Climb to Conquer
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spying and sabotage in U.S. by, 11
territorial ambitions, invasions, and occupations of, 9, 12, 18, 24, 26, 27–28, 80, 91–92, 106
U.S. fears of attack by, 11–13
Gerow, L. S., 25
Glen Canyon (Colo.), 242
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 199
Goodman, Don, 233
Good Times and Bad Times, 129
Gothic Line, 119, 120
Grand Canyon, 242
Grand Teton National Park, 244–45
Grant, 70–71, 117
Great Britain:
in North American wars, 3, 12
in World War II, 12, 27–28, 106
Greece, Italian invasion of, 24–25, 28
Green Mountains, 7, 179
Gronberg, Albert, 96
Grossglockner, 221, 223
Guadalcanal, 56
Gustav Line, 92, 119
Gypsies, 91
Hackett, Bill, 100
Hagemeister, Hans, 233
Half Dome (Yosemite), 128
Hall, Sigurd, 42
Hampton, Chuck, 84, 85, 86, 90, 97, 98, 101–2
Hampton, Henry, 141
Hannibal, 62
Harrer, Heinrich, 88
Harriman, Averell, 33
Hastings, Merrill, 231
Hauser, Hans, 34, 48
Haute Route, American, 249–51
Hay, John, 210
Hays, George Price, 114–16, 125–27, 128, 129, 135, 144, 151, 158, 169–70, 174, 184–85, 188–89, 190, 197, 201, 213, 216, 217, 253
Healy, Leo, 88, 221
Herculaneum, 121
Heron, Robert, 139, 234
High Conquest: The Story of Mountaineering (Ullman), 221
Highway 64, 158, 177
Hill 815, 181
Hill 889, 181
Hill 890, 181
Hill 903, 181, 182
Hill 909, 181–82
Hill 913, 181, 182–83
Hill 915, 181
Hindeman, Karl, 21
Hiroshima, atomic bombing of, 224
Hitler, Adolf, 9, 10, 12, 28, 34, 80, 91, 92
Final Redoubt threat and, 173, 174, 190–91, 203, 208
German infrastructure destruction called for by, 92, 193–94
suicide of, 208
Holland, Nazi occupation of, 18
Holy Cross Wilderness (Colo.), American Haute Route in, 249–51
Hotel Jerome (Aspen, Colo.), 101–2
“How to Kill a Wilderness” (Brower), 240–41
Hurt, George, 190
hypothermia, 99
I Love a Soldier, 50
International Federation of Mountain Soldiers (IFMS), 253–54
Italy:
“parallel war” strategy of, 24–25, 28
surrender of, 80, 92, 120, 174, 208–10
10th Mountain campaigns in, see Craftsman, Operation; Encore, Operation; Garda Lake, 10th Mountain campaign on
Tripartite Pact and, 18
Iwo Jima, Marine landing on, 141–42
Jackman, Albert, 39, 40
Jackson Hole, Wyo., 99, 244
Jaegers, 4–5, 13, 15, 18, 39, 64
James, William, 86
Japan:
in Aleutians, 56, 57, 58, 69–79
Allied invasion planned for, 218, 223–24
American bombing of, 106, 141–42, 224
Battle of Midway and, 57–58
in Battle of Okinawa, 193, 194, 218
expansionism of, 18, 29
Pearl Harbor attacked by, 2, 8, 25, 34, 57, 66
in Philippines, 29, 194
surrender of, 224
Jay, John, 18, 31, 35, 36, 39, 40, 49, 51–54, 85, 97–98, 100, 101, 157
postwar career of, 250–51
ski films of, 51, 53–54, 100, 252
Jennings, Dev, 31, 231
Jennings, John, 1–6, 125, 153–54, 166–67, 172–73, 177, 187, 194–95, 209, 215, 219, 221, 233–34
Jerome Hotel (Aspen), 101–2, 228
Jews, Nazi genocidal policies and, 91, 194, 218
John B. Floyd, 80–81
Johnny Seesaw’s, 7, 8
Johnson, Byron, 223
Johnson, Elmer Wallace, 46–47
Johnson, Floyd G., 46–47
Johnson, Richard, 149
Jones, Lloyd, 114
judo, 67–68
K2, 99, 101
Keegan, John, 87, 214
Kennerly, Dan, 129, 144, 147–48, 151
Kennett, James, 194–95
Kesselring, Albert, 92, 119–20, 166, 174
Kiska:
appearance of, 72, 74
Japanese forces evacuated from, 79
Japanese garrisoned on Attu and, 56, 57, 58, 69–79
Kiska, recapture of, 65–82, 189
American bombing prior to, 72, 73, 78
