When General Grant Expelled the Jews

by Jonathan D. Sarna

church-state separation and

  General Orders No. 11 and, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, bm1.1

  opening prayer delivered by rabbi in, 3.1, bm1.1

  and parallels between Blacks and Jews

  Peixotto’s Romanian mission and, 5.1, bm1.1

  Consolidated Virginia Mining

  Constitution, U.S., itr.1, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, bm1.1

  amendments to, 4.1, 4.2, bm1.1, bm1.2

  and attempts to remake U.S. into Christian nation, itr.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1

  General Orders No. 11 and, 1.1, 2.1

  and suspension of habeas corpus, 2.1, 2.2

  Damascus Affair (1840), 3.1, bm1.1

  Dana, Charles A.

  “Defence of the Jews” (Wolf)

  Dembitz, Lewis N.

  Democratic Speaker’s Hand-book, The

  Douglas, Stephen A., 1.1, 5.1

  Douglass, Frederick, 4.1, bm1.1

  Du Bois, John Van Deusen, 2.1, bm1.1, nts.1

  Eckstein, David, 3.1, 4.1, nts.1

  economics, economy, 1.1, 5.1

  Civil War trade and, 2.1, 2.2

  and election of 1868, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

  Russia and, 5.1, 6.1

  Ehrich, Louis

  Emancipation Proclamation, itr.1, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, bm1.1

  Encyclopaedia Judaica

  Eventful Years and Experiences (Korn)

  Ewing, Thomas

  Ezekiel, Moses

  Fish, Hamilton, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1

  Peixotto’s Romanian mission and, 5.1, 5.2

  and persecution of Jews in Romania, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3

  and persecution of Jews in Russia

  Flemingsburg Democrat

  Floyd, Rolla

  Forrest, Nathan Bedford, 1.1, 1.2

  and election of 1868, 3.1, 3.2

  France, 2.1, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1

  Frankfurt, Grant’s visit to

  Frankland, Abraham E., 2.1, 3.1, nts.1

  Friedman, Aaron Z.

  Garden of Gethsemane

  Garfield, James, 4.1, 6.1, bm1.1

  Garrison, William Lloyd

  General Grant and the Jews (von Bort), 3.1, 3.2

  General Orders No. 11, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1

  anti-Grant cartoons on, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2

  central basis for

  Civil War anti-Jewish prejudice and

  denunciation of, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, bm1.1

  disregarding of

  and election of 1868, itr.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, bm1.1

  and expulsion of Jews from Bessarabian frontier, 5.1, 5.2

  and expulsion of Jews from Department of the Tennessee, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

  Grant’s apology and atonement for, itr.1, itr.2, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2

  Grant’s death and

  Grant’s disavowal of, 3.1, bm1.1

  Grant’s rebuke of, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, bm1.1

  Grant’s wife on, itr.1, 2.1, 6.1

  and history of Jewish expulsions

  issuance of, itr.1, itr.2, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, bm1.1, nts.1

  and Jews as a class, itr.1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1, 6.2

  and multiple loyalties of Jews

  opposition to, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 5.1, bm1.1, nts.1

  press on, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 6.1, bm1.1, bm1.2

  and reexamination of Grant’s record, itr.1, 6.1

  revocation of, itr.1, itr.2, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, bm1.1, nts.1

  Sarna’s talk on

  and tales about Grant’s business failures

  text of, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 3.1, 5.1

  timing of

  Germans, Germany, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2

  Grant’s visit to

  Salomon’s heritage and

  Wolf’s heritage and, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1

  Gottheil, Richard

  Gould, Jay, 6.1, bm1.1

  Grand Union Hotel, itr.1, 6.1, 6.2, bm1.1

  Grant, Frederick Dent, 2.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

  Grant, Jesse Root, 2.1, 3.1, bm1.1

  General Orders No. 11 and

  trade scheme of, itr.1, 2.1, 3.1

  Grant, Julia Dent, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, bm1.1

  on General Orders No. 11, itr.1, 2.1, 6.1

  on world tour, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

  Grant, Ulysses S., Jr., 5.1, 6.1

  Grant, Ulysses S., Sr., 2.1, bm1.1

  apologies and atonement for General Orders No. 11 by, itr.1, itr.2, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2

  appointment of Jews to public office by, itr.1, itr.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 6.1, 6.2, bm1.1, nts.1

  and attempts to remake U.S. into Christian nation

  in Battle of Vicksburg, itr.1, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, bm1.1

