Kasindi 120, 127
Kassinga 92
Katanga (Shaba) 52, 75, 78, 114, 133, 139-42, 146, 151, 176, 177, 190, 202, 207, 208, 234-5, 239, 270, 312-13
Katshuna 144
Kaunda, Kenneth 99, 100, 198
Kayemba, Dieudonné 263
Kayiira, Ssentamu 120-1
Kayumba, Immaculée 46
Kazadi Nyembwe, Didier 209, 262
Kazini, James 215, 230, 242, 267, 281, 282
Kenge 129, 136
Kengo wa Dongo, Léon 131, 134
Kenya 12, 81, 83, 199-200, 365-8
Kibeho massacre 18, 38-42
Kibungo 16-17
Kifwa, Pierre-Célestin 209, 263
Kigoma 121, 158, 199, 231
Kikaya bin Karubi 270, 274
Kindu 133, 193, 206, 208, 275, 282
Kinshasa 78, 79, 129, 133-4, 136, 165, 181-2, 183, 186, 207, 214, 253, 262, 304, 311
Kipushi-Kolwezi mining ventures 140, 141, 167
Kisangani 129, 130, 131, 146, 181, 182, 186, 197, 199, 215, 221, 222-3, 241, 242, 266, 267, 271, 297, 323, 337
Kisase Ngandu, André 113, 116, 124, 130, 251
Kisempa, General 316
Kitona 176, 181, 182-4, 185, 189
Kivu, North and South 24-5, 46-58, 116-25, 143-8, 172-8, 211-12, 227-31, 251-3, 260, 264, 281-3, 296, 297, 300, 326, 334
North 24, 48-51, 56-8, 71, 113, 116-24, 130, 173-4, 177, 204, 228-31, 230, 281-3, 294, 297, 299
South 25, 51-8, 68-72, 88, 113, 118, 122-4, 128, 173, 175-6, 204-5, 211, 223, 227-31, 234, 253, 268, 276, 281, 282, 288-9, 294, 296-300, 324
Kiyonga, Crispus 87
Koboko 87
Köhler, Horst 280
Kolelas, Bernard 111, 168, 200
Kolingba, André 105-6, 290
Konongo 233
Kony, Joseph 81-2
Korea, North 212, 231
Kossan, Kabora 59
Kyungu wa Kyumwaza 78, 134, 313, 314
Lacaze, Jeannou 135
Lakwena, Alice 81
land questions 5, 49-50, 326
Lebanese 142, 222-3, 242, 254
Lembe da Sita, Marie-Olive 310
Lemera 71, 113, 211, 228
Lendu 227, 230, 281
Levdan 110
Libya 105, 193, 204, 207, 224, 240, 249, 289-90
Likolela 168
Lissouba, Pascal 107, 109, 111-12, 167-8, 189, 200, 201, 208
livestock 5, 26
Lobutu 125, 143-4, 184
Local Defense Forces (Rwanda) 45 Lokongo, Boboliko 313
Lome 134
Lotsove, Adèle 229
LRA (Lord’s Resistance Army) 81-2, 132, 196, 197, 291, 293, 308, 321-2
Luaba, Nturnba 270
Luanda 96
Luanda Agreement (2002) 274, 292, 293
Lubanga, Thomas 292-3
Luburnbashi 78, 134, 142, 165, 183, 216-17, 234-5, 248, 262
Lumbala, Roger 229, 242, 282, 313
Lurnbu Lurnbu, Désiré 229
Lumumba, Patrice 154, 247
Lunda 176, 255
Lundin, Adolf 140
Lusaka Peace Agreement (DRC, 1999) 223-6, 235, 238, 246, 247-9, 258, 260, 267, 273
Lusaka Peace Protocol (Angola, 1994) 97, 99, 131, 187
Lwetcha, Sylvestre 230-1, 263
Mabila, Colonel 260
Magabe, Jean-Charles 205-6
Mahagi 131
Mahele Lieko Bohungu, General 129, 136-7
Makoni, Simba 240
Malu Malu, Apollinaire 303, 311, 325
Mandela, Nelson 67-8, 135-6, 185, 260
Mangassa, George Leta 260
Manono 133
Maputo 249
Maquela do Zombo 216
Masangu Mulongo, Jean-Claude 166, 213, 262, 317
Masasu Nindaga, Anselme 113, 116, 150, 175, 252-3
Masire, Ketumile 248, 253, 268, 269 Masisi 48, 56, 57, 68, 117, 143, 167, 173, 275
