349The camp now: ELP to family, 7/31/1982, JJP.
349At the end: ELP, Focus on Africa, 5 Zambia.
350Upon her return: AfAm, 9/14/82, 5.
350In January 1981: ELP to family, 1/15/1981.
350Payne was assigned: Interview with author, 5/27/2013.
351In class, Haynes: ChMe, 5/30/1981, 10.
351Haynes was not: Interview with author.
352Haynes and Bibbs: Interview with author.
352A year and: Convocation Speech, ELPLOC, B28F6.
353Speech concluded, journalist: She lived at 1809 Morena St. 37208; “The students just loved it,” recalled President Leonard. (Author interview.)
353The seminar series: “The Great Issues of Today Seminar,” ELPLOC B28F4.
354Payne’s post at: Omaha World-Herald, 2/25/1983, 33.
354Normally winning a: ELP to Hal Chase, 5/3/1983, ELPLOC, B5F1.
355Her column was: Bruce Tucker to ELP, 4/29/1983, ELPLOC B5F1.
355A week later: ELP to Bruce Tucker, 5/6/1983, ELPLOC B5F1.
356As the spring: “The Great Issues of Today Seminar,” ELPLOC B28F4.
357To Ethel Payne’s: Laura Ross Brown to ELP, 4/4/1984, ELPLOC B5F2.
359For Payne, Coleman: ELPOH, 127.
359Three years before: Brown returned the salvo with one of his own. “Ethel Payne,” he wrote, “should have said that she was not in San Francisco and given the reasons why it was necessary to brand 150 black people who are looking for ways and means to stop the tide of the white liberal black professional leader ‘march to the rear’ in the so-called civil rights fight as ‘hasty switcher’ opportunities.” (Columbus Times, Columbus, GA, 2/4/1981, 5.)
360Payne’s fight with: Milton Coleman interview with author 5/7/2013.
360Her anger also: Edwin Emery and Michael Emery, The Press and America: An Interpretive History of the Mass Media (Englewood, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1984), 580–581.
360“Ethel and the”: Ernest Green interview with author, 1/4/2013. Looking back on the time, Green said, we didn’t know what a rich and important period it was. “The Ethel Paynes and Bayard Rustins of the world ran their business on three-by-five cards and changed the world.”
361The civil rights: WaIn, 3/26/1986, 18.
361A black journalist: Audrey Edwards to ELP, 3/22/1984, ELPLOC B40F1.
361Even work from: ELP to Max Green, 2/7/1984, ELPSCBC B36.
363In the cold: Payne’s companion that day was Sylvia Hill, a criminal justice professor at the University of the District of Columbia. When contacted, Hill said she didn’t recall getting inside the embassy, but the press accounts consistently report that the two women did enter the building.
363For Payne, ending: ANC Donation form, ELPSCRBC Box 5; ChDe, 1/22/1955, 1.
364During her years: ChDe, 6/5/1976, 6; ChDe, 12/21/1974, 8.
364South Africa, however: ELPSRBC B28; AfAm, ELP to Kinfolks and Friends, 8/22/1985, ELPLOC, B5F4.
364The embassy called: WaPo, 1/5/1985, B1; AfAm, 1/12/1985, 1; ELP to Kinfolks and Friends, 8/22/1985, ELPLOC B5F4; Catherine Brown interview with author, 6/5/2013.
365February brought back: MiTi, 2/28/1985.
365But Payne hardly: ELP to Kinfolks and Friends, 8/22/1985, ELPLOC B5F4; ELP Memo, ELPSRBC B22; Miami Folder, ELPSRBC B5; ELP to Family, 5/15/1985, ELPLOC B5F3.
365In the fall: WaPo, 11/23/1985, G3; ELP Speech, ELPLOC B2F4; Africare Board Minutes, 6/24/1988, ELPLOC B14F8.
