257Martin forwarded a: Memorandum by LEM to Bill Moyers, Lee White, Marvin Watson, and Cliff Carter, 8/16/1965, Correspondence, ELPMSRC, Box 1657. By 1966, 35 percent of African Americans opposed the war (Kozloff, “Vietnam,” The Historian, Vol.63, No. 2, 2001, 526).
258After twenty hours: DaDe, 1/3/1967, 4.
259A representative from: Thomas E. Barden, ed. Steinbeck in Vietnam: Dispatches from the War (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2012), 105.
259Print and broadcast: ELP to TG, 12/25/1966, JAJP.
259Early the following: ELPOH, 94; News & Courier, Charleston, SC, 1/15/1967, 3.
260A Christmastime truce: ChDe, 12/27/1975. A mistake in the printed version is corrected by an earlier unpublished version found in ELPLOC, B4F1.
261By the time: ELPOH, 94.
261Recalling her impressions: DaDe, 1/3/1967, 4.
261The military public: Richard West, a British freelance journalist, quoted in Phillip Knightley, The First Casualty: From the Crimea to Vietnam; The War Correspondent as Hero, Propagandist, and Myth Maker (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976), 382; ELPOH, 95.
261Among her first: ELP to TG, 1/5/1967, JAJP. Outfitted in a life jacket, Payne wondered why the plane’s seats were placed backward and straps held her in place vise-like. “I soon found out,” she said. “When the plane hits the deck, the impact is so great that unless you’re strapped in properly, your neck might snap like that of a chicken.”
262As was true: ELPOH, 96.
262Payne also used: DaDe, 1/16/1967, 5.
262Back on dry: DaDe, 1/25/1967, 8.
263Saigon hardly offered: DaDe, 2/7/1967, 1.
263Every reporter who: ELP to TG, 1/5/1967, JAJP.
264For Payne’s tour: DaDe, 1/23/1967, 1. The source for what Payne was thinking is her own account of her thoughts.
265Forest and the: DaDe, 1/24/67, 9.
266“It is the battle”: DaDe, 1/26/1967, 1.
266As the days: DaDe, 3/14/1967, 1.
268Ethel Payne had: DaDe, 4/11/1967, 1.
268This was not: DaDe, 3/20/1976, 1.
270“In general,” Payne: ELP to BP, 2/23/1967, JAJP.
270Leaving Vietnam, Payne: ELP to BP, 2/23/1967, JAJP.
271“I didn’t really”: ELPOH, 96.
271She paused in South: DaDe, 3/16/1967, 1.
272Making one last: DaDe, 3/28/1967, 4.
273As a member: DaDe, 3/9/1968, 14.
273Her new apartment: ELP to TG, 9/8/1967, JAJP; Biographical Notes, Personal Bios, EP, ELPMSRC B1667.
274“During the day”: Robert H. Fleming to Howard B. Woods, 6/13/1967, White House Central File Subject File PR, LBJPL.
274In early June: DaDe, 6/14/1967, 2.
274The club had: NYT, 4/7/1967, 36; WaPo, 4/6/1967, A10.
275Even the Defender: DaDe, 4/11/67, 1; ChDe, 4/22/1967, 10.
275“He knew he”: DaDe, 6/14/1967, 2.
276Less impressed with: Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 576–577.
276It was indeed: DaDe, 1/20/1968, 1.
276Lady Bird Johnson: DaDe, 1/22/1968, 7.
277Payne pursued the: DaDe, 6/24/1967, 1.
277In August 1967: ChDe, 8/19/1967, 1.
278Three years after: Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 497; DaDe, 7/18/1967, 4.
278It was a somber: DaDe, 7/26/1967, 2.
279“The use of”: DaDe, 7/17/1967, 2.
279The disunity did: DaDe, 8/21/1967, 12.
279Over the fall: Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 583.
279Senator John McClellan: DaDe, 12/7/1967, 7.
280King’s planned protest: DaDe, 1/15/1968, 8.
280A few weeks: DaDe, 1/30/1968, 4.
280She followed the: DaDe, 2/8/1968, 2.
281Carmichael lived up: DaDe, 2/17/1968, 2.
281By mid-March: DaDe, 3/14/1968, 1.