massacres in Zaire/DRC 58, 71, 158, 173, 186, 205, 211-12, 227-8, 281, 297-9, 315-16, 324, see also refugees: Hutu refugees from Rwanda
Massemba-Debat, Alphonse 90, 107-8
Masunzu, Patrick 282
Matadi 186
Matos, João de 190, 203, 233
Matungulu Mbuyamba, Freddy 263, 280
Mawampagna Mwana Nanga 142, 150, 166, 210, 210, 263
Mayawila, Calixte 115
Mayi Mayi 117, 130-1, 143, 173-7, 210-11, 224, 227, 229, 230-1, 266, 275-6, 277, 281-3, 298, 306, 321, 323, 326
Mazimpaka, Patrick 122, 143-4, 147, 224, 235, 241, 272
Mbabazi, Amama 65-6, 196, 247, 292
Mbandaka 157, 233-4, 260
Mbanza-Ngungu 184
Mbaya, Etienne 150, 158, 164-5
Mbayire, Alphonse 368
Mbeki, Thabo 155, 160, 258, 301, 303
Mbemba Fundu, Théophile 262
Mbuji-Mayi 134, 135, 139, 142, 206-7, 208
Mbusa Nyamwisi 227, 229, 230, 267, 281, 282, 325
Mbuyu, Jean 209, 262,
Mbuza Mabe, General 299
MDR (Mouvement Démocratique Républicain) 7, 8, 9, 45, 295
Médecins sans Frontières 11, 18, 26, 41, 50, 78, 143, 145, 146
media 63, 346, 352-4
Meles Zenawi 67, 68
Menkerios, Haile 271
mercenaries 51, 118, 129, 131-2, 171, 185, 194, 210, 223, 263
Mérineau, Guy 158
MESAN (Mouvement d’Evolution Sociale de l’Afrique Noire) 102-3
MIBA (Société Minière de Bakwanga) 134, 139, 156, 239, 279
militias 338
Burundi 60
Congo-Brazzaville 111, 168-9, 189, 200
DRC 294, 306, 308, 322-4, 326
mining 137-43, 161, 166-7, 202-3, 213-14, 217-18, 220, 237-8, 239, 278-9, 319, 326
Mission d’Immigration des Banyarwanda 48-9
Mitterrand, François 79, 109, 342
Mkapa, Benjamin 67, 144, 151, 183, 199
MLC (Mouvement de Libération du Congo) 204-8, 212, 221, 224, 231-3, 248, 260, 277, 290, 313
MMD (Movement for Multiparty Democracy) 100
Moanda 183, 185
Moba 115, 186, 261
Mobutu Sese Seko 23-4, 25, 27-8, 46, 49-52, 54, 56, 58, 67-9, 73-5, 76-80, 95, 112, 114-19, 127-42, 152-6, 167, 202, 251, 262, 263, 317, 318, 319, 332, 334, 338-40, 343
Mobutu, Nzanga 311-12, 313
Moi, Daniel arap 12, 83
Monga Aundu, Gen. Eluki 58, 69, 71, 129
Monsengwo, Monsignor Laurent 79, 136, 303
MONUA (Mission des Observateurs des Nations Unies en Angola) 98-9, 187-9
MONUC (Mission des Nations Unies au Congo) 247-9, 253, 258, 266-72, 293, 296-301, 307-9, 345, 346
Morigande, Charles 298
Morjane, Kamel 16, 55, 248
Morocco 266
Mouvement Social pour le Renouveau 312
Mozambique 13, 249, 287
MPLA (Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola) 74, 90-9, 131, 168, 174, 187-90, 192, 198, 214-17, 232
Mpoyo, Pierre-Victor 210, 255, 263
MPR (Mouvement Populaire de la Révolution) 50, 77
MRC (Mouvement Révolutionnaire Congolais) 308
MRND (Mouvement Révolutionnaire National pour le Développement) 2, 26
Mubarak, Hosni 87, 151
Mudende 173
Mugabe, Jean-Pierre 43-4
Mugabe, Robert 158, 183, 192, 218, 232, 239, 258
Mugunga refugee camp 28, 29, 32, 118-20, 124
Mukendi, Aubert 150, 165
Mukulu, Sheikh Jamir 87-8, 121
Muland, Delphin 152
Mulele, Pierre 77
Mumengi, Didier 178, 185, 209, 263
Munzihirwa, Monsignor 116, 117
