by Larry Minear
30. Paul Gregory Mayfield Collection (AFC2001/001/60193), transcript (MS04), VHP, AFC, LOC.
31. Farrell, “In Combat.”
32. Petraeus and Amos, U.S. Army, Counterinsurgency Field Manual, 2006, A47.
33. New Hampshire National Guard, Global War on Terrorism.
34. Yvonne Latty, In Conflict: Iraq War Veterans Speak Out on Duty, Loss, and the Fight to Stay Alive (Sausalito, CA: PoliPointPress, 2006), 46–47.
35. For a detailed discussion of tensions between military and humanitarian actors in Afghanistan and Iraq, see Antonio Donini et al., The State of the Humanitarian Enterprise: Humanitarian Agenda 2015, Final Report (Medford, MA: Feinstein International Center, 2008). Also Greg Hansen, “Iraq: More Challenges Ahead for a Fractured Humanitarian Enterprise” (Feinstein International Center, January 2009), fic.tufts.edu.
36. In July 2007, agreement was reached between humanitarian and military actors following a two-year consultative process on “Guidelines for Relations between U.S. Forces and Non-governmental Humanitarian Organizations in Non-Permissive Environments.” See Linda Poteat, “InterAction Member CEOs Launch Civil-Military Guidelines with DOD,” InterAction Monday Developments 25, no. 8 (August 2007): 28.
37. After considerable discussion, President Obama committed an additional 30,000 troops to Afghanistan in December 2009. See “Inside the Situation Room: How a War Plan Evolved,” Peter Baker, New York Times, December 6, 2009.
Chapter 7: Working with Private Contractors
1. Rick Mayes Collection (AFC2001/001/57132), video recording (MV01), VHP, AFC, LOC.
2. Rex Hendrix Collection (AFC2001/001/51205), audio recording (SR01), VHP, AFC, LOC.
3. Paul Gregory Mayfield Collection (AFC2001/001/60193), transcript (MS04), VHP, AFC, LOC.
4. Christopher Gamblin Collection (AFC2001/001/60182), transcript (MS04), VHP, AFC, LOC.
5. Jeremy Krug Collection (AFC2001/001/28682), video recording (MV01), VHP, AFC, LOC.
6. Terrell Spencer Collection, (AFC2001/001/57175), transcript (MS04), VHP, AFC, LOC.
7. Press Conference by Maj. Gen. Michael Eyre, commanding general, Gulf Region Division, and Richard Hancock, Reconstruction Update, January 25, 2009. Operation Iraqi Freedom website, http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_frontpage&Itemid=1 (accessed January 29, 2009).
8. Jackie Northam, “The Impact of War: Contract Businesses Thrive during Wartime,” Morning Edition, National Public Radio, June 25, 2007.
9. For a more extended discussion, see P. W. Singer, Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2008, updated edition), 254.
10. Shangraw in Steve Pink, Zack Bazzi, and Mike Moriarty, The War Tapes. Directed by Deborah Scranton and produced by Robert May (Senart Films, 2006).
11. Brandon Wilkins, in Pink, Bazzi, and Moriarty, The War Tapes. Cheney left DOD in 1995 to become chief executive officer of Halliburton, serving as board chair from 1996 to 1998 and again in 2000. In August 2000, he left Halliburton to run for the vice presidency on the ticket of George W. Bush. He served as U.S. vice president from January 2001 to January 2009. Halliburtonwatch.org (accessed August 16, 2007).
12. Joelle Farrell, “‘Risking My Life for Kitty Litter’: Halliburton Raises the Ire of Some Soldiers,” Concord Monitor, October 3, 2006.
13. Interview, Brighton, Massachusetts, May 2, 2007.
14. Pink, Bazzi, and Moriarty, The War Tapes.
15. Correspondence with the author, March 12, 2009.
16. Spencer Collection, VHP.
17. Samuel Main Collection (AFC2001/001/56467), transcript (MS04), VHP, AFC, LOC.
18. Eric Schmitt and Thom Shanker, “Pentagon Sees One Authority over Guards,” New York Times, October 17, 2007.
19. IAVA, “Veterans Demand Answers from KBR,” press release, January 8, 2009.
20. See, for example, James Glanz, C. J. Chivers, and William K. Rashbaum, “Inquiry on Graft in Iraq Focuses on U.S. Officers: Contracting at Issue,” New York Times, February 15, 2009.
21. James Glanz and Sabrina Tavernise, “Security Firm Faces Criminal Charges in Iraq,” New York Times, September 23, 2007.
22. Janine R. Wedel, “The Shadow Army,” Boston Globe, September 30, 2007.
23. David M. Herszenhorn, “House’s Iraq Bill Applies U.S. Laws to Contractors,” New York Times, October 5, 2007.
24. Waleed Ibrahim and Tim Cocks, “U.S. Forces under Iraq mandate, hand over Green Zone,” Reuters, January 1, 2009.
25. Jeremy Scahill, “Iraq: A Very Private War,” Guardian, August 1, 2007. See also Scahill, Blackwater: The Rise of the World’s Most Powerful Mercenary Army (London: Serpent’s Tail, 2007).
26. Valerie Bailey Grasso, “Defense Contracting in Iraq: Issues and Options for Congress,” Congressional Research Service Report for Congress (updated May 16, 2007), summary page.
27. James Risen, “Use of Contractors in Iraq Costs Billions, Report Says,” New York Times, August 11, 2008. In mid-2009, an independent wartime contracting commission reported major abuses in performance and accounting by KBR and other private contractors. See Richard Lardner, “Panel Cites Billions in Wasteful Spending on War Contractors.” Boston Globe, June 8, 2009.
Chapter 8: Dealing with the Media and Public Opinion
1. Bobby Lisek Collection (AFC2001/001/60191), transcript (MS04), VHP, AFC, LOC.
2. Mark Kaplan Collection (AFC2001/001/57488), video recording (MV01), VHP, AFC, LOC.
3. Andrew Carroll, ed. Operation Homecoming: Iraq, Afghanistan, and the Home Front, in the Words of U.S. Troops and Their Families. (New York: Random House, 2006), xxv.
4. Brian Clousen Collection (AFC2001/001/16248), audio recording (SR01), VHP, AFC, LOC.
5. In Carroll, Operation Homecoming, 127.
6. James Maddix Jr. Collection (AFC2001/001/27736), video recording (MV01), VHP, AFC, LOC.
7. Justin Thompson Collection (AFC2001/001/43583), audio recording (SR01), VHP, AFC, LOC.
8. Derek Sutton Collection (AFC2001/001/47344), audio recording (SR01), VHP, AFC, LOC.
9. Nathan Fegan Collection (AFC2001/001/53077), audio recording (SR01), VHP, AFC, LOC.
10. Daniel Neville Collection (AFC2001/001/55035), video recording (MV01), VHP, AFC, LOC.
11. Yvonne Latty, In Conflict: Iraq War Veterans Speak Out on Duty, Loss, and the Fight to Stay Alive (Sausalito, CA: PoliPointPress, 2006).
12. Steve Pink, Zack Bazzi, and Mike Moriarty, The War Tapes. Directed by Deborah Scranton and produced by Robert May (Senart Films, 2006).
13. This comment was made in an off-the-record conversation.
14. New Hampshire National Guard, Global War on Terrorism History Project (March to September 2005, unpublished).
15. Ibid.
16. Mark Kaplan Collection, VHP.
17. “Back from the Battle: Student Veterans’ Perspectives on the Iraq War: Roundtable,” Yale Journal of Alumni Affairs 2, no. 2 (2007): 112.
18. Jude Ferran Collection (AFC2001/001/30609), audio recording (SR01), VHP, AFC, LOC.
19. Brian Turner, “War in the Present Tense,” New York Times website, June 5, 2007.
20. Benjamin Braden Collection (AFC2001/001/30610), audio recording (SR01), VHP, AFC, LOC.
21. Quincy Boggan Collection (AFC2001/001/31460), video recording (MV01), VHP, AFC, LOC.
22. Samuel Main Collection (AFC2001/001/56467), transcript (MS04), VHP, AFC, LOC.
23. Rutland Herald, “On the Guard’s Return,” June 25, 2006.
24. Katherine Q. Seelye, “Coffins’ Arrival from War Becomes an Issue Again as Photo Ban is Reviewed,” New York Times, February 22, 2009.
25. Pauline Jelinek and Anne Gearan, “Pentagon Clears Way for Photos of Soldiers’ Coffins,” Associated Press, February 27, 2009. Also Seelye, “Coffins’ Arrival.”
26. Carroll, Operation Homecoming, 155.
27. Lizette Alvarez, “For Troops in Iraq and Loved Ones at Home, an Internet Lifeline,” New Y
ork Times, July 8, 2006.
28. Ibid.
29. Terry Bruns Collection (AFC2001/001/57032), transcript (MS04), VHP, AFC, LOC.
30. Robert D’Amico Collection (AFC2001/001/62471), video recording (MV01), VHP, AFC, LOC.
31. New Hampshire National Guard, Global War on Terrorism.
32. Ryan Aument Collection (AFC2001/001/62372), video recording (MV01), VHP, AFC, LOC.
33. Alvarez, “Internet Lifeline.”
34. Todd Walton Collection (AFC2001/001/38931), audio recording (SR01), VHP, AFC, LOC.
35. Rick Mayes Collection (AFC2001/001/57132), transcript (MS04), VHP, AFC, LOC.
36. Main Collection, VHP.
37. New Hampshire National Guard, Global War on Terrorism.
38. Tyler Mueller Collection (AFC2001/001/15910), video recording (MV01), VHP, AFC, LOC.
39. “The Fresh Smell of Paint,” in Carroll, Operation Homecoming, 261, 265.
40. The new regulation is quoted in Matthew C. Burden, The Blog of War: Front-Line Dispatches from Soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006), 257.
41. Ed Pilkington, “Iraq Veteran Wins Blog Prize as U.S. Military Cuts Web Access,” Guardian, May 15, 2007.
42. Catherine Foster, “Battlegrounds: A Trinity Reproduction Joins a Growing List of Plays that Look at the Iraq War,” Boston Globe, April 16, 2006. As of January 30, 2010, 1 Rhode Islander had been killed and 8 wounded in OEF; 10 had been killed and 109 wounded in OIF. Source, DMD, DMDC.
43. John Moore, “Denver: War from 8 Angles,” American Theatre Magazine, April 1, 2006.
44. “Boston University School of Theatre Presents David Hare’s Stuff Happens,” Boston University Media Relations website, April 10, 2008, http://www.bu.edu/phpbin/news/releases/display.php?id=1560.
45. Noah Adams, “Homebody/Kabul: New Play a Timely Examination of East/West Understanding,” All Things Considered, National Public Radio, December 3, 2001.
46. Mike O’Sullivan, “Hollywood Films Look at Impact of Wars in Iraq, Afghanistan,” Voice of America, September 20, 2007. In January 2010, The Hurt Locker, a movie featuring a trio of veterans involved in defusing IEDs in Iraq, was nominated for nine Academy Awards and was awarded six Oscars, including Best Picture. A.O. Scott, “Apolitics and the War Film,” New York Times, February 7, 2010.
47. Nicholas Kristof, “The Poets of War,” New York Times, June 11, 2007.
48. A private theater group, Theater of War, is collaborating with the Defense Centers of Excellence for Psychological Health and Traumatic Brain Injury to present one hundred performances at military installations and gatherings. Patrick Healy, “The Anguish of War for Today’s Soldiers, Explored by Sophocles.” New York Times, November 17, 2009.
49. Holland Cotter, “Words Unspoken Are Rendered on War’s Faces,” New York Times, August 22, 2007.
50. Quoted in Foster, “Battlegrounds.”
Chapter 9: Reestablishing Normalcy
1. “National Guard Troops Get Tearful, Enthusiastic Welcome across Nebraska,” Nebraska StatePaper.com, April 28, 2004.
2. Michael A. Thomas, “Personal Narrative,” in Operation Homecoming: Iraq, Afghanistan, and the Home Front, in the Words of U.S. Troops and Their Families, ed. Andrew Carroll (New York: Random House, 2006), 320–321.
3. Yvonne Latty, In Conflict: Iraq War Veterans Speak Out on Duty, Loss, and the Fight to Stay Alive (Sausalito, CA: PoliPointPress, 2006), 141, 147.
4. Samuel Main Collection (AFC2001/001/56467), transcript (MS04), VHP, AFC, LOC.
5. Nathan Fegan Collection (AFC2001/001/53077), audio recording (SR01), VHP, AFC, LOC.
6. Todd Walton Collection (AFC2001/001/38931), audio (SR01), VHP, AFC, LOC.
7. Nancy Montgomery, “A General Battles Post-Combat Stress,” Stars and Stripes, Mideast Edition (January 11, 2009): 1.
8. “Enthusiastic Welcome,” Nebraska.Statepaper.com, June 24, 2007.
9. Dana Canedy, A Journal for Jordan: A Story of Love and Honor (New York: Crown Publishers, 2008), 189.
10. Christopher Gamblin Collection (AFC2001/001/60182), transcript (MS04), VHP, AFC, LOC.
11. Ryan Aument Collection (AFC2001/001/62372), video recording (MV01), VHP, AFC, LOC.
12. Gamblin Collection, VHP.
13. Gonzalo Gonzalez Collection (AFC2001/001/60176), transcript (MS04), VHP, AFC, LOC.
14. Robert D’Amico Collection (AFC2001/001/62471), video recording (MV01), VHP, AFC, LOC.
15. Paul Gregory Mayfield Collection (AFC2001/001/60193), transcript (MS04), VHP, AFC, LOC.
16. Andrew Wells Collection (AFC2001/001/54819), video recording (MV01), VHP, AFC, LOC.
17. Ryan Aument Collection (AFC2001/001/62372), video recording (MV01), VHP, AFC, LOC.
18. “Acknowledging the Psychological Cost of War,” New England Journal of Medicine 351, no. 1 (July 1, 2004).
19. “The Hardest Letter to Write,” in Carroll, Operation Homecoming, 369.
20. Joelle Farrell, “Lessons of War,” Concord Monitor, October 3, 2006.
21. Leslie Kaufman, “After War, Love Can Be a Battlefield,” New York Times, April 6, 2008.
22. Steve Pink, Zack Bazzi, and Mike Moriarty, The War Tapes. Directed by Deborah Scranton and produced by Robert May (Senart Films, 2006).
23. Main Collection, VHP.
24. New Hampshire National Guard, Global War on Terrorism.
25. Latty, In Conflict, 49.
26. Dax Carpenter Collection (AFC/2001/001/57035), transcript (MS04), VHP, AFC, LOC.
27. Jeffrey D. Barnett, “The New Normal,” from Opinionator: Exclusive Online Commentary from the Times, New York Times, June 1, 2007. Barnett was also author of a blog, “The Midnight Hour.”
28. Jay Craven and Robert Miller, After the Fog: Interviews with Combat Veterans (Barnet, VT: Kingdom County Productions, 2006). The portions quoted were transcribed and edited by the author and amplified in an interview with Pickett, and are used with permission.
29. Joelle Farrell, “Bringing it Home,” Concord Monitor, October 4, 2006.
30. Joelle Farrell, “In Combat Brian Shelton Comes of Age,” Concord Monitor, October 1, 2006.
31. Matthew Gutmann and Catherine Lutz, Breaking Ranks: Iraq Vets Speak Out Against the War (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010, in press).
32. Nicole Ferretti Collection (AFC/2001/001/57083), transcript (MS04), VHP, AFC, LOC.
33. Gutman and Lutz, Breaking Ranks.
34. Rick Mayes Collection (AFC2001/001/57132) Manuscript (MS01), VHP, AFC, LOC.
35. Interview, Bradford, Vermont, January 16, 2007.
36. Carpenter Collection, VHP.
37. Travis Fisher Collection (AFC2001/001/34140), video recording (MV01), VHP, AFC, LOC.
38. Gamblin Collection, VHP.
39. Mayfield Collection, VHP
40. Gonzalez Collection, VHP.
41. Wells Collection, VHP.
42. Teresa Little Collection (AFC/2001/001/57131), transcript (MS04), VHP, AFC, LOC.
43. Carpenter Collection, VHP.
44. Jack Van Zanten Collection (AFC2001/001/62027), video recording (MV01), VHP, AFC, LOC.
45. In Matthew Currier Burden, The Blog of War: Front-Line Dispatches from Soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006), 245.
46. The National Guard units in Bradford and elsewhere around Vermont were mobilized for another tour—this time to Afghanistan—in early 2010.
47. Ferretti Collection, VHP.
48. Nicholas Fosholdt Collection (AFC2001/001/60174), transcript (MS04), VHP, AFC, LOC.
49. Name withheld under ground rules of the interview conducted by the author.
50. Pink, Bazzi, and Moriarty, The War Tapes.
51. Ibid.
52. Carpenter Collection, VHP.
53. Stephanie Corcoran, “Year in Review,” November 20, 2006, correspondence with the author.
54. Pink, Bazzi, and Moriarty, The War Tapes.
55. Ibid.
; 56. Stan Goff, “Hold on to Your Humanity: An Open Letter to GIs in Iraq,” Counterpunch (November 14/23, 2003).
57. Gonzalo Gonzalez Collection (AFC2001/001/60176), transcript (MS01), VHP, AFC, LOC.
58. Bobby Lee Lisek Collection (AFC/2001/001/60191), transcript (MS04), VHP, AFC, LOC
59. Zoroya, “Soldier’s Death.”
60. The website of the group, which is sponsored by Iraq Veterans Against the War, is http://www.combatpaper.org
61. Sharon Webster, “Review: Combat Paper,” March 6, 2009, at www.combatpaper.org (accessed March 10, 2009).
62. Quoted in testimony by Nancy Lessin, co-founder of Military Families Speak Out, in Winter Soldier Iraq and Afghanistan: Eyewitness Accounts of the Occupations, by Iraq Veterans Against the War and Aaron Glantz (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2008), 171.
63. Interview, Veterans Center, White River Junction, Vermont, November 13, 2006.
64. Jeremy Lima Collection (AFC2001/001/53039), transcript (MS04), VHP, AFC, LOC.
65. Jeffrey Bartling Collection (AFC2001/001/29443), video recording (MV01), VHP, AFC, LOC.
66. Pink, Bazzi, and Moriarty, The War Tapes.
67. In March 2009, the Obama administration announced its intention to reduce to an absolute minimum the number of veterans affected by stop-loss arrangements. Since such arrangements were instituted in September 2001, 120,000 troops had been affected. As of early 2009, 13,000 soldiers were prohibited from leaving the ranks. New York Times, “Stopping Stop-Loss,” (editorial), March 22, 2009.
68. For an examination of the particularly significant impacts of repeated deployments on the Army’s Brigade Combat Teams, see Veterans for America, “The Consequences of Churning,” April 2008.
69. Gamblin Collection, VHP.
70. Lisek Collection, VHP
71. Lynn Wagner Collection (AFC2001/001/60931), video recording (MV01), VHP, AFC, LOC.
72. Farrell, “Lessons of War.”
73. D’Amico Collection, VHP.
74. William Andrews Collection (AFC2001/001/42880), video recording (MV01), VHP, AFC, LOC.
75. Trevor Bradna Collection (AFC2001/001/47553), video recording (MV01), VHP, AFC, LOC.
76. Name withheld on request.
77. In Carroll, Operation Homecoming, 297.