bad weather as obstacle in, 73, 74–76
casualties in, 72, 73, 76–77, 81
Japanese tunnel systems in, 78–79, 81
passwords used in, 75
retreat after, 79–81
salmon feast at, 78
task force in, 71, 72
Knight, Phil, 247–48
Knowlton, Steve, 31, 80, 216–17, 230–31, 249
Koch, Howard, 135–36
Kuril Islands, 43, 81
Kyushu, Japan, planned Allied attack on, 218, 224
La Ca, Italy, 131, 137
Ladd, Alan, 49–50
Lafferty, Paul, 21, 24, 31
Lafferty, Ralph, 256
Landsberg, Germany, 203
Lang, Otto, 18, 30, 48–50, 66
Langley, Roger, 8, 13–14, 15, 22
Leadville, Colo., 55, 102, 245
Leonard, Dick, 243
Life, 52
“Lili Marlene”, German-American sing-along, 182–83
“limited offensive,” 158–63
casualties in, 159, 161–62, 231
German artillery in, 159–63
prisoners taken in, 166
Punchboard Hill in, 159–63
strategy of, 158–59
LI Mountain Corps, German, 121
Lindley, Alfred, 22
Litchfield, Johnny, 49, 226, 227, 228, 254
Livermore, Robert, Jr., 8, 30, 31
Livorno, Italy, U.S. military hospital in, 165–66
Longmire Lodge, 30
Loose, James, 134, 135, 140–41
Loudon, Harold, 47
Lovett, Bud, 4–5
Low Down, 175
Luce, Clare Boothe, 169
Luftwaffe, 121, 180
in Battle of Britain, 27–28
Lunday, Phil, 169, 237–38
MacArthur, Douglas, 91, 194, 218
McClure, Worth, 137
McCown, John, 136–37
MacKenzie, Mac, 152
McLane, Charles, 25, 36
Magnifico, Mike, 227, 231
Magrath, John, 181–82
Malandrone Pass, 160, 161
Malcesine, 199, 200, 202, 208
Mancinello-Campiano Ridge, see Riva Ridge
Mangart, Mount, MTG ski race on, 220
Manual of Ski Mountaineering (Brower, ed.), 23–24, 46, 84, 250
Marine Fox, 224
marketing, for 10th Mountain recruitment, 51–54
Marshall, George C., 15, 19–20, 25, 71, 107–8, 116
Matt, Toni, 33, 82
Matterhorn (Monte Cervino), 221–22
Mauldin, Bill, 163, 186
media, 48–54
Midway, Battle of, 57–58
Milan, Italy, 204
Miller, Frank, 154
mines, minefields, 81, 122–23, 147–48, 179–80
“Minnie’s Ski Troops”, see 87th Mountain Infantry Regiment, U.S.; 10th Mountain Division, U.S.
Monsen, Rolf, 20
Monte Belvedere, 1–2, 121
in Operation Encore, see Monte Gorgolesco, capture of; Riva Ridge, taking of
strategic importance of, 121
Monte Cape
l Buso, 126, 136, 139
Monte Cassino, Battle of, 119, 217
Montecatini, Italy, Allied rest center in, 166, 167, 168, 169
Monte della Torraccia, capture of, 153, 156, 158, 171, 181
Monte Gorgolesco, capture of, 144–53
casualties in, 147–48, 149, 150, 151–52, 155, 156, 168, 181
earlier Allied attempts at, 121, 145
fear in, 153–54
German counterattacks in, 146–47, 149–53, 154, 155
guns in, 144, 145, 146, 150–51
minefields in, 147–48, 155
prisoners in, 152, 155, 156–57
Monte Mancinello, 126, 135
Monte Serrasiccia, 126, 132, 134, 135, 136, 253
Monte Terminale, 158
Morgan, John E. P., 19
Morrell, Nate, 85, 118
Mountain and Winter Warfare Board, 89, 233
mountaineers, mountaineering:
in golden age of alpinism, 52
nylon rope and, 88–89, 127–28, 243
as sport imitating war, 87, 128, 214–15
of 10th Mountain in Alps and Dolomites, 218–24
traditional vs. “extreme,” 86–87
wilderness lands invaded through, 243–44
Mountain Fighters, 50
Mountainfilm Festival (Telluride, Colo.), 237
Mountain Training Group (MTG), 4, 5, 34, 35, 50, 62, 64, 67, 83–86, 87–88, 93, 136, 220
Aspen hike of, 97–104
detached assignments of, 95–97, 100–101
dissolution of, 108, 109
rank in, 5, 64
Mount Moran, 244
movies, 48–52, 53–54
Muir, John, 20, 241
mules, 35, 59, 62, 104, 108, 138, 155, 183