  Black Friday and, 6.1, bm1.1

  blessed by Sneersohn, 5.1, bm1.1

  cartoon attacks on, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2

  central basis for General Orders No. 11 of

  on church-state separation, 5.1, bm1.1

  Civil War anti-Jewish prejudice and

  Civil War trade and, itr.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1

  comparisons between Montefiore and

  corruption in administration of, 5.1, 6.1

  current reputation of

  death of, itr.1, 2.1, 6.1, bm1.1

  and dedication of Adas Israel, 5.1, bm1.1

  and denunciation of General Orders No. 11, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

  disregarding General Orders No. 11 and

  drunkenness of, 2.1, 6.1

  on immigration of ex-slaves to Santo Domingo

  eulogies for, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

  fame of, itr.1, 3.1, 6.1, 6.2, bm1.1

  finances of, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

  funeral of, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, bm1.1

  General Orders No. 11 disavowed by, 3.1, bm1.1

  General Orders No. 11 rebuked by, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, bm1.1

  generosity of, 5.1, 6.1

  Holly Springs headquarters of, 1.1, bm1.1

  illness of, 6.1, 6.2, bm1.1

  inauguration of, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, bm1.1

  Indian policy of, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1

  on inspecting Jews’ baggage, 2.1, bm1.1

  investment banking career of, 6.1, 6.2, bm1.1

  and issuance of General Orders No. 11, itr.1, itr.2, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, bm1.1, nts.1

  and Jews as a class, itr.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4

  Jews expelled from Department of the Tennessee by, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

  Jews met by, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, bm1.1, bm1.2

  legacy of, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2

  memoirs of, itr.1, 2.1, 2.2, 6.1, 6.2

  on military decision making

  in move to Washington, 3.1, bm1.1

  and multiple loyalties of Jews

  occupation of Paducah by, 1.1, 1.2, bm1.1

  and opposition to General Orders No. 11, 1.1, 3.1, nts.1

  and persecution of Jews in Romania, itr.1, 5.1, 5.2

  and persecution of Jews in Russia, itr.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, bm1.1, bm1.2

  policy of reconciliation of, 4.1, 4.2

  presidency won by, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, bm1.1

  presidential campaigns of, itr.1, itr.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1, 6.2, bm1.1, nts.1

  Reconstruction and, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 6.1

  reexamination of record of, itr.1, 6.1

  and revocation of General Orders No. 11, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, bm1.1, nts.1

  Salomon’s embezzling and

  Seligmans’ ongoing friendship with, 3.1, 6.1, 6.2, bm1.1

  and suspension of habeas corpus

  and tales about business failures of

  and timing of General Orders No. 11

&nbs
p; tomb of, itr.1, 3.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, bm1.1

  world tour of, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, bm1.1

  Great Britain, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1

  expulsion of Jews from

  Greeley, Horace

  Greenebaum, Henry

  Gurley, John Addison, 1.1, 1.2, bm1.1

  habeas corpus, suspension of, 2.1, 2.2

  Hadrian, Emperor of Rome

  Halleck, Henry, 1.1, 1.2, 6.1, bm1.1

  Hamagid, 2.1, 6.1

  Hardegg, Ernest

  Hebrew Leader, 3.1, 5.1

  Hebrew Union College, itr.1, 5.1, bm1.1

  Herzberg, Heyman

  Hilton, Henry

  Hirsch, Aaron

  Holly Springs, Miss.

  Confederate raid at, 1.1, 1.2, bm1.1

  expulsion of Jews from, 1.1, 1.2, bm1.1

  Grant’s headquarters in, 1.1, bm1.1

  Howard, Oliver O.

  Irish, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2

  Isaacs, Samuel Myer, 3.1, nts.1

  Israel

  Grant’s visit to, 6.1, 6.2, bm1.1

  Sneersohn and

  Israelite, 1.1, bm1.1, nts.1

  Italy, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, bm1.1

  Jacobs, George

  Japanese Americans

  Jerusalem

  Grant’s visit to

  U.S. consul to, 5.1, 5.2, bm1.1

  Jewish Chronicle, 3.1, 3.2

  Jewish Messenger, 3.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

  Jewish Record, 1.1, 2.1, 6.1, 6.2

  Jewish Times

  Jews, Judaism:

  antisemitism and, itr.1, itr.2, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, bm1.1, bm1.2, nts.1