282Ethel Payne watched: Quoted in Mark Engler, “Dr. Martin Luther King’s Economics: Through Jobs, Freedom; How would Dr. King have responded to the current crises of recession, unemployment, and foreclosure?” The Nation, 1/1/2010.
283There remained only: DaDe, 4/4/1968, 10; ELP letter to friends and family, 4/12/1968, ELPLOC, B4F1.
284The anger in: James Brown flew into Washington in his private jet at the invitation of the mayor, who hoped the singer might help restore calm there after having walked the streets in Boston and Harlem with a message of “Cool it.” Payne met up with him at a command post set up by law enforcement in a municipal building. Before going on television to appeal for calm, Brown described to her his experience in Boston. “The people were mad, you know,” he said, “but I just walked along the streets talking to them. We dig each other, you know. I’m one of them, yeah. I’m a millionaire, but I got a poor heart, you understand?” PiCo, 4/13/1968, 2.
284Despite her allusion: Florence Ridlon, A Black Physician’s Struggle for Civil Rights: Edward C. Mazique, MD (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2005), 251.
285Ralph Abernathy, whom: DaDe, 5/2/1968, 12.
286At first, Payne: DaDe, 5/14/1968, 7.
286Caravans of buses: DaDe, 5/20/1968, 5.
286Payne was skeptical: DaDe, 5/21/1968, 2.
287Andrew Young, who: DaDe, 6/1/1968, 16.
287Sympathetic to the: DaDe, 5/21/1968, 2.
288Payne’s doctor, Edward: Ridlon, A Black Physician’s Struggle, 268, 272.
288One day Payne: DaDe, 6/22/1968, 24.
288John Conyers Jr.: DaDe, 5/28/1968, 8.
289Conditions were indeed: DaDe, 6/4/1968, 19.
289Compounding the troubles: DaDe, 6/3/1968, 7.
289As organizers struggled: DaDe 6/1/1968, 2.
290But within days: DaDe, 6/5/1968, 7; DaDe, 6/11/1968, 5.
290In the midst: DaDe, 6/10/1968, 4.
291The encampment’s population: DaDe, 6/22/1968, 1.
291Talking to sources: DaDe, 6/29/1968, 13.
292Three days later: DaDe, 6/19/1968, 13.
292Payne came across: DeDe, 7/1/1968, 4.
294“If nothing else”: DaDe, 8/7/1968, 1.
295From Miami it: That is not to say the Republican gathering in Miami was entirely quiet. The city experienced a race riot in Liberty City during the convention. DaDe, 8/24/1968, 11.
295In assessing the: DaDe, 7/13/1968, 31 and 8/31/1968, 1.
296But the convention: DaDe, 9/4/1968, 4.
296In the fall: DaDe, 10/28/1968, 2.
296In December the: DaDe, 12/14/1968, 8.
297At first President: Lawrence Allen Eldridge, Chronicles of a Two-Front War: Civil Rights and Vietnam in the African American Press (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2012), 160–162.
298The appointment didn’t: DaDe, 1/9/1969, 1; 4/10/1969, 2; 5/15/1969, 4.
298On the other: DaDe, 5/1/1969, 5, 8; 5/10/1969, 9.
299Weeks later, from: DaDe, 6/26/1969, 12.
299The Richard Nixon: DaDe, 7/7/1969, 8.
299In April, one: DaDe, 4/23/1969, 3; DaDe, 4/14/1973, 8.
300Payne and her: ELP to Family, 8/22/1969, unlabeled folder, ELPMSRC B1667; WaPo, 12/9/2011.
300Meanwhile Defender publisher: ELP to JHS and LPM, 6/23/1969, Defender Correspondence, ELPMSRC B1667.
300Payne told Sengstacke: ELP to JHS, 12/30/1969, Defender Correspondence, ELPMSRC B1667.
301Payne’s frustration with: ChTr, 3/7/1972, 9; DaDe, 3/11/1972, 5.
301The Defender gave: DaDe, 3/13/1972, 1.
302“We reject the”: DaDe, 3/13/1972, 4.
302The 1972 political: DaDe, 7/11/1972, 9.
302As she had: DaDe, 7/15/1972, 36; 7/29/1972, 8; 8/26/1972, 5.
303That autumn Nixon: DaDe, 11/9/1972, 8.
303Still, the tone: DaDe, 12/13/1972, 1; 12/23/1972, 6.