367Several months later: Minutes of 9/12/1986 Africare Executive Committee Meeting, ELPSBRC B22; Kevin Lowther interview and letters with author.
367Outside of her: ELP to Hortense Canady, 1/10/1987, Howard University.
368Payne recommended to: AfAm, 5/5/1987, 48; Jet, 4/27/1987, 7.
369Payne rushed to: MiTi, 5/28/1987, 5.
369Nothing would weaken: ELP to Winnie Mandela, 7/1/1988, ELPLOC B5F8.
369In her defense: USA Today, 2/25/1987, 4A.
369“I hate to”: ELPOH, 143–144.
370The Miller Brewing: Chicago Sun-Times, 4/11/1987, 10.
371It was an easier: ELPOH, 133–134.
371But Payne’s generosity: ELP to T and Ruth, 12/17/1985, ELPSCRBC B5.
372What Payne lacked: Letter, Shirley Small-Rougeau to author, 4/26/2013.
372“We, our little”: Letter, Shirley Small-Rougeau to author, 5/29/2013.
372When Payne turned: Jet, 9/22/1986, 30; ELP to friends January 1987, ELPSCBC B5.
374After waiting for: AfAm, 10/3/1987, 12; WaPo, 10/3/1987.
375Payne told caucus: ELP to Mervyn Dymally, 9/30/1987, ELPJJP.
375Dymally was quick: Mervyn Dymally to ELP, 9/29/1987, ELPJJP.
375The 1988 presidential: The City Sun, Brooklyn, NY, 6/8–14/1988, 19.
376Attending the convention: “New Recognition for the Black Press,” 7/19/1988, ELPLOC B36F3.
376Payne was keenly: ELP to Ruth and David, 2/4/1987, ELPLOC; ELP to David Payne Johnson, 1/23/1989, ELPLOC B6F1.
377Barry replied that: Associated Press report in Observer-Reporter, Washington, PA, 4/3/1989, 13.
377In the fall: ELP to Maureen Bunyan, 10/11/1989, ELPLOC B6F2.
377In the end: “Coming to Terms with Reality,” ELPLOC B40F3.
378She remained for: ELP to Mitsuko Shigomura, 11/30/1989, ELPLOC B6F2; ELP to Frances Draper, 11/11/1989, ELPLOC B6F2.
379The trip was: Letter from Joseph Dumas to author.
379In the living: C. Payne Lucas interview with author.
380A month later: Philadelphia Inquirer, 7/1/1990.
380At the end: WaTi, 2/28/1991; WaPo, 2/21/1991, DC2; ELPOH, 116–117.
381In April, Payne: ELP to Ruth and David, 2/4/1987, ELPLOC; ELP to David Payne Johnson, 1/23/1989, ELPLOC B6F1; Washington Times, 2/28/1991; copy of eulogy in author’s possession.
381On May 23: Dean Mills to ELP, 5/23/1991, JAJP.
382Upon reflection, Payne: Interview with author.
384As a reporter: ChDe, 3/26/1977; Layfield, “Chasing the Dream,” 132–133.
385On Capitol Hill: Congressional Record, E2072.
386Then, from the: James M. Christian interview with author, 6/25/2013.
387Indeed, two years: Interview with author, 6/14/2013.
387The first two: Tracey Scruggs-Yearwood interview with author; Fred Harvey interview with author.
388Civil rights activist: NYT, 9/28/2011, 13.
389A decade before: Tennessean, Nashville, TN, 2/28/1981, 2.
