The Coming Plague

by Laurie Garrett

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)

  National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health

  National Institutes of Health (NIH); and AIDS; and antibiotic resistance; Frederick Laboratory; and hantaviruses; and Machupo; and malaria; and tuberculosis

  National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine

  National Library of Medicine

  National Science Foundation

  National Swine Flu Immunization Program of 1976

  Native Americans, see Amerindians

  Ntural Resources Defense Council

  Nature

  Navajos

  Navarro, Rose

  Navy, U.S.; Medical Research Unit

  Ne Win

  Nebraska, University of

  NEC Corporation

  Neild, Guy

  Neisseria: N. gonorrhoeae; N. meningitides

  neomycin

  Neotoma albigula

  Nepal, malaria in

  Netherlands: hantaviruses in; morbilliviruses in; plague in

  Netter, Tom

  Neu, Harold

  neuraminidase

  Neustadt, Richard A.

  nevrapine

  New Caledonia

  New England Journal of Medicine

  New England Medical Center

  New England Regional Primate Center

  New Hampshire, University of

  New Jersey Medical School

  New Jersey State Health Department

  New Mexico, University of

  New Mexico Department of Health

  New Mexico State University

  New York Academy of Medicine

  New York City Health Department

  New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation

  New York City Police Department

  New York Native

  New York Post

  New York State Department of Health

  New York Times, The

  New Zealand; sexually transmitted diseases in; Toxic Shock Syndrome in

  Ngaly Bosenge

  Ngoi Mushola

  Ngwété Kikhela.

  Nicaragua, tuberculosis in

  Nichol, Stuart

  nickel carbonyl

  Nielsen, Godske

  Nieuwenhove. Simon van

  Nigeria; AIDS in; Lassa fever in; sexually transmitted diseases in; yellow fever in

  Nimeiri. Jaafar

  Nixon, Richard M.

  Njelesani, Evaristo

  Noble, Gary.

  Nolte, Kurt

  norfloxacin

  North Carolina State Laboratory

  Norwalk virus

  Norway

  Ntaryamira, Cyprien

  Nussenzweig, Ruth

  Nyamuryekunge, Clint

  Nyerere, Julius

  Nzila Nzilambi

  Obote, Milton

  O’Brien, Thomas

  OB tampons

  ocean pollution

  Office of Management and Budget (OMB)

  Ohio University College of Medicine

  Okeyo, Mboya

  Oleske, James

  Olik, Pacifico

  Oliveira Bastos, Carlos de

  Omombo

  Omsk hemorrhagic fever

  Onchocerca volvulus

  onchocerciasis

  oncogenes

  operons

  opium

  Organization of African Unity

  organochlorines

  organ transplants

  Oropouche

  Osborn, June

  Osterholm, Michael

  otitis medea

  Over, Mead

  Oxfam

  Oxford University

  ozone layer, depletion of

  Paintal, A. S.

  Pakistan; antibiotic resistance in

  Palese, Peter

  Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)

  Pan American Sanitary Conference

  Panama; malaria in; yellow fever in

  Pangu Kaza Asila

  Panos Institute

  Papua New Guinea; Institute of Medical Research; malaria in

  paramyxovirus simian virus

  parasites; drugs for; see also specific diseases

  parasitology

  Parke-Davis

  Parmenter, Robert

  Parodi, A. S.

  Pasteur, Louis

  Pasteur Institute

  Pattyn, Stefan

  Paul Ehrlich Institute

  Peace Corps

  pediculosis

  Peloponnesian War

  pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

  penicillin; resistance to

  Penicillinase–Producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG)

  Pennsylvania Department of Health

  pentamidine

  Peromyscus; P. leucopus; P. manicu-Latus

  Persian Gulf war

  pertussis

  Peru: AIDS in; cholera in; cocaine production in; deforestation in

  Peter, Georges

  Peters, C. J.