Mussolini, Benito, 24, 28, 80, 120, 124, 199, 203–4, 206
Naples, Bay of, 121
Naples, Italy, 121–22
National Outdoor Leadership School, 239, 246
National Park Service, 30, 37–38, 53
National Ski Areas Association, 230
National Ski Association (NSA), 8, 13
services of, offered to War Department, 13, 19
Voluntary Winter Defense Committee of, 22–24
National Ski Patrol System (NSPS), 8, 20
membership of, 15, 66
origin of, 14–15
10th Mountain recruitment and, 46–48, 53, 54, 104
War Department offered services of, 15, 19–20
Nazi Spies in America (Turrou), 11
Nelson, Morley, 252
New Guinea, in World War II, 91
newsmagazines, available to overseas servicemen, 168–69
New Yorker, 25–26
New York Times, 229
Nice Goin’: My Life on Skis (Pfeifer), 103, 227
Nike, founding of, 247–48
90th Panzer Division, German, 179, 183–84
91st Infantry Division, U.S., 171, 178
92nd Infantry Division, U.S. (Buffalo Division), 121, 172, 176
94th Panzer Division, German, 179, 184
“Ninety Pounds of Rucksack,” 36–37
Nitze, Paul, 228
Normandy invasion, see D-Day
North Apennines and Beyond (Dusenbery), 208, 218
North Pacific Combat School (NPCS), 82
Norway, 18, 19, 32, 42, 43, 106
Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 174
Officer Candidate School (OCS), 110
Okinawa, Battle of, 193, 194, 218
Olympic, Operation, 218
Olympic Mountains, Army ski patrol exercises at, 21
Olympics, Winter, 8, 20, 30, 230–31
126th Engineer Battalion, U.S., 148, 169, 200, 249
aerial tramways built by, 138–40, 234
Po River crossing and, 189, 190
“Oola and Sven,” 93–94
Ord, Fort, 67–70
Overlord, Operation, 43, 91, 106, 109, 115
over-the-snow vehicles, 95
P-47 dive-bombers, 180
Pacific Command, Aleutian Task Force 9 of, 71
Paepcke, Elizabeth, 227, 228, 229
Paepcke, Walter, Aspen development and, 227–29
Pando, Colo., 45
Pando hack, 55, 86
Paradise Lodge, 30, 37–38, 52, 66
Parker, Bob, 59–61, 63, 77–78, 81, 85, 92–93, 95, 102, 104, 110, 111, 124–25, 144, 157, 160–62, 165–72, 174, 183, 187, 199, 207, 209, 215–16, 221, 229–30, 237, 238, 239
postwar career of, 231–32, 239, 250, 254
Parker, Jacques, 132, 134, 135, 136, 137–38, 213–14
postwar career of, 239
Patton, George, 173
Pearl Harbor attack, 2, 8, 25, 34, 57, 66
Peckett’s-on-Sugar-Hill (N.H.), 16, 66
Pennsylvania, 72
Peregrine Fund, 252
Perrault, Joe, 231
Petacci, Clara, 203, 204
Petzoldt, Paul, 64, 109, 110, 237, 239
in MTG Aspen hike, 98–100
postwar career of, 244–46
Pfeifer, Friedl, 33–34, 36, 64, 66, 85, 89, 103–4, 182, 183, 225–29, 230, 234, 239, 248, 249, 254
Philippines, 29, 194
physical fitness, national craze for, 247
Piccola Cima, 222
Pierpont, John, 168, 169–70, 209
Pieve, Italy, 123
Pingree, Stanley, 47
Pisa, Italy, 122
Pius XII, Pope, 167
Pizzo di Campiano, 126, 136
Plattsburgh, Battle of, 3, 12
Poland:
blitzkrieg and, 9, 12, 13
Nazi-Soviet partitioning of, 9
Pompeii, 121
Po River, 185, 188–90
Po River Valley, 119, 120, 158, 166, 176, 177–78, 184, 185, 218, 219–20
Poschman, Harry, 61–62, 63, 64, 65–77, 80–81, 85, 93, 106, 109, 117–18, 132, 144–45, 146–51, 154, 156, 157, 158, 162–64, 167–68, 169–70, 172, 178, 180, 191, 195–97, 208–9, 220, 223, 238–39, 243
postwar career of, 234
Prager, Walter, 18, 32–33, 49, 64, 85, 220, 231
Professional Ski Instructors of America, 230
propaganda:
German, 123, 171, 175, 216
U.S., 175–76
Punchboard Hill, 159–60
PW passports, 175–76
Quick, Horace, 82
Rainier, Mount:
Army ski patrol exercises at, 21