INDEX
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Abbott, Robert Sengstacke, 21–22, 32, 86, 87
Abbott’s Monthly, 32, 36
Abernathy, Ralph, 179–80, 181, 182, 914, 203, 285, 289, 292, 294, 298, 376
Adams, Sherman, 108, 120
Adekunle, Benjamin, 305–8
AFL, 226
AFL-CIO, 219, 239, 250; Committee on Political Education, 226–27, 236; Payne at, 226–27, 231–33, 235, 236, 240
Africa, 89, 157, 199–200, 221; apartheid in, 161–62, 345, 363, 366, 368, 375; Bandung Conference and, 150, 152–59, 160–68; China and, 319–20; Ethel L. Payne Fellowship and, 387–88; Ghana, 196–99, 202, 304, 378; Kenya, 330, 348, 365; Kissinger’s trip to, 329–31, 349, 376; Namibia, 366, 367, 377–78; Nigeria, 304–8, 314; Nixon’s trip to, 196–200, 202, 220, 221, 295, 308–9; Payne’s trips to, 197–200, 304–16, 329–30, 332, 333, 345–49, 363–65, 375, 377–80; refugees in, 345–49; Somalia, 346–48; South Africa, 161, 331, 345, 363–69, 375, 377–80, 388; Zaire, 313–16, 330, 349
African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church, 12, 43, 104
African National Congress, 363
Africare, 345–47, 366–67, 380
Afro-American newspapers, 304, 308, 337, 374–75, 378, 386; Baltimore Afro-American, 4, 71, 73–74, 137, 139
Agnew, Spiro, 312
Alcott, Louisa May, 30
Alexander, Clif
ford L., Jr., 298, 324
Alexander, Shana, 313
Algren, Nelson, 39
al-Jamali, Muhammad Fadhil, 161, 162
ANP (Associated Negro Press), 112
Associated Press, 131, 132, 199, 229
Atlanta Constitution, 320, 328, 333
Austin, George Washington, 14–15
Austin, Josephine Taylor, 14
Ayres, William H., 231
Baker, Ella, 325
Baltimore Afro-American, 4, 71, 73–74, 137, 139
Bandung Conference, 150–51, 152–59, 160–68, 172, 180, 195, 200, 304
Barnett, Claude, 112
Barnett, Ida B. Wells, 370
Barre, Mohamed Siad, 348
Barrett, Emily, 178
Barry, Marion, 376–77
Bates, Daisy, 209, 325, 351
Bell, Derrick, 382
Bethune, Mary McLeod, 103, 125, 233, 343
Bevel, James, 286
Bibbs-Booth, Rita, 351–52, 372–73, 385
Biddle, Francis, 55
Bilbo, Theodore, 137
Birmingham, Ala., 238–39
Black, Timuel, 85, 86
Black Alternatives Conference, 360
Black Betty (Mosley), 235
black colleges, 336–37, 379
Black Colleges: Roots, Reward, Renewal (Payne), 337
black power, 277, 278, 287
Black Press Corps, 380
Black Press Hall of Fame, 371
Blackstone Rangers, 287
black women, 340–41, 352
Bly, Nellie, 168, 388
Bolling, Sarah, 132, 133
Bolling, Spottswood, 132–33
Bolling v. Sharpe, 132
Bond, Julian, 296, 388–89
Booker, Simeon, 199, 202–3, 220–22, 257, 258, 311, 312
Boyd, Felicity, 385
Boyd, Patricia, 372
Bradley, Mamie, 173–76, 192
Briscoe, Sherman, 110
Brooks, Rosemarie, 248
Broun, Heywood, 92
Brown, Catherine, 338, 372
Brown, Jerry, 332
Brown, Tony, 359–60
Brownell, Herbert, Jr., 111
Brown University, 382
Brown v. Board of Education, 81, 111, 121, 129–34, 139, 141, 144, 172, 180, 191, 201, 202, 207, 208, 212, 303
Bryan, Hazel, 209
Bunche, Ralph, 198
Bunyan, Maureen, 354, 386
Burns, Robert, 101
Burton, Charles Wesley, 44