  Pfeiffer, Gerd

  phagocytic cells

  pharmaceutical industry

  Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association

  pheromones

  Philippines; AIDS in; dengue hemorrhagic fever in; malaria in; research animals from; sexually transmitted diseases in; volcano eruptions in

  Phillips, Howard

  Phoca sibirica

  phocine distemper virus (PDV)

  Phocoena phocoena

  phosgene

  phosphene

  phosphorylation

  Pinatubo, Mount

  Pinching, Anthony

  Pine, Seymour

  Pinheiro, Francisco

  Pinneo, Lily (“Penny”)

  Piot, Margarethe

  Piot, Peter

  Pittsburgh, University of

  plague; see also bubonic plague; pneumonic plague

  Planned Parenthood

  plasmids

  Plasmodium: P. falciparum; P. vivax

  Platt, Eileen

  Platt, Geoffrey

  Playtex tampons

  Pneumococcus

  Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)

  pneumonia; pediatric; see also Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)

  pneumonic plague

  Podhista, Chai

  Pokrovsky, Vadim

  Pokrovsky, Valentin

  Pol Pot

  Poland; heroin in

  polio; vaccine, AIDS viruses in

  pollution

  polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

  polymerase

  polymerase chain reactions (PCR)

  population growth

  porpoise morbillivirus (PMV)

  Post, Jan

  poverty; refugee; tuberculosis and; in United States

  primaquine

  Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine

  Principe

  Procter & Gamble

  Profit, Mrs.

  proguanil

  Project SIDA

  ProMED

  Prospect Hill virus

  prostitution AIDS and ; drug use and

  Proteus

  Pseudomonas

  Ptychodiscus brevis

  Public Health Service, U.S.

  Puerto Rico: AIDS in; yellow fever in

  Purtilo, David

  Puumala virus

  Pygmies

  pyrimethamine

  pyrogenic exotoxin

  Q fever

  qinghaosu

  quinidine

  quinine

  Quinn, Sandra Crouse

  Quinn, Thomas

  quinolone antibiotics

  rabies

  radon

  Raffier, Gilbert

  Rahman, Sheik Mujibur

  rain forests, destruction of

  Rask, Margrethe

  Rattus: R. norvegicus; R. rattus

  Rauscher mouse leukemia virus

  Reagan, Ronald

  recombination, genetic


  Reed, Walter

  Reeves, Bill

  refugees

  Reichman, Lee

  Rely tampons

  replicase

  Republican Party

  respiratory syncytial virus

  restriction enzymes

  retinitis, CMV

  retroviruses; African; recombination of; simian; T-lymphotropic

  reverse transcriptase

  Revlon Cosmetics Corporation

  R Factors

  rheumatic fever

  Rhodesia; Marburg virus in; see also Zimbabwe

  ribavirin

  ribonucleic acid, see RNA

  ribozymes

  Richmond, Julius

  rickettsia

  rifampin

  Rift Valley fever

  rinderpest virus

  Risque, Nancy

  “Rivet Hypothesis” of diversity

  river blindness

  RNAAIDS and; of Ebola virus; of hantaviruses; of influenza virus; of Lassa virus; of Marburg virus

  Robertson, Pat

  Rockefeller Foundation; Laboratories; Virus Program

  Rockefeller Institute

  Rockefeller University

  Rogers, Martha

  Roisin, Alain

  Roman, Juan

  Romana, Sister

  Roman Empire; smallpox in

  Romania; AIDS in; antibiotic resistance in

  Roper, William

  Rosenberg, Barbara

  Rosenberg, David

  Rouillon, Annik

  roundworms

  Rous sarcoma

  Royal Society of Medicine

  Rozeboom, Lloyd

  Rozenbaum, Willy

  rubella

  Rubinstein, Arye

  Ruppol, Jean-François

  Rush, Benjamin

  Russell, Paul

  Russell, Gen. Philip

  Russia; hantaviruses in; snowshoe hare virus in; see also Soviet Union

  Rutayuge (Tanzanian hospital administrator) Rwanda; AIDS in; civil war in; malaria in

  Sabatier, Renée

  Sabin, Albert

  Sagabiel, Stephanie

  SAIDS (simian AIDS)