305An immensely frustrated: Circumstantial evidence indicates that the Nigerians paid for all, or at least most, of the costs associated with the journey. Neither of their newspapers had a budget for such a trip.
305In late January: ELP to ARJ, 1/27/1969, JJP.
305Unl
ike life in: Elsie Olusola Interview with Miss Ethel Payne, Voice of America, 2/4/1969, National Archives Record Group 306: Records of the U.S. Information Agency, 1900–2003; DaDe, 2/19/1969, 2 and 2/4/1969, 7.
305But as far: “Part II of My African Adventure,” ELPLOC B39F8.
306“Adekunle’s particular reason”: ELPOH, 99.
306The following morning: DaDe, 2/12/1969, 8.
307After two days: “Part II of My African Adventure,” ELPLOC B39F8.
308Payne raised the: The National Negro Publishers Association had changed its name to the National Newspaper Publishers Association.
308The group traveled: DaDe, 2/24/1970, 6; DaDe, 2/21/1970, 2; DaDe, 2/23/1970, 6; DaDe, 3/4/1970, 8; DaDe, 3/5/1970, 6; DaDe, 3/28/1970, 26; DaDe, 4/7/1970, 6.
309Unbeknownst to her: Quoted in Seymour Hersh, The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House (New York: Summit Books, 1983), 111. The comment caught by Nixon’s tape recording system in the White House was not to be revealed until years later.
309When Congo president: DaDe, 2/24/1970, 6; DaDe, 2/21/1970, 2; DaDe, 2/23/1970, 6; DaDe, 3/4/1970, 8; DaDe, 3/5/1970, 6. During the question-and-answer period at the National Press Club, Mobutu was asked to comment on the new Afro hairdos popular in the United States. The translator was stymied by the question. “Then,” said Payne, “Marion Barry, director of Pride, Inc., stood up with his modified bush and dashiki.” In the confusion, the president believed he was to make a comment on Barry’s shirt, but an aide whispered to him about the hairstyle query. “Voilà,” said Mobutu, waving his hand over his head. “We are already doing that in the Congo.” (DaDe, 8/5/1970, 2; 8/15/1970, 14); ELP to TG, 8/9/1970, JAJP.
309Payne soon torpedoed: WaPo, 10/21/1970; Newark Evening News, 10/21/1970.
310The film showed: DaDe, 10/17/1970, 14; Jet, 11/5/1970, 4.
311To bring Young’s: Booker, Shocking the Conscience, 290.
311Landing in Lagos: DaDe, 3/16/71, 2; 3/15/1971, 1.
311When it was: Ebony, May 1971, 42; DaDe, 3/27/1971, 8.
312At the grave site: Ebony, May 1971, 31–39.
312No more than: DaDe, 8/7/1971, 8.
313Ethel Payne was: ELPOH, 103.
313Robinson liked the: ELPSCRBC, B7.
313Upon her return: ELPOH, 105.
314Robinson was pleased: Maurice Robinson to ELP, 6/12/1972. Scripts may be found in ELPSCRBC Box 7.
314In 1972, with: Interview with author, 12/13/2011.
315Payne was completely: DaDe, 7/10/1972, 8.
315If nothing else: AfAm, 8/22/1972, 11.
317The dust had: AfAm, 5/19/1984, 3; ELP “Notes on China” 11/10/1975, ELPLOC B39F9.
317However, because Manton’s: “Notes on China” 11/10/1975, ELPLOC B39F9.
318After landing in: NYT, 1/16/1973, 16; AfAm 5/19/1983, 3.
318Now inside China: ChDe, 2/17/1973, 4; small Chinese notebook, SSP, B127F2.
319Almost every day: Description drawn from small Chinese notebook, SSP, B127F2.
319During a visit: ChDe, 3/10/1973, 6.
320Payne was dazzled: ELP to TG, 1/26/1973, JAJP.
320In Shanghai, Payne’s: Tri-State Defender, 3/10/1973, 6.
320Reg Murphy, an: Atlanta Constitution, 11/18/1974.
321In addition to: AfAm 5/19/1983, 3.
322For their work: Fox Butterfield, China: Alive in the Bitter Sea (New York: Times Books, 1982), 29.
322On April 11: FBI File in possession of author.