  appointment to public office of, itr.1, itr.2, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1, 6.2, bm1.1, bm1.2, nts.1

  arrest and imprisonment of, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1

  and attempts to remake U.S. into Christian nation, 4.1, 4.2

  biblical enemies of, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 6.1

  Blacks defended at expense of, 2.1, 4.1

  brief golden age of, itr.1, 4.1, 5.1

  and central basis for General Orders No. 11

  church-state separation and

  as a class, itr.1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5

  Conservative, 6.1, bm1.1

  debates over day of Sabbath in, 6.1, 6.2

  and dedication of Adas Israel, 5.1, bm1.1

  in delivering opening prayer in Congress, 3.1, bm1.1

  and denunciation of General Orders No. 11, 2.1, bm1.1

  distrust of, 1.1, 2.1

  empowerment of, itr.1, 4.1, 6.1

  exiles and expulsions in history of, 2.1, bm1.1

  expulsion of, from Department of the Tennessee, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

  expulsion of, from Holly Springs, 1.1, 1.2, bm1.1

  extermination threats against, 2.1, 2.2

  Grant’s death and, itr.1, 6.1, 6.2

  and Grant’s disavowal of General Orders No. 11

  Grant’s father’s scheme and

  Grant’s funeral and, 6.1, bm1.1

  Grant’s illness and, 6.1, 6.2, bm1.1

  Grant’s meetings with, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, bm1.1, bm1.2

  Grant’s presidential campaigns and, itr.1, itr.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, bm1.1

  Grant’s tomb and, itr.1, 6.1

  Grant’s world tour and, 6.1, 6.2

  group politics forsworn by

  Hasidic

  immigrant and immigration of, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 6.1, 6.2, bm1.1, bm1.2, bm1.3, bm1.4, nts.1

  Indian policy and, 4.1, 4.2, bm1.1

  inspection of baggage of, 2.1, bm1.1

  and issuance of General Orders No. 11, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 3.1, 3.2, 6.1, 6.2, bm1.1

  Lincoln’s meetings with, 1.1, 1.2, bm1.1

  military chaplaincy law and, 3.1, bm1.1

  Mortara affair and, 3.1, 5.1, bm1.1

  multiple loyalties of

  in Newport, 2.1, bm1.1

  and opposition to General Orders No. 11, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1

  Orthodox, 2.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, bm1.1

  of Paducah, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, bm1.1

  parallels between Blacks and, itr.1, itr.2, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1

  persecution of, in Romania, itr.1, itr.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, bm1.1

  persecution of, in Russia, itr.1, itr.2, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, bm1.1, bm1.2

  political power of, 3.1, 3.2

  reexamination of Grant’s record on, itr.1, 6.1

  Reform, 6.1, bm1.1

  and revocation of General Orders No. 11, itr.1, itr.2, 1.1, 3.1

  in revolt against Rome

  Seymour’s presidential campaign and, 3.1, 3.2

  smuggling by, itr.1, itr.2, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 5.1, 6.1, nts.1

  social discrimination against, itr.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, bm1.1

  stereotyping of, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1

  in tales about Grant’s business failures

  and timing of General Orders No. 11

  in U.S. population, itr.1, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, bm1.1

  Wolf’s standing among, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1

  Johnson, Andrew, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 6.1

  impeachment trial of, 3.1, bm1.1

  Julius Caesar (Shakespeare)

  Kalisch, Isidor

  Kaskel, Cesar, 1.1, 1.2

  expulsion from Department of the Tennessee of, 1.1, 1.2

  General Orders No. 11 opposed by, 1.1, 1.2, bm1.1, nts.1

  immigration to U.S. of, 1.1, 2.1, bm1.1

  Lincoln and, 1.1, 1.2, bm1.1

  and revocation of General Orders No. 11, 1.1, 3.1

  trip to Washington of, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, bm1.1, nts.1

  Klein, Moses

  Korn, Bertram W., itr.1, 2.1, 3.1, nts.1

  kosher meat

  Kraut, Benny

  Kronikals (Frankland)

  Lawrence (Kansas) massacre

  Learsi, Rufus (Israel Goldberg)

  Lee, Robert E., 3.1, 4.1, bm1.1

  Leeser, Isaac, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 6.1, bm1.1

  and parallels between Blacks and Jews

  Wolf’s address on

  Lehman, Emanuel and Mayer

  Leipold, R. H.