  Saimiri sciureus

  St. Louis encephalitis

  St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School

  St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute

  Salk, Jonas

  Salmonella; S. newport

  Sande, Merle

  sandflies

  San Francisco AIDS Foundation

  San Francisco Chronicle

  San Francisco Health Department

  Santos, Theotonio dos

  Sao Tome

  SatelLife

  Saudi Arabia, sexually transmitted diseases in

  Sauerwald, Egon

  scabies acariasis roundwonns

  scarlet fever

  schistosomiasis

  Schleissman, Donald

  Schlievert, Patrick

  Schmaljohn, Connie

  Schmid, George

  Schoolnick, Gary

  Schweiker, Richard

  Scotland, morbilliviruses in

  scrapie disease

  Scripps Research Institute

  Seale, John

  Segal, Jacob

  Selassie, Haile

  Senate, U.S.; Consumer Protection Subcommittee; Health Subcommittee

  Sencer, David

  Senegal; antibiotic resistance in; ascariasis in; HIV-2 in; measles in; Rift Valley fever in; yellow fever in

  Sennar Dam (Sudan)

  septicemia

  Serbs

  Serratia; S. marcescens

  Sevilleta Long Term Ecological Research survey

  Sewell, C. Mack

  sexual conjugation

  sexuallay transmitted diseases (STDs); drug resistant; see also specific diseases

  Seyfarth-Hermann, Hans

  Shalala, Donna

  Shands, Kathryn

  Sharma, V. P.

  Shaw, Charlotte

  Sheffield, University of, Medical School

  Shepard, Charles (“Shep”)

  Sherman, Kenneth

  Shigella; S. dysenteriae; S. flexneri

  Shilts, Randy

  shingles

  Shope, Richard

  Shunkutu, M. R.

  “sick building syndrome,”

  sickle-cell anemia

  Siegal, Frederick

  Siegert, Rudolf

  Sierra Leone; Lassa fever in

  Silverman, Mervyn

  Silverstein, Arthur

  simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)

  simian retrovirus (SRV)

  simian sarcoma-associated viruses (SSAVs)

  simian T-lymphotropic virus (STLV)

  Simpson, David

  Singapore: AIDS in; malaria in

  Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence

  Sisters of the Holy Heart of Maria

  Sisters of the Holy Rosary

  skin cancer

  Skole, David

  Slate, Hal

  Slater, A. J.

  sleeping sickness

  “slim disease,”

  smallpox

  Smith, David

  Smith, Wilson

  Smithsonian Institution; Natural History Museum; Tropical Research Institute

  Snow, John

  snowshoe hare virus

  Solidarity

  Solomon Islands, malaria in

  Somalia; smallpox eradication in

  Sonnabend, Joseph

  Soper, Fred

  Sorbonne

  South Africa; AIDS in; antibiotic resistance in; ascariasis in; Institute for Medical Research; Lassa fever in; malaria in; Marburg disease in; organ transplants in; sexually transmitted diseases in; Toxic Shock Syndrome in; tuberculosis in

  South Wales, University of

  Southwest Africa

  Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research

  Soviet Union; Africa and; AIDS in; biological warfare research in;’ Hantaan disease in; hemorrhagic diseases in; and Lassa research; morbillivirus in; nonmilitary foreign aid policies of; and smallpox eradication campaign

  Soyinka, F.

  Spain: AIDS in; antibiotic resistance in; conquest of Mexico by; influenza in; malaria in; morbilliviruses in; syphilis in

  spectinomycin

  Spielman, Andrew

  spirochetes

  sporulation

  src

  Sri Lanka; dengue hemorrhagic fever in; malaria in

  Stalin, Joseph

  Stall, Mortimer

  Stanford University

  Staphylococcus; methicillin-resistant (MRSA); S. aureus

  State Department, U.S.

  Steere, Allen

  Steigbeigel, Neil

  Stenella coeruleoalba

  Stevens, Franklin

  Stewart, William H.

  “sticky sera,”

  Stockman, David

  Stone, I. F.

  Stonewall Riots

  Straus, Stephen

  Strauss, Jim and Ellen

  Strecker, Robert

  Streptococcus; S. pneumoniae

  streptomycin

  Stuart-Harris, Charles

  Styblo, Karel

  Sudan; Ebola virus in; Interior Mission (SIM); Lassa fever in; leishmaniasis in; Rift Valley fever in; schistosomiasis in; smallpox eradication in; yellow fever in

  Sukato Manzomba

  sulfadoxine

  sulfamethoxazole

  sulfisoxazole

  sulfonamides

  sulfur drugs

  Sumer, ancient

  Summit of the Nonaligned Movement

  Sunderman, William F. Jr.