322Payne, of course: George Derek Musgrove, Rumor, Repression, and Racial Politics: How the Harassment of Black Elected Officials Shaped Post–Civil Rights America (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2012), 56.
323In June, the: FBI File in possession of author.
324As the summer: ELP to TG 6/18/1973, JAJP; ELP to Friends, 12/25/1973, ELPMSRC B1657.
324Payne put the: ChDe, 7/7/1973, 8.
324By early August: ELPOH, 108.
325One day on: Letter from Shirley Small-Rougeau to the author, 5/10/2013.
326Payne felt the: ELPLOC B2F5.
326After an absence: ELPSCRBC Box 9.
326Statistically speaking, Payne: ChTr, 7/8/2012.
327“Super Fly and”: DaDe, 1/21/1974, 1.
327Payne was entering: Faustin C. Jones, “On Respect for the Law: ‘Law and Order,’” The Crisis, April–May 1971, 91; Cynthia Fleming, Yes We Did?: From King’s Dream to Obama’s Promise (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2009), 73.
328On Sunday evening: ChDe, 2/25/1974, 1 and 2/28/1974, 2.
328“This could not”: Atlanta Constitution, 11/18/1974.
328Despite her crime-fighting”: Coretta Scott King to ELP, 2/9/1975, Lee Lorch to ELP, 12/11/1974, Daniel James to ELP, 1/8/1974 ELPSCEBC B36; Lady Bird to ELP from LBJ Ranch ELPMSRC 1664; Hubert Humphrey to ELP, 2/4/1975, ELPCHM.
328Given the chance: ELP to ARJ, 1975 postcard, JAJP.
329In the spring: ELP to ARJ, 2/4/1987, ELPLOC B5.
329To pay for: Carlton Goodlett to NNPA members, ELPLOC B15.
329The strategy worked: Department of State, Tanzania Dar es Salaam, US Delegation Secretary to Department of State, Secretary of State, 4/25/1976.
330The problem resolved: ELP to ARJ, 2/4/1987, ELPLOC B5; See Kissinger to ELP, 6/28/1976, ELPSCRBC B15.
330At its various stops: Richard Valeriani, Travels with Henry (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1979) 361–362.
331At one point: Valeriani, Travels with Henry, 84–85; ELP to ARJ, 2/4/1987, ELPLOC B5.
331Payne questioned Kissinger’s: AfAm, 6/29/1976, 2; Typescript, LOC B39F9.
331The same issue: National Security Advisor’s Memoranda of Conversation, 6/2/1976 and 8/3/1976, GRFPL.
332Kissinger nonetheless went: PiCo, 8/21/1976, 6; AP report, The Bulletin 8/3/1976, 10; ChTr, 8/6/1976, A4.
332It was a heady: ELP to TG, 8/13/1996, JAJP.
332Payne began by: Atlanta Constitution, 10/19/1976; ELP to Jody Power, 7/16/1976, LOC 41, 4; PiCo 10/9/1976, 6.
333In the midst: ELP to Rev. Addie Wyatt, ACWP B33F42; ELP to Richard Ferris, 10/29/1976; ELPSRBC B28.
333Next it was: I-Chen Loh to ELP, 8/15/1977, JAJP; ChDe, 9/3/1977, 12.
333After the journey: OMB forms, ELPSRBC B37; ELPOH, 109.
334“Ethel, we have”: JHS to ELP, 10/11/1977, ELPSCRBC B36.
334Unapologetic, Payne challenged: ELP to JHS, 1/17/1978, ELPSCRBC B36.
336As had happened: ELPOH, 142.
336The foundation liked: ELP, Black Colleges: Roots, Reward, Renewal (Delta Sigma Theta, 1979), 47–50.
337Delta Sigma Theta: Sidney Hook letter in letter to Samuel Halperin, the former deputy assistant secretary of health, education and welfare for legislation. ELPSCRBC B36.
337The report done: Eddie Williams to ELP, 6/12/1978, ELPSCBC B36.
337It was dispiriting: ELPOH, 132.
338Three allies in: John Raye letter to author; Census folder, ELPSCRBC B4.
338In her new: Various interviews. The use of eggshells was described by Rita Bibbs-Booth, who learned about them when she house-sat for Payne. Payne later donated her collection of dolls, as well as dolls once owned by her sister Thelma, to the Charles Sumner School Museum and Archives in Washington, DC.
