THOMAS SALUSBURY AND WALES
W. J. Smith (ed.), Calendar of Salusbury correspondence, 1553–circa 1700, 1954. I am grateful to Lloyd Bowen for lending me his transcription of Salusbury’s letter, NL Wales, MS 5390D, 251–3; T. Jones Pierce, Clennen Letters and Papers from the Brogynton collection, Aberystwyth, 1947, item 444. On Wales and the Welsh see Lloyd Bowen, ‘Representations of Wales and the Welsh during the civil wars and Interregnum’, Historical Research, 77:197, 2004, 358–76, and his ‘Wales at Westminster: Parliament, Principality and pressure groups, 1542–1601’, Parliamentary History, 22:2, 2003, 107–20, as well as Ronald Hutton, ‘The Royalist War Effort’, and Jason Peacey. ‘The Outbreak of the Civil Wars in the Three Kingdoms’, in Barry Coward, ed., A companion to Stuart Britain (Blackwell Companions to British History), Oxford: Blackwell, 2003, 290–308; and Stephen K. Roberts, ‘How the West was Won: Parliamentary Politics, Religion and the Military in South Wales, 1642–9’, Welsh History Review, 21:4, 2003, 646–74; Philip Jenkins, ‘Anti-Popery on the Welsh Marches in the Seventeenth Century’, Historical Journal, 23, no. 2,1980, 275–93; Mark Stoyle, ‘Caricaturing Cymru: images of the Welsh in the London press, 1642–46’, in War and society in medieval and early modern Britain, ed. D. Dunn, Liverpool, 2000, 162–79. C. Hill, ‘Puritans and the “dark corners of the land”’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th ser., XIII, 1963, 77–102; see also the section on The Outbreak of War.
COUNTESS RIVERS AND THE RIOTS IN EASTERN ENGLAND
Bruno Ryves, Mercurius Rusticus, containing news from the severall Counties of England, I, 1–6. CUL Hengrave MSS 88, vol. 2, no. 150, Penelope Gage’s letter. CUL MS Add 33, fos 19–21; Francis Peck, Desiderata Curiosa, 1735, op. cit. II, Bk XII, 23–5. See also Ryves, Mercurius Rusticus, I, 1–6. The Stour riots in general: HMC 10th report Appendix VI (1887), p. 147; CUL MS Patrick 33ff., 19–21; An Exact and True Diurnall 23–30 August 1642; A Perrfect diurnall of the passages in parliament no 14, sub 14 September; Speciall Passages, no. 3, p. 22; Cf also John Rous, Diary, Camden Society, 1st series, 66, 1856, 121–2. Clive Holmes, The eastern association in the Civil War, 43–5, 52, 58; B. Sharp, In contempt of all authority, 45–50, 262–5; Anthony Fletcher, Outbreak of the English Civil War, 1981, 374–9; John Walter, Understanding popular violence in the English Revolution, CUP, 1999; 39, 43, 44, 48, 55, 152–3, 233, 260, 286, 305, 333; and Brian Manning, The English People and the English Revolution, 1640–1649, 1976, 175–6.
PHILIP SKIPPON
Letter from a Gentleman; Rushworth VI 43; E 288 (38); Englands Worthies 55–7; Bulstrode Whitelocke, Memoirs, 150, 151; Harleian Miscellany 3, p. 136; The names, dignities and places of all the collonells, lieutenant–collonels, serjant majors, captaines, quarter-masters, lieutenants and ensignes of the city of London: with the captaines names according to their seniority and places. The Major Generall is the right worshipll. Philip Skippon Esquire, Serjant Major Generall of all the forces of London: one of the committee for the militia and captain of that ancient and worthy society exercising armes in the artillery garden of the same city. London: printed for Richard Thrale, 1642; Divers papers from the army: viz. 1. Marshall Generall Skippons speech to the army, May the 15th. 2. The answer of the army: wherein they set downe their grievances. Whereunto are added other papers of concernment. London: Printed for Hanna Allen, at the Crowne in Popes-head-Alley, 1647; Skippon’s own works: True treasure: or, Thirty holy vowes, 1644; The Christian centurians observations, advices, and resolutions, 1645; A salve for every sore or, A collection of promises out of the whole book of God, by P. Skippon, 1643; A pearle of price in a collection of promises out of the whole book of God, 1649. Skippon’s brave boys: the origins, development and Civil War service of London’s Trained Bands, Buckingham, 1984. C. E. L. Phillips, ‘Phillip Skippon’, Cromwell’s captains, London and Toronto: W. Heinemann, 1938.