  Sureau, Pierre

  Surinam

  Surui Indians

  SV40

  Svahn, Jack

  SWAPO (South-West Africa People’s Organization)

  Swaziland: AIDS in; malaria in

  Sweden: hantaviruses in; morbilliviruses in; Toxi
c Shock Syndrome in

  Sweet, Bob

  sweet wormwood

  Swine Flu

  Switzerland, antibiotic resistance in

  Syngyna absorbency assay

  syphilis

  Syria

  Tacaribe virus

  Taenia solium

  Tahyna virus

  Tajikistan

  Takatsuki, Kiyoshi

  Tampax Incorporated

  tampons

  Tanzania; AIDS in; GNP per capita in; health-care policy in; malaria in; Rwandan refugees in; schistosomiasis in; tuberculosis in

  tapeworms

  Tarantola, Daniel

  Tass news agency

  Taunay, Augusto

  T cells; in AIDS; in animal research; LAV and; in malaria; in Toxic Shock Syndrome

  Teklehaimont, Awash

  Temin, Howard

  Tempest, Bruce

  Tester, Patricia

  tetanus; neonatal

  tetracyclin

  Thailand; AIDS in; cholera in; dengue hemorrhagic fever in; malaria in; sexually transmitted diseases in

  Thatcher, Margaret

  T-helper cells

  thiacetazone

  Thomas, Stephen

  3-thiacytidine (3TC)

  thrush

  thymidine kinase

  Tkimalenka, Justhe

  tobacco

  Todaro, George

  Today contraceptive vaginal sponge

  Todd, James

  Togo, onchocerciasis in

  Tokyo Cancer Institute

  Tolbert, William R. Jr.

  Tomasevski, Katarina

  Tomasz, Alexander

  Touré, Sekou

  Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)

  Toxic Shock-Like Syndrome (TSLS)

  toxoplasmosis

  transcriptase

  transposons

  “trench nephritis,”

  Treponema pallidum

  trimethoprim

  Trinidad

  Tropeninstitut (German Tropical Disease Institute)

  Troup, Jeannette

  Trud (newspaper)

  Trypanosoma

  trypanosomiasis

  tryptophan

  Tsetse flies

  T-suppressor cells

  tuberculosis, AIDS and; drug-resistant; heroin use and

  Tucker, Compton

  Tufts University; School of Medicine

  Tulane University; Medical School

  tularemia

  Tunisia

  Turkana people

  Turkey: heroin in; plague in

  typhoid fever

  typhus

  Uganda; AIDS in; antibiotic resistance in; cancer in; expulsion of Asians from; malaria in; Marburg virus in; Rwandan refugees in; sexually transmitted diseases in

  Ugawa

  ultraviolet radiation

  UNICEF

  United Kingdom; AIDS in; antibiotic resistance in; cholera in; colonialism of; influenza in; Legionnaires’ Disease in; leprosy in; plague in; sexually transmitted diseases in

  United Nations; Children’s Fund; Development Program; Economic Council; Food and Agricultural Organization; General Assembly; Office for Emergency Operations in Africa; Population Fund; and Rwanda; Security Council

  United States; AIDS in; air travel in; antibiotic resistance in; biological warfare research in; cholera in; cysticercosis in; dengue hemorrhagic fever in; disease eradication in; Ebola virus in; emergency response capacities of expenditure on drugs in; gay rights movement in.GNP per capita in; hantaviruses in; health care expenditures in; heroin use in; HTLV in; injecting drug users in; Legionnaires’ Disease in, see Legionnaires’ Disease; malaria in; morbilliviruses in; organ transplants in; in Persian Gulf War; public health in; sexually transmitted diseases in; Soviet Union and; subsidies for medical students in; Swine Flu in, see Swine Flu; tampon use in; Toxic Shock Syndrome in; tuberculosis in; water-borne bacteria in; yellow fever in; see also specific government agencies