339She chose her: By the end of 1980, she was an officer of the Capital Press Club. Washington Informer, 10/23/1980, 19. Gil to ELP, Dated October 8 no year, ELPSCEBC B5.
339At 2:05 in: Scott M. Bushnell, Hard News, Heartfelt Opinions: A History of the Fort Wayne Journal Gazette (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007), 170–171.
340Payne had known: Vernon Jordan to ELP, 8/2/1973, ELPSCRBC B36
340Now Payne was: ChTr, 6/15/1980, B14. (The article was written by Payne’s friend Barbara Reynolds.)
340“There’s one thing”: ELPOH, 151.
340This was not: ChTr, 7/31/1988, section 6, page 3.
341“The truth is”: WaPo, 6/14/1982, c6; ChDe, 2/4/1978, 6; ELPOH, 150.
341From his hospital: Vernon E. Jordan Jr., Vernon Can Read
!: A Memoir (New York: Public Affairs, 2008), 294.
341When he was: Looking back on the contretemps many years later, Jordan called it “a little incident in an otherwise outstanding career as an important journalist.” Author interview 11/21/2012.
341When they first: Barbara Reynolds, No, I Won’t Shut Up (Temple Hills, MD: JFJ Publishing, 1998), 285.
342Payne predicted in: “Carter’s High Risk Re-Election Gamble,” Dollars & Cents, Fall, 1980.
342Payne’s optimism, however: Sepia, Fort Worth, TX, 1/1/1981, 14.
342In August, Payne: An essay and a radio commentary for WBBM, ELPLOC, Box 39, 9 and Box 40, 3.
343Like the president: Originally the chair was to be named after Payne; then as the project got under way it was named after journalist Ida B. Wells. Confusion over the name persisted, and when Payne was on campus in 1982–1983 it was again referred to as the Payne Chair.
343Leonard and Reynolds: AfAm, 6/22/1982, 3.
343“They came from”: WaPo, 6/14/1982, C6.
344As she was: Interview with author 11/22/2011.
344“Come fall, when”: AfAm, 6/22/1982, 3.
345She had been: Scandinavian study quoted in Aderanti Adepoju, “The Dimension of the Refugee Problem in Africa,” African Affairs, Vol.81, No. 322 (January 1982), 21.
345In March, Payne: Interview with author, 6/17/2013.
346Payne told Lucas: ChDe, 10/26/1973, 6. See, for example, ChDe, 5/24/1975, 10; ELP to C. Payne Lucas, 3/12/1982, ELPSCBC Box 5.
346Lucas bought into: ELP, Focus on Africa: A Report on Refugee Camps and Settlements in Somalia, Sudan, Zambia, Zimbabwe (Africare, 1982), i; Black Enterprise, February 1986, 142.
346Payne, the veteran: ELP to Patricia Scales, 6/25/1982, ELPSCFBC B5.
346An overnight flight: ELP, Focus on Africa, 1, 3 Somalia.
347The Somali government: ELP, Focus on Africa, 12–13 Somalia.
348For five days: UNDP, Human Development Report, 2001—Somalia (New York: 2001), 42; ELP, Focus on Africa, 14 Somalia.
348They landed at: ELP, Focus on Africa, 1–2 Sudan.
348Sudan consisted of: At the Lusaka International Airport, she reflexively answered “journalist” when immigration officials asked her profession rather than explaining she was a board member of Africare visiting the organization’s projects. Journalists could enter Zambia only with prior approval from the Ministry of Information. Kevin Lowther, the Africare representative in Zambia, tried to come to her aid. The officials, however, were unwilling to take his word. So Lowther drove back the twenty miles into Lusaka in hopes of finding the commissioner of refugees in his office. Good fortune was with Lowther. He obtained a typed letter on stationery, signed and officially stamped. (In African nations, noted Lowther, “a letter that hasn’t been stamped isn’t a letter.”) Suitably armed, he returned to the airport to further plead with the officials. However, the two agents in charge continued to debate whether to admit Payne. The delays did not sit well with Payne. “She was accustomed to being known and respected,” said Lowther. “To be confronted far from home by officious immigration officers was not the welcome she had expected.” The agents, who were not seeking bribes but were more concerned with the safety of their jobs if they erred, finally relented, and Payne headed to the hotel in Lowther’s company.
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