Museveni, Yoweri 12, 13-14, 65-6, 74-5, 80-5, 87, 120-1, 131-2, 153, 183, 185, 189, 195-7, 200, 203, 205, 220, 222, 223, 248-9, 264, 265, 266-7, 274, 281, 291-3, 308, 322, 333
Muslims in Uganda 84-8, 196
Mutebutsi, Jules 296-7
Muturnb Tshiba
l, Vincent 152
Muzito, Alphonse 317
Mwamba Kapanga, André 227, 228
Mwenga 227-8
Mwenze Kongolo, Jeannot 149, 185, 209, 255, 263, 270
N’Daw, Safiatou Ba 244
N’Gbanda, Honoré 134
N’Kossa 110
Nairobi 12, 83, 194, 200, 210, 365-8
NALU (National Army for the Liberation of Uganda) 74, 83, 87
Namanga Ngongi, Amos 268, 271-2, 296
Namibia 91-3, 166, 185, 192, 226, 265, 267, 288
National Dialogue (DRC) 235-6, 267-70, see also Sun City and Pretoria talks and agreements
Nawesh, Gen. Yay 254, 260,
Ndadaye, Melchior 59, 62-3, 74
Ndahiro, Emmanuel 178
Ndayikengurukiye, Jean-Bosco 59, 198, 288
Ndayizeye, Domitien 288, 299
Ndenga wa Milumba, General 158
Ndimira, Firmin 71
Ndjili 185, 186, 250
Nduguta, Stephen 13-14
Nduwayo, Antoine 64
Netherlands 245-6
Ngbandi 128
Ngiti 281
NGOs 18, 26, 32, 40, 41, 53, 54, 58, 116, 119, 127, 145, 160, 282, 283, 318, 346-8, 362-3
Ngouabi, Marien 108
Ngoupande, Jean-Paul 106
Niasse, Mustafa 271-2
Nielsen, Poul 245-6
NIF (National Islamic Front) 80-1
Nkubito, Alphonse-Marie 46
Nkunda, Laurent 297-9, 322-5, 327
Nkurigingoma, Jean-Baptiste 46
NRA/NRM (National Resistance Army/Movement, Uganda) 81, 84-6
Nsanzimana, Sylvestre 7
Ntakiruntika, Charles 294
Ntakirutimana, Jean-Damascène 44
Ntaryamira, Cyprien 60
Ntibantunganya, Sylvestre 64-5, 66
Nujoma, Sam 183, 192, 258, 288
Nyamwasa, Col. Kayumba 193, 195, 215, 295, 302
Nyangoma, Léonard 59, 63, 66, 74, 198
Nyarugabo, Moïse 150
Nyerere, Julius 64, 65-8, 114, 116, 151, 199
Nzabahimana, François 28
Nzemba, Jonas Mukamba 134
Nzimbi, Etienne 222
Nzo, Alfred 70, 160
OAU (Organization of African Unity) 68, 87, 134, 158, 184, 344
Obidegwu, Chukwuma 246
Obote, Milton 80, 83, 84, 330
Occidental Petroleum 110-11
Ogata, Sadako 32, 57, 71, 145, 148, 159, 348
oil 93-4, 97, 108, 109-12, 168-70, 189, 200, 214-15, 238, 239, 341
Okello, Basilio 81
Olenghankoy, Joseph 235-6, 313
Omutonyi, Christine 42
Ondekane, Jean-Pierre 184, 206, 209, 221, 223, 242, 324
Operation Turquoise 5, 27, 38, 40
Oris, Juma 133
Osleg 239
Osso River 128, 132, 145
Otafiire, Col. Kahinda 83
Ould Abdallah, Ahmedou 61
Ovimbundu 90
Oxfam 18, 41
Padiri Bulenda, David 275
Pahad, Aziz 184, 299
PALIPEHUTU (Parti pour la Libération du Peuple Hutu) 59
PALU (Parti d’Action Lumumbiste Unifié) 312, 317
Papa Wenge 214
PARENA (Parti du Renouveau National) 60
PARMEHUTU 20
Patassé, Ange 106, 201, 204, 233, 290
PCT (Parti Congolais du Travail) 108-10
Pena, Arlindo 188
Penza, Robert 101
PLC (Parti de Libération Congolaise) 83-4
Pointe Noire 136, 169, 238, 286
police 307
Portugal 88-91, 95, 316
Powell, Colin 259, 267
PPRD (Parti pour la Reconstruction et le Développement) 309-12
Prendergast, John 235, 340
Pretoria 185, 289, 301, see also Sun City and Pretoria talks and agreements