87th Mountain Infantry Regiment based at, 29–42, 48, 52, 53, 66
mountaineering and skiing on, 29–30, 38–42
Rangers, U.S., 73
rapelling, off hotel walls, 102, 113
raptors, 252
Rear Echelon Crows, soldiers’ disdain for, 170
recreation, outdoor, postwar boom in, 238, 250
Remount Blue (Brower), 143, 180–81, 200–201, 214
Resia Pass (Passio di Resia), 210
Rideout, Percy, 226, 227, 228
Riva, 206, 207, 208
Riva Ridge, 128, 171
appearance of, 126
German observation position on, 126, 127, 133
Riva Ridge, taking of, 125–42, 184, 214
American defensive positions set up in, 135
battalion headquarters in, 131, 135
battle in, 136–41
casualties in, 136, 137, 141, 181
as censored news story, 142
communications in, 135, 136
evacuation of wounded in, 138–39
Hays’s charge to troops in, 129, 151
initial German encounters in, 134–35
intensive training for, 128
prisoners in, 137–38, 141
reenactment on 50th anniversary of, 253–54
resupply in, 138–40, 234
routes fixed prior to, 127–28, 132, 134, 135, 136, 139
significance of, 141
staging area for, 131–32
troop fears and, 132
troop vulnerability in, 132–33
weather conditions in, 133–34
Robinson, Bestor, 18, 22, 23–24, 46, 60, 86–87
Rocca Roffeno, 181
Roch, André, 97, 103
Roch Run, in Aspen, Colo., 97, 102–3, 226, 228–29
Rogg, Hans, 232
Rolfe, Onslow S., “Pinkie,” 30–31, 35, 39
Romania, Nazi occupation of, 18
Rome, in World War II, 119, 120, 163, 167–68
Rommel, Erwin, 80
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 15, 17, 91
death of, 177
in secret end-of-war negotiations, 174
ropes, nylon, 88–89, 127–28, 133, 243
rope tows, 16–17, 226
Royal Air Force (RAF):
in Battle of Britain, 27–28
Germany bombed by, 56
Royal Canadian Army, Pacific Command of, 71
Ruffner, David, 62, 63, 208, 252
running movement, U.S., 247
Rybizka, Benno, 18
St. Anton, 48, 50, 103, 226
Saint-Germain, Treaty of (1919), 199
San Benedetto Po, 10th Mountain march to, 185–88
San Diego Ski Club, 66
San Gorgonio Mountain (Calif.), conservation of, 243
Sardy, Tom, 226
Saturday Evening Post, 52, 82
Schneider, Hannes, 17, 18, 50
Schuh mines, 148
Scrambles amongst the Alps: 1860–69 (Whymper), 52
Sea Lion, Operation, 27–28
II Corps, U.S., 188, 190
Seibert, Pete, 229, 231, 232, 248, 254
Seneca Rocks, W.Va., Army climbing school at, 95, 113
Senger, Fridolin Rudolph Theodor von, 179, 183, 216–17, 218
Seventh Army, U.S., 203, 210
7th Infantry Division, U.S., 71
17th Infantry Regiment, U.S., 71
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 199, 214, 219
Shiprock Peak (N.Mex.), ascent of, 87
showers, G.I., at Montecatini, 169–70
Sierra Club, 23, 46, 239, 241, 242, 243, 246, 250
Sierra Nevada mountains, 241–42
Signal Corps, U.S., 49, 51
6th South African Armored Division, 177–78
skiers, skiing, U.S.:
backcountry, 243, 249–51
booms in, 16–18, 30, 225–33, 234, 235, 248–51
class and, 16, 17
commercialization of, 248–49
foreign instructors and, 16, 17–18, 33–34, 48–49, 66
organized, at Mount Rainier, 30
and ski schools and resorts, 16, 17, 18, 30, 33–34, 48–49, 51, 66, 97, 101–4, 139, 225–33, 234, 235, 248–50
war-surplus gear and, 232–33
wilderness lands invaded by, 243
Winter Olympics and, 8, 20, 30, 230–31
see also cross-country skiing; ski jumping
Ski Flight, 49
ski gear:
10th Mountain veterans as manufacturers and distributors of, 233
war-surplus, 232–33
Ski Here, Señor, 51–52, 53
Ski Heritage (Lund), 230
Ski Industries America, 230