Bush, George H. W., 316
Butler, Paul, 187–88
Butterfield, Fox, 322
Byrd, Harry F., 205
Byrd, Robert, 285
Byrne, Jane, 354
Byrnes, James F., 133
Califano, Joe, 297
Campbell, Marion B., 102–3
Camp Robert Smalls, 58–59
Canady, Hortense, 368
Capital Press Club, 110–11, 127–28, 171, 274–76, 323, 365–66, 377
Carmichael, Stokely, 277, 280, 281
Carr, Waggoner, 249–50
Carter, Eugene W., 189, 190
Carter, Jimmy, 332–33, 339, 341, 342, 361
Cartwright, Marquerite, 153, 154, 156
CBS, 51, 109, 125, 199, 313–14, 329–30, 336, 364
Celler, Emanuel, 5
Census Bureau, 338, 350
Central High School, Little Rock, Ark., 209–10, 212–15, 361
Chavez, Linda, 362
Cheney, Richard, 331
Chicago, Ill., 9–10; crime in, 326–27; Depression and, 28–29, 31–32, 121; first black mayor of, 354; West Englewood, 10, 12, 13, 15
Chicago, Ill., African Americans in, 20–21, 28, 32, 55–56, 86, 88–90; employment and, 40, 43, 89–90; health care and, 88–89; housing and, 42, 88; orphans and, 93–97; race riot of 1919 and, 17–20
Chicago Defender, 3–4, 21–23, 28, 32, 36, 40–43, 46, 50, 54, 57, 63, 68, 71, 85–87, 89–92, 93–97, 98–106, 111, 117, 125, 131, 138, 145, 170, 172, 179, 182, 187, 192, 194, 208, 217, 222, 229, 238, 240, 274, 297, 301–2, 308, 310, 315, 323, 333, 337, 338, 358, 360, 364, 371, 388; articles on Japanese women and soldiers published in, 73–78, 87–88; Bandung Conference and, 150, 156–57, 168; as daily paper, 177; Dowling story and, 141–43; Payne hired by, 77–78, 81, 85–87; Payne hired for Vietnam reportage by, 251, 255, 258; Payne’s leaving of, 223–25, 226, 251, 300, 335, 336; Payne made Washington correspondent for, 106, 107–18; Payne’s return as Washington correspondent, 273–74; requests to bring Payne back to Chicago office, 223–25, 226, 300–301, 324–25, 333–34; Till and, 174; Vietnam War and, 251, 255, 256, 258
Chicago Public Library Training School, 38–39, 86
Chicago Training School for City, Home, and Foreign Missions, 36–38
Chicago Tribune, 3, 23, 43, 46, 85, 229, 326, 340, 341
Childs, Marquis, 153
China, 153; Africa and, 319–20; Bandung Conference and, 161, 162; Nixon in, 317, 322; Payne in, 317–22, 333
Chisholm, Shirley, 248, 302, 357, 365
Christian, James M., 385, 386
Church, Frank, 208
Churchill, Winston, 306–8
CIA, 154–56, 164
CIO, 147, 182, 219, 226
civil rights movement, 2–3, 98–101, 120–21, 126, 138, 141, 149, 166, 172, 177, 180, 187–88, 191, 193, 200–201, 204–5, 208, 210, 218, 233, 239–41, 243, 272, 290, 296–97, 384; Civil Rights Act of 1957, 203, 204–8, 217, 230–31, 234, 243, 244, 295; Civil Rights Act of 1964, 1–2, 4–5, 243–45, 247, 257, 278, 296; Eisenhower and, 102, 126–28, 133–34, 140, 144–46, 171–73, 203, 208, 212–15, 220–21; international dimension of, 200, 304, 363; Interracial Commission and, 51, 52–55, 57; Kennedy and, 205–6, 208, 233–34, 239, 243–44, 295; lack of knowledge about, 388–89; leadership of, 182–84, 277, 279; March on Washington and, 239–43, 290; March on Washington Movement and, 