  Lilienthal, Max, 1.1, 5.1, nts.1

  Lincoln, Abraham, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, bm1.1

  assassination of, 3.1, bm1.1

  on Civil War trade, 2.1, 2.2

  freeing slaves and, 1.1, 3.1, bm1.1

  on Jews as a class, itr.1, 1.1, 1.2

  Jews met by, 1.1, 1.2, bm1.1, nts.1

  and opposition to General Orders No. 11, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, bm1.1, nts.1

  and revocation of General Orders No. 11, itr.1, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 4.1, 6.1, bm1.1

  Mack, Edgar Johnson, Jr. “Buddy”

  Mack brothers, trade scheme of, itr.1, 2.1, 3.1

  McPherson, James M., 2.1, nts.1

  Marcus, Jacob Rader

  Medill, Joseph

  Memphis, Tenn., 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2

  Civil War smuggling and, 2.1, 2.2

  collective punishments in

  Grant’s presidential campaign and, 3.1, 3.2

  Union occupation of, 3.1, bm1.1

  Merchant of Venice, The (Shakespeare), 5.1, 5.2

  Michelson, Albert A.

  military chaplaincy law, 3.1, bm1.1

  Missouri, 2.1, bm1.1

  Grant’s presidential campaign and

  and opposition to General Orders No. 11, 1.1, 1.2

  Moldavia, persecution of Jews in

  Montefiore, Sir Moses, 5.1, 6.1

  Morgan, Matt, 5.1, 5.2

  Morris, Isaac Newton, 3.1, bm1.1, nts.1

  Mortara, Edgardo, 3.1, 5.1, bm1.1

  Moses, Adolph, 3.1, bm1.1

  Mosh
e, son of Shneur Zalman of Liady

  Nast, Thomas, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1

  National Intelligencer, 3.1, 5.1

  National Reform Association, itr.1, 4.1, bm1.1

  Native Americans, 4.1, nts.1

  Bendell’s Indian affairs appointment and, 4.1, 4.2, bm1.1

  Grant’s policy on, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1

  New Era, The

  Newman, John Philip, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3

  Newport, R.I., 2.1, bm1.1

  New York Herald, 1.1, 3.1, 5.1, 6.1

  New York Times, itr.1, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1

  Grant’s disavowal of General Orders No. 11 in, 3.1, 3.2

  Grant’s presidential campaign and, 3.1, 3.2, bm1.1

  on persecution of Jews in Romania

  on persecution of Jews in Russia, 5.1, 6.1

  New York World, 3.1, 5.1

  Occident, The, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, bm1.1

  Oglesby, Richard, J.

  “On Persecution” (Leeser)

  Paducah, Ky., 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, bm1.1

  expulsion of Jews from, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, bm1.1

  Kaskel’s business in

  Union occupation of, 1.1, 1.2, bm1.1

  Paltava

  Parker, Ely S., 4.1, 4.2

  Peixotto, Benjamin Franklin

  communal activism of

  Grant’s presidential campaign and, 3.1, 5.1

  Jewish emigration from Romania proposed by

  Romanian mission of, 5.1, bm1.1

  Pendleton, George H., 2.1, bm1.1

  Pilot

  Powell, Lazarus W., 2.1, 2.2, bm1.1

  Prussia, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, bm1.1

  Puck, 6.1, 6.2

  Raphall, Morris J., 3.1, bm1.1

  Rawlins, John A., 1.1, 3.1, 4.1

  Reconstruction, itr.1, 4.1, 6.1

  and election of 1868, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

  Grant and, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 6.1

  recorder of deeds, office of, 4.1, bm1.1

  mission of

  Wolf’s appointment to, 4.1, 4.2, bm1.1, nts.1

  Robertson, John E. L.

  Roman Empire

  Romania

  Buchner’s proposed mission to, 5.1, 5.2

  Peixotto’s mission to, 5.1, bm1.1

  persecution of Jews in, itr.1, itr.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, bm1.1

  proposed Jewish emigration from, 5.1, 6.1

  Roosevelt, Theodore, 4.1, 5.1, bm1.1

  Rosewater, Edward, 2.1, 6.1

  Russia, 2.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4

  persecution of Jews in, itr.1, itr.2, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, bm1.1, bm1.2

  Salomon, Edward S., 5.1, nts.1

  embezzling of, 4.1, bm1.1