ICONOCLASM
Like everything else in Civil War historiography, iconoclasm is politicized; stressing it is often seen as a sign of Royalist allegiance in the wake of T. S. Eliot’s conservative anxieties about disassociated sensibilities. However, it is impossible to understand the period unless we are willing to see that religion in this period could generate genuine political radicalism, in a manner difficult for the twenty-first century to grasp; opposing ‘politics’ and ‘religion’ is alien to the Civil War era. Thus Richard Overton had a point when he said half-satirically that Cheapside Cross had caused the war. Much of the most startling material on iconoclasm comes from Parliamentarian sources, though Royalists like Bruno Ryves certainly made use of it. The following primary texts are useful:
Trevor Cooper, ed., The Journal of William Dowsing, Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2001; Thomas Thorowgood, Moderation Justified, 1645, p. 16; Cathedrall Newes from Canterbury, 1644, by Richard Culmer; ‘Original Account of the Springett family’, Gentleman’s Magazine, October 1851, p. 372; George Hakewill, The Vanitie of the Eye, 1608; The Crosses Case in Cheapside, 1642; Nehemiah Wallington on the army on its way to Scotland, BL MS Sloane 1457, fol. 60R; see also Harold Smith, The ecclesiastical history of Essex, 1932, 69, 77–8, 82–4, 180; Sermo Secularis, 1643; The copy of a letter sent to an honourable Lord, by Doctor Paske, 1642, repr. Mercurius Rusticus, 2, 119–20.
Margaret Aston, ‘Puritans and iconoclasm, 1560–1660’, in Christopher Durston and Jacqueline Eales, eds, The culture of English Puritanism, 1560–1700, Basing-stoke: Macmillan, 1996; John Morrill, ‘William Dowsing, the beaurocratic Puritan’, in Public Duty and Private conscience in seventeenth-century England, ed. John Morrill, Paul Slack and Daniel Woolf, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992, esp. p. 206; David Cressy, ‘The downfall of Cheapside Cross: vandalism, ridicule, and iconoclasm’, in David Cressy, Agnes Bowker’s cat: travesties and transgressions in Tudor and Stuart England, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001, 234–50; Cressy, David, ‘Different kinds of speaking: symbolic violence and secular iconoclasm in early modern England’, in Muriel C. McClendon, Joseph P. Ward, and Michael MacDonald, eds, Protestant identities: religion, society, and self-fashioning in post-Reformation England, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999, 19–42. Spraggon, Julie, Puritan iconoclasm during the English Civil War, Woodbridge: Boydell, 2003; John Marcus Blatchly ‘In search of bells: iconoclasm in Norfolk, 1644’, in Trevor Cooper, ed., The journal of William Dowsing: iconoclasm in East Anglia during the English Civil War, Woodbridge: Boydell for the Ecclesiological Society, 2001, 107–22.
PRYNNE, BURTON, BASTWICK
For Prynne sources include his own writings, especially William Prynne, Histriomastix. The players scourge or actors tragedie, divided into two parts, 1633, and Laud’s speech against him; William Laud, A speech delivered in the Star-Chamber … at the Censure of J. Bastwick, H. Burton & W. Prinn, concerning pretented innovations in the Church, 1637; William Prynne, ed., The popish royall favourite or a full discovery of his majesties extraordinary favour to … Papists, priests, Jesuits …, 1643. Newes from Ipswich, sigs A3V-A4R; Wallington is cited in Kirby, William Prynne, p. 30; Gathering Prynne’s blood: Kenelm Digby in CSPD 1637, 332, 334; Soldiers cropping ears of Parliament-men: A True relation of Two Merchants of London, 1642; Clarendon also describes their entry into London; III, p. 264, 1888 edn. There are remarkably few modern studies of any of the three, but there is W. M. Lamont, Marginal Prynne, 1600–69, London and Toronto, 1963, and W. M. Lamont, ‘Prynne, Burton, and the Puritan triumph’, Huntington Library Quarterly, 27:2, 1963–4, 103–13.
