ANN FANSHAWE AND OXFORD
BL MS Add 41161; Wellcome Institute MS. 7113; John Loftis, ed., The memoirs of Anne, Lady Halkett, and Ann, Lady Fanshawe, Oxford, 1979; Civil War Oxford: HMC Portland, 1, pp. 56–8, HMC House of Lords, X1, pp. 324, 326, 329; A Full and True Relation, 1 July 1646, BL E 342 (9); Bodleian Library MS Add D 114, ff. 17, 24–6, 46–9, 81. Basis for Toynbee study; Bodleian, Twyne-Langbourne MS 2, ff. 37–8, 47; Oxford Protestation Returns, ed. C. Dobson, B. Dunham, et al., ‘Oxford’s northern defences’, Oxoniensia, 48, 1983, 13–40; David Eddershaw and Eleanor Roberts, The Civil War in Oxfordshire, Stroud: Sutton, 1995; Firth, C. H., ‘The mutiny of Colonel Ingoldsby’s regiment at Oxford in September 1649’, Proceedings of the Oxford Architectural and Historical Society, n.s. IV, 1884, 235–46; History of Oxford University, volume IV; Christopher John Kitching, ‘Probate during the Civil War and Interregnum; 1: the survival of the prerogative court in the 1640s; 2: The Court for Probate, 1653–1660’, Journal of the Society of Archivists, 5:5, 1976, 283–93; 5:6, 1976, 346–56; F. Madan, Oxford