2, 41–51, 54, 56, 181, 191, 201, 202, 232, 239–42, 282, 291; Mellon Auditorium assembly and, 187–88; Montgomery bus boycott and, 2, 50, 177, 179–80, 181–84, 188–91; Nixon and, 198–200, 202–3, 220, 295; Payne’s “South at the Crossroads” series and, 191–92; Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom and, 201, 202, 241; Selma to Montgomery marches, 245–47; voting rights and, 204, 205, 217–18, 242, 245, 247; Voting Rights Act of 1965, 247, 257, 278, 296, 297; white press and, 361; see also segregation and integration
Civil Service Commission, 55
Claiborne, William, 369
Clark, Kenneth and Mamie, 131
Clark, Ramsey, 310
Clift, Eleanor, 366
Clift, Woodbury, 366
Cohn, Roy, 123
Coleman, Frankie, 211
Coleman, Martha, 339
Coleman, Milton, 357–60
Coliseum Meeting, 43–47
Collier-Thomas, Bettye, 372–73
Collins, Cardiss, 327–28
Color Curtain, The (Wright), 195–96
communism, 49, 100, 119, 121, 154, 156, 164, 276, 316; McCarthy and, 121–25, 133, 134
Congress for Cultural Freedom, 155–56
Congressional Black Caucus, 301, 374–75
Congressional Black Caucus Foundation, 372
Connally, John, 249
Constitution, 4, 100, 130, 245; Twenty-Fourth Amendment to, 249
Conyers, John, Jr., 288–89
Cooke, Janet, 358–59
COPE, 226–27, 236
Copernicus Elementary School, 15–16, 23
Cosby, Bill, 366
Council on Foundations, 381
Cousins, Norman, 163, 168
Cowles, John, Sr., 155
Crane Junior College, 30–31, 35–36, 157
crime, 327; in Chicago, 326–28
Crisis, 32, 54, 99, 327
Crusade for Freedom, 156
Currie, Kathleen, 370, 389
Daily Worker, 123, 124, 160
Daley, Richard M., 354
Darion, Joe, 311
Davis, Belva, 314
Davis, Ben
jamin O., Jr., 256, 271
Davis, Herman “Skip,” 230, 372
Davis, Jefferson, 189, 194
Davis, John, 129
Davis, Marquerite, 64, 65
Dawkins, Wayne J., 387
Dawson, William, 99, 120, 234
DeLaine, Joseph A., 183
Delaney, Paul, 354
Dellums, Ron, 322–23, 385
Delta Sigma Theta, 325, 327, 337, 351–52, 365, 368, 369, 379, 385
Democratic National Committee, 232, 233, 235–37, 240, 242, 247–49, 257
Democratic National Conventions: of 1952, 98–101, 244; of 1956, 193; of 1960, 234; of 1968, 295–96; of 1972, 302–3
Democratic Party, 2, 98, 99, 111, 120, 187–88, 191, 194–95, 203, 204, 208, 210, 232, 234, 236, 242–43, 245, 248–50, 302, 375
Denniston, Arabella, 233
Depression, 27–29, 31–32, 39, 40, 121
Dewey, John, 23
Dewey, Thomas, 146
Diggs, Charles, Jr., 174, 188, 312
Dirksen, Everett, 5, 247
Dixon, Margaret, 24–26, 39
Dobrynin, Anatoly, 273
Douglass, Frederick, 353, 370, 380
Dowling, James E., 141–43
“Driftwood” (Payne), 32–34
Du Bois, W. E. B., 35, 86, 163, 182, 197
Dukakis, Michael, 375–76
Dukes, Ofield, 300, 324
Dulles, Allen, 155
Dulles, John Foster, 153, 191
Dumas, Joseph, 379
Dunbar, Paul Laurence, 13–14
Dunnigan, Alice, 112–14, 133, 138, 139, 145–46, 344
Dymally, Mervyn, 375
Eastland, James, 176, 192, 194, 205
Ebony, 230, 312, 329
Eckford, Elizabeth, 209, 211, 214
Edelman, Marian Wright, 374
Eye on the Struggle Page 43