PRP (Parti de la Révolution Populaire) 77, 113-15, 261, 263
Pweto 207, 234, 252
Rautenbach, Billy 217-18, 237-8, 239
RCD (Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie) 183-4, 186, 204, 205-8, 211, 221-3, 225, 227, 231, 235, 312
RCD-G (Goma) 221-2, 225, 227-32, 234, 242, 253, 266-72, 275-8, 281, 294, 297, 299, 301, 306, 312, 323, 324
RCD-ML (Mouvement de Libération) 229-30, 267, 277, 281-3, 306
RCD-N (National) 229, 277
RDR (Rassemblement Démocratique pour le Retour) 28-9, 32
Reagan, Ronald 92
refugee camps 23, 24-9, 47, 53, 72, 75, 84, 87, 88, 92, 116-25, 130, 132, 143-7, 159, 173, 201, 204, 207, 210, 275, 298, 347-8
refugees 4-5, 15, 24-32, 46-7, 47, 51, 53-8, 64, 70-2, 95, 101, 116-25, 143-8, 173-4, 189, 201, 204, 207, 227, 233, 234, 253, 259, 276, 278, 298, 347-8
Hutu refugees from Rwanda 4-5, 24-32, 46-7, 49, 51, 53-8, 66, 74, 79-80, 88, 116-25, 130, 143-7, 156-61, 168, 171, 172, 199, 201, 204, 210, 266, 272, 274-5, 342, 347 8, 366
see also internally displaced people
Refugees International 116, 123, 282
Rice, Susan 188, 219, 223-4, 235, 339, 340
Richardson, Bill 135
Roberto, Holden 90
RPA (Rwandese Patriotic Army) 4, 34, 39-42, 53, 58, 69-71, 80, 88, 116-19, 124-34, 144-8, 172-4, 177-8, 181, 184, 193-8, 207, 218, 221, 224, 225, 230, 242, 252-3, 272, 274-6, 281, 296-7, 308, 365
RPF (Rwandese Patriotic Front) 2-24, 26, 31, 34, 40-6, 52-3, 75, 123, 170, 194-5, 220, 240-1, 266, 274-5, 285, 302, 322, 355-7, 366
atrocities by 12-23, 31-2, 35, 350, 356, see also refugees: Hutu refugees from Rwanda
Ruberwa, Azarias 266, 270, 280, 299, 301, 310, 312, 323
Ruganera, Marc 45
Ruhengeri 218, 268
Ruhimbika, Müller 231
Ruhorahoza, Gratien 11
Russia 98
Rutasira, Léonidas 20-1
Rutayasire, Wilson 355
Rutshuru 58, 297, 323-4
Ruzizi 51, 52, 276, 297
Rwabukumba, Séraphin 27, 200
Rwakabije, General 302
Rwakabuba, Cyprien 49
Rwanda 1-35, 37-58, 66-72, 73-5, 79-80, 116-34, 144-8, 150, 170-8, 179, 181-4, 189, 193-8, 205, 207, 211-12, 217, 218-26, 227-35, 240-2, 243, 249, 251-3, 264, 266-7, 269, 272-6, 281, 285, 290-302, 308-9, 312, 323-4, 326, 330-5, 337, 339-43, 347-57, 359, 365-8
arrests and trials for genocide 8-9, 10-12, see also ICTR
genocide 156, 218-19, 330, 332, 334, 342, 346-58
Hutu insurgency 193, 194-5, 218-19, 225, 268, 321-4, 366, see also ALIR, FDLR
Hutu refugees 4-5, 24-32, 46-7, 49, 51, 53-8, 66, 74, 79-80, 88, 116-25, 130, 143-7, 154-61, 168, 171, 172, 199, 201, 204, 210, 266, 272, 274-5, 342, 347-8, 366
prisoners 8-12, 44
repression and violence after 1994 2-4, 7-12, 10-23, 35, 37-45, 194, 218-19, 240, 294-5, 350
Rwangabo, Pierre-Claver 22
Rwasa, Agathon 289
Rwenzururu conflict 47, 82-3,
Rwibasira, Gen. Obed 299, 300
Rwigiema, Pierre-Celestin 240-1
Rwigyema, Fred 13-14, 355
SADC (Southern African Development Community) 183, 184-5, 192, 202, 265, 344
Sahnoun, Mohamed 159
Sakombi Inongo, Dominique 260-1, 263
