) 94, 95, 101
FAR (Forces Armées Rwandaises) 26, 28, 32, 55, 57, 66, 118, 128, 130, 132, 143, 145-6, 148, 157, 168, 177, 194, 206, 210, 217, 274
FARDC (Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo) 297-9, 306-9, 316, 320-1, 323, 324
FAZ (Forces Armées Zaïroises) 57, 69-70, 74, 78, 83-4, 115-17, 128, 132, 133, 176, 181, 209, 271, 306, 316
FDD (Forces de Défense de la Démocratie) 59-61, 116, 117-18, 176, 198, 226, 268, 281, 288
FDRD (Forces Démocratiques de Libération du Rwanda) 268, 277, 295-300, 302, 309, 321-3, 326
Fizi 173, 184
FLC (Front de Libération du Congo) 281
FLEC (Frente de Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda) 97, 111, 168, 189
FNL (Forces Nationales de Libération) 59-61, 228, 268, 298, 321-2
FNLA (Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola) 90-1
Foccart, Jacques 56, 57, 133,
Forces Républicaines Féderalistes 231
Fowler Report 98, 216-17, 244
France 27, 33, 56, 57, 79, 98, 101-5, 117, 119, 127, 129-30, 133-4, 137-8, 158, 160, 170, 189, 219, 223, 233, 251, 267, 269, 307, 330-1, 341-3, 356
FRD (Forces de Résistance de la Démocratie) 123, 194, 365-6
Friedland, Robert 140
Friends of the Congo 160, 164, 166
FRODEBU (Front pour la Démocratie au Burundi) 59-61, 64-5, 288-9
Gaborone 267, 269
Gaddafi, Muammar 105, 224, 249, 289-90
Gahutu, Rémy 59
Gapangwa, Bishop 52
Garamba National Park 83, 196, 204, 308, 321
Garang, John 81
Garreton missions and Garreton Report 147-8, 157-8, 263, 350
Gasana, Anastase 117, 218, 219, 240
Gasana, James 7, 350
Gashirabake, Pascal 60
Gatumba 298-9, 302
Gbadolite 28, 204, 208, 233
Gécamines 139-40, 166, 237, 239, 262, 279, 319
Gemena 207
Gendarmes Katangais 75, 77, 151
genocide, see Rwanda, genocide
George Forrest Group 237-8, 319
Gersony, Robert and Gersony Report 15-16, 31, 38, 350, 355
Ghenda, Raphael 149
Gisenyi 26, 173, 174, 218, 227
Gitarama 11
Gizenga, Antoine 153, 270, 310, 311, 325
Golan, Rami 237
gold 52, 155, 196-7, 202, 213, 220, 244
Goma 26, 34, 51, 53, 55, 58, 117-18, 120, 124, 173, 192, 211, 221, 323, 325-7
Gribben, Robert 123, 145
Guehenno, Jean-Marie 266, 297
Guevara, Che 114
Guiringaud, Louis de 341
Habyarimana, Juvénal 7, 50, 167, 195, 354, 356
Habyarimana, Mrs 27, 200
Harare 250
Hattenbruck, Luc 271
HCR/PT (Haut Conseil de la République/Parlement Transitoire, Zaire) 69, 79, 136
Hema 227, 229-30, 259, 281
Holbrooke, Richard 247, 248, 340
humanitarian work 346-8, see also NGOs
Hutu 1-35, 37-67, 68-9, 193-5, 269, 288-9, 299, 322, 334, 353-6
Hutu refugees from Rwanda 4-5, 24-32, 46-7, 49, 51, 53-8, 66, 74, 79-80, 88, 116-25, 130, 143-7, 156-61, 168, 171, 172, 199, 201, 204, 210, 266, 272, 274-5, 342, 347-8, 366
see also Burundi
Democratic Republic of Congo
Rwanda
ICRC (International Committee of the Red Cross) 117, 348
ICTR (International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda) 10, 12, 34-5, 274, 348-51
IDI 238, 264
Ikela 232
Ilunga, Emile 228, 235, 247, 248, 249
IMF 109, 162, 166, 169, 198, 226, 243, 244, 279, 280, 317
Integrated Operations Centre (Rwanda) 38-41
Interahamwe 14, 21, 25, 57, 66, 86, 124, 128, 130, 143, 157, 176, 177, 193, 206, 210, 217, 222, 227, 249, 272, 276
internally displaced people: Angola 95, 99, 215-16
Burundi 64
Congo-Brazzaville, 168
DRC 51, 58, 228, 230, 277, 301
Rwanda 4-5, 38-42, 218
/>
Uganda 196
International Criminal Court 322
International Crisis Group 243, 315-16, 321, 356
International Rescue Committee 127, 242-3, 353
Inyumba, Aloysia 45
Isiro 204
Israel 110, 238
Ituri 227, 229-30, 259, 276, 291-3, 307-8, 310
Ivory Coast 120
Jamba 238
Juba 133, 193, 196, 206, 207
Kabangi, Ilunga 184
Kabarebe, James 175, 178, 181-6, 189, 194, 195, 295, 302
Kabila, Joseph 184, 204, 209, 250, 255, 257-67, 269, 275, 309-15, 324, 325
Kabila, Laurent-Désiré 77, 113-16, 119, 124, 126, 130, 131, 133-7, 140, 142, 148, 149-61, 167-8, 170, 172-9, 183-8, 189-90, 192, 195, 204, 206, 209-14, 224, 230-8, 247-9, 301, 324, 335
assassination 249-55, 260, 264-5, 296
Kabinda 207-8
Kabongo, Paul 150
Kabuye, Major Rose 44
kadogo 164, 170, 176, 177, 251-3
Kagame, Paul 7, 9-10, 13, 14, 16, 18, 22, 29, 32, 40, 42, 43-6, 67-9, 115-18, 123, 126, 131, 138-9, 156, 157, 178, 182, 190, 194, 195, 199, 208, 219, 220, 224, 235, 241, 260, 266, 275, 293-4, 300, 302, 324, 326, 332-3, 339, 340, 347, 359, 366
Kagiraneza, Deus 246
Kahungwe 227
Kakudji, Gaëtan 134, 250, 255, 263
Kakwaku Bokonde, Jérôme 296
Kalemie 132, 186, 203
Kalinganire, Joseph 29
Kamanda wa Kamanda, Gérard 70, 134
Kamina 74, 130, 199, 277
Kamitatu, Olivier 270, 313
Kanambe, Adrien 261
Kanyabayonga 300,
Kanyarengwe, Col. Alexis 45
Kanyenkiko, Anatole 61-2
Kapend, Col. Eddy 237, 250, 254-5, 257-8, 260, 264
Kapwepwe, Simon 198
Karaha, Bizima 134, 149, 183, 208, 221, 224
Karasankwavu, Aloys 22
Karatasi, Etienne 59
Karegeya, Patrick 296, 302
Karumba, Joseph 59
Kasa Vubu, Justine 149
Kasai 77, 78-9, 134, 151, 154, 163, 208, 304
Kasereka, Rashidi 249-50
Kasese 83, 132, 146-7
Kasika 205, 211
Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe Page 80