THOMAS WENTWORTH, EARL OF STRAFFORD
Sources include G. Radcliffe, The earl of Strafforde’s letters and dispatches, with an essay towards his life, ed. W. Knowler, 2 vols, 1739; C. V. Wedgwood, Thomas Wentworth, first earl of Strafford, 1593–1641: a revaluation, 1961; repr. 1964; J. P. Cooper ed., Wentworth papers, 1597–1628, Camden Society, 4th ser., 12, 1973; J. F. Merritt ed., The political world of Thomas Wentworth, earl of Strafford, 1621–1641, 1996; R. C. Johnson et. al. eds, Proceedings in parliament, 1628, 6 vols, 1977–
83; J. Watts, ‘Thomas Wentworth, earl of Strafford’, Statesmen and politicians of the Stuart age, ed. T. Eustace, 1985, 83–114; H. Kearney, Strafford in Ireland, 1633–41: a study in absolutism, 2nd edn, 1989; S. P. Salt, ‘Sir Thomas Wentworth and the parliamentary representation of Yorkshire, 1614–1628’, Northern History, 16, 1980, 130–68; J. P. Cooper, ‘The fortune of Thomas Wentworth, earl of Strafford’, in Land, men and beliefs: studies in early-modern history, ed. G. E. Aylmer and J. S. Morrill, 1983, 148–75; P. Little, ‘The earl of Cork and the fall of Strafford, 1638–41’, Historical Journal, 39, 1996, 619–35; M. Jansson and W. B. Bidwell eds, Proceedings in parliament, 1625, 1987; J. P. Kenyon ed., The Stuart constitution: documents and commentary, 2nd edn, 1986; F. Pogson, ‘Making and maintaining political alliances during the personal rule of Charles I: Wentworth’s associations with Laud and Cottington’, History, new ser., 84, 1999, 52–73; C. Russell, ‘The theory of treason in the trial of Strafford’, English Historical Review, 80, 1965, 30–50; W. Notestein, F. H. Relf and H. Simpson eds, Commons debates, 1621, 7 vols, 1935; W. R. Stacy, ‘Matter of fact, matter of law, and the attainder of the earl of Strafford’, American Journal of legal History, 29, 1985, 323–47; J. Rushworth, The tryall of Thomas earl of Strafford, 1680; J. H. Timmis, Thine is the kingdom: the trial for treason of Thomas Wentworth, earl of Strafford, 1974; M. Perceval-Maxwell, The outbreak of the Irish rebellion of 1641, 1994; Charles I, Eikon basilike, 1649; The autobiography and correspondence of Sir Simonds D’Ewes, ed. J. O. Halliwell, 2 vols, 1845; The remarkable speech of John Pym, Esq; in the House of Lords, upon the impeachment of Thomas Earl of Strafford for high treason., London: Printed for A. Dodd, at the Peacock without Temple Bar, 1642. Speech made on 23 March 1641.
BRILLIANA HARLEY
The key sources are BL MS Add 70110 Portland Papers, vol. CX, 29/72; Letters to Sir Robert Harley from his third wife, Brilliana; 1626–1643, n.d. BL Loan 29/174 ff. 278r-v. HMC MS Duke of Portland, III, 92; Gower, Loan 29/273 f. 9r, and Harley 29/173 f 62r. Lewis, T. T. (ed.), Letters of the Lady Brilliana Harley, wife of Sir Robert Harley, of Brampton Bryan, Knight of the Bath, Camden Society, 58, 1854. Young Brilliana’s letter: BL MS Add 70002, f. 206r, 213r; Eales, Puritans, p. 47; Jacqueline Eales, ‘Patriarchy, puritanism and politics: the letters of Lady Brilliana Harley (1598–1643)’, in James Daybell, ed., Early modern women’s letter writing, 1450–1700, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001, 143–58; Jacqueline Eales, Puritans and Roundheads: The Harleys of Brampton Bryan and the Outbreak of the English Civil War, Cambridge, 1990, the best book to date on an individual family of the period. On Lathom House, see Warwick, Robert, Earl of. An Exact and True Relation in Relieving, 1644, T Tracts E 50 (23); E. Chisenhall, A Journal of the Siege of Latham-House, defended by Charlotte de la Tremouille, 1823. For Robert Harley’s iconoclasm and the formation in April 1643 of the Orwellian-sounding Committee for the Demolition of Monuments of Superstition and Idolatry, see Julie Spraggon, Puritan Iconoclasm in the English Civil War, Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2003.
WILLIAM, SUSAN AND BASIL FEILDING
DNB; Rushworth’s Historical Collections; Historical Manuscripts Commission, 4th rep.; Lodge’s Portraits of Illustrious Persons, ed. 1850, IV, 113–19; Gardiner’s Hist, of England; Feilding, Cecilia Mary Countess of Denbigh, Royalist Father and Roundhead Son, the memoir of the first and second earls of Denbigh, 1600–1675, London, 1915.
JOHN MILTON
Primary sources include The early lives of Milton, edited with introduction and notes by Helen Darbishire, London: Constable, 1932; Original papers illustrative of the life and writings of John Milton, including 16 letters of State written by him, ed. by W. D. Hamilton, London, 1859, and Milton’s own poetry, judiciously selected in John Milton, edited by Stephen Orgel and Jonathan Goldberg, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991 and his voluminous prose, in eight volumes, Complete prose works of John Milton, D. M. Wolfe, general editor, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press; London: Oxford University Press, 1953–1982. The best recent biography is Barbara Lewalski’s The life of John Milton: a critical biography, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2000, though it is dense and scholarly; the more accessible efforts of A. N. Wilson and Christopher Hill are lively but often wrong-headed. David Norbrook’s Writing the English Republic: poetry, rhetoric and politics, 1627–1660, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999 places Milton’s work in political context.
MATTHEW HOPKINS
On Matthew Hopkins, Hopkins’s own Discovery of witches and his colleague John Stearne’s far longer A Confirmation and Discovery of Witch-craft, 1648; John Gaule’s Select Cases of Conscience touching Witches and Witchcrafts, 1646; The Magastromancer, 1652, p. 207; BL Add MS 27402, fol. 114V; A True and Exact Relation, p. 5; Cambridge UL EDR 12/19, 11, 2; Howell’s Letters, 1726, 405, 441 (letters of 3 Feb. 1646 and 20 Feb. 1647); Clarke’s Lives, 1683, p. 172 b (Fairclough); Baxter’s Certainty of the World of Spirits (1691), 1834, p. 20 sq.; Hutchinson’s Historical Essay Concerning Witchcraft, 1720, p. 50 sq.; Anthologia Hibernica, June 1793, p. 424 sq.; Granger’s Biographical History of England, 1824, III, 255; Notes and Queries, 16 Nov. 1850, p. 413; information from the Rev. W. H. Barlee, Brandeston. Secondary works include Richard Deacon, Matthew Hopkins: Witchfinder General, London: Frederick Muller, 1976; Instruments of darkness: witchcraft in England 1550–1750 by James Sharpe, London: Hamish Hamilton, 1996; Malcolm Gaskill, Witchfinders: a seventeenth-century English tragedy, London: John Murray, 2005, arrived too late for me to assimilate its findings entirely, but is a readable treatment which is masterly on locale.
On witch-panics in the Civil War, see A most certain, strange and true discovery of a witch, being taken by some of the parliament forces, 1643; Mercurius Civicus, 21–28 September 1643; Epistolae Ho-Elianae: The Familiar Letters of James Howell, ed. J. Jacobs, 1890, p. 506, 3 Feb. 1646; The Parliaments Post, 13: 29 July–5 August 1645 on Rupert’s dog; Observations Upon Prince Rupert’s White Dogge Called Boy, 1643, pp. 4–9; Prince Rupert’s Disguises, 1642; A Dog’s Elegy, 1644; S. Everard, ‘Oliver Cromwell and Black Magic’, Occult Review, April 1936, 84–92; PRO ASSI 45, which contains a number of records from the Northern Circuit; these are partially transcribed in James Raine ed., Depositions from York Castle, Surtees Society, 40, 1860. See also his Depositions and other Ecclesiastical Proceedings from the courts of Durham, Surtees Society, 21, 1845; pamphlet accounts include An account of the trial, confession, and condemnation of six witches at Maidstone at the assizes held there … to which is added The trial, examination, and execution of three witches executed at Faversham, 1645; The Divel’s Delusions or a faithful relation of John Palmer and Elizabeth Knott, two notorious witches lately condemned at the sessions of Oyer and Terminer in St Albans, 1649.
PRINCE RUPERT
Abingtons and Alisburies Present Miseries, Prince Robert, 4–7; R. Andrewes, A Perfect Declaration of the Barbarous and cruel Practices Committed by Prince Robert, 1642; Observations Upon Prince Rupert’s White Dogge Called Boy, 1643, 4–9; Prince Rupert’s Disguises, 1642; A Dog’s Elegy, 1644; E. Warburton, Memoirs of Prince Rupert and the cavaliers, 3 vols, 1849; The letters of Elizabeth, queen of Bohemia, ed. L. M. Baker, 1953; G. Bromley (ed.), A collection of original royal letters (1787); C. H. Firth (ed.), ‘The journal of Prince Rupert’s marches, 5 Sept 1642 to 4 July 1646’, English Historical Review, 13, 1898, 729–41; G. Martin, ‘Prince Rupert and the surgeons’, History Today, 40, 1990; A collection of original letters and papers, concerning the affairs of England from the year 1641 to 1660. Found among the duke of Ormonde’s papers, ed. T. Carte, 2 vols, 1739; R. Symonds, Diary of the marches of the royal army, ed. C. E. Long and I. Roy, Camden Society Reprints, 3, 1997; C. Petrie (ed.), King Charles, Prince Rupert, and the civil war from original letters, 1974; Memoirs of the life and death of Prince Rupert, 1683; G. Davies, ‘The battle of Edgehill’, English Historical Review, 36, 1921, 30–45; A true relation of prince Robert his forces, coming to one m. Purslins neere Coventry, and burning downe all his out-houses [&c.].
Also the manner of the cavaliers coming to Oxford, and how they were entertained, 1642.
THE KING’S PICTURES AND THEIR FATE
The Inventories and valuations of the King’s goods 1649–1651, ed. Oliver Millar, Walpole Society, 43, 1970–2, XI, XIII, n. 5; Claude Phillips, The Picture Gallery of Charles 1,1896, p. 47; C. Thomas-Stanford, Sussex in the Great Civil War, 1910,153–4; Michalski S., The reformation and the visual arts, 1993, 90–1; W. L. F. Nuttall, ‘King Charles I’s pictures and the commonwealth sale’, Apollo, 82, October 1965, 306. the Late king’s goods: collections, possessions and patronage of Charles I in the light of the Commonwealth sale inventories, edited by Arthur MacGregor in association with Oxford University Press, C1989.
WAR IN WINCHESTER
News indeed: Winchester taken. Together with a fuller relation [signed E. A.] of the great victory obtained … at Alsford … March 28, 1644, by the Parliaments forces under … sir W. Waller, etc; A True Relation of the putting to death one Master Boys, a citizen of London, at Redding, by … Colonell Aston … 2. A Relation of the Battel at Tadcaster, between the Army of Protestants under … the Lo. Fairfax, and an Army of Papists under the …Earle of Newcastle … 3. A list of the prisoners that were Officers, taken at the Battell at Winchester by the Parliament forces … 4. Of the great danger the Protestant Religion is in, if this Army of Papists grow to a great body, etc, 1642; A letter from Captain Jones … being a more full and exacter relation of the particular proceedings of Sir W. Waller’s Armie, than any … yet published … With a true relation of the taking of Winchester by the Parliament’s forces; A true and exact relation of a great overthrow given to the Cavalliers in Winchester by Colonell Hurrey, Colonell Browne, and some others of the Parliaments forces, on Tuesday last …Also certaine votes agreed upon by the House of Commons, of great consequence, and delivered to the Lords … for their assent.
The English Civil War: A People’s History (Text Only) Page 71