Saleh, Salim 14, 215, 222, 241-2, 282, 293, 367
Samakuva, Isaias 286
Sassou-Nguesso, Denis 108-12, 168–71, 185, 200-1, 204
Savimbi, Jonas 90-2, 94-5, 100-12, 136, 187-9, 198, 208-9, 214-15, 254, 265, 286
Saxena, Rakesh 237
Sebarenzi, Joseph 241
Sefu, Alfred 262
Sendashonga, Seth 7, 16, 17-18, 33, 40, 43, 44-6, 194, 199, 365-8
Sezibera, Richard 297, 300, 322
Shaba, see Katanga
Shabunda 117, 143-4, 157, 227, 266, 275
Shaharyar Khan 33,
She Okitundu, Léonard 248, 263, 267-8
Short, Clare 219
Sikulu Paluku, Bishop Melchisedech 283
Sirte agreement 22
Sizarail 165
smuggling and illicit trade and exploitation 115, 155-6, 197-8, 213-14, 216-7, 237, 243-6, 254, 278, 291-4, 302, 326, 337
SNIP (Service National d’Intelligence et de Protection) 55, 128
Snyder, Charles 293, 341
Société Minièrc de Bakwanga (MIBA) 134, 139, 156, 239, 279
Société Minière du Kivu (SOMINKI) 138
Sonangol 238, 262
South Africa 27, 67, 70, 91-3, 135-6, 138, 140, 155, 160, 165, 184-5, 188, 190, 192, 202-3, 262, 269-73, 274, 289, 299-303, 307, 332, 341, 344, 346
South West Africa 91, see also Namibia
Soyo 97
SPLA (Sudan Peoples Liberation Army) 74-5, 81-2, 87, 133, 196, 204
state in Africa (gen§eral) 361-3
Straw, Jack 269
Sudan 73-5, 81-2, 86-8, 120, 132, 133, 143, 192-3, 196, 204, 207, 359
Sun City and Pretoria talks and agreements 269-75, 276-7, 282-3, 285, 292, 299, 299, 300, 302, 305, 319
Surowicke, Philippe 215, 222, 242
SWAPO (South West African Peoples Organization) 91-3
Swing, William 258, 296, 301
Tabliq/Tablighi Jamaat 86-8, 121
Tabu Ley 236
Tala Ngai, Fernand 166
Tanganyika, Lake 158, 198, 234, 261, 270
Tanzania 10, 11, 13, 15, 24-5, 46, 47, 54, 65-6, 114-17, 120, 144, 151, 155, 199, 276, 292, 367
Tavernier, Christian 129, 131-2, 133
Tchikapa 208
Tenke Mining 140, 142, 319
Thebe Petroleum 262
Thystère-Tchicaya, Jean-Pierre 168
Tibasima Atenyi, Jean Bosco 229
Tingi-Tingi 132, 143, 145-6
Togo 98, 106, 134, 159, 215
Tooro 82
Tshala Mwana 165, 236
Tshibanda, Raymond 315
Tshisekedi, Etienne 77, 78, 79, 127, 134, 153-4, 184, 259, 304
Tshombe, Moïse 114, 247
Tutsi 1-35, 37-67, 116, 119, 124-5, 130-1, 146, 151, 167-8, 170, 171, 173-7, 179, 183, 194-5, 209, 210, 218, 231, 261, 262-3, 288-9, 297-9, 322, 323, 325, 326, 330-5, 353-7
refugees and returnees 3-5, 13-15, 57, 58, 117, 167, 227, 275, 330, 357
see also Burundi
Democratic Republic of Congo
Rwanda
Twaddell, William 153, 157
Twagiramungu, Faustin 9, 16, 17, 40, 43, 44-6, 295, 365
Ubangi river 232-3
UDEMO (Union des Démocrates Mobutistes) 312, 313
UDPS (Union pour la Démocratie et le Progrès Social) 55, 77, 78, 154, 270, 303-4
Uganda 12, 13-14, 22, 47, 65-7, 73-5, 81-8, 115-16, 118, 120-1, 126-7, 130-3, 152-3, 155-6, 177, 183, 185, 189, 195-8, 203-7, 215, 216, 218-26, 228-33, 240-2, 244-5, 248, 249, 251, 259, 264, 265-7, 269, 281-2, 290-4, 300, 308, 321-2, 330, 337, 339-40, 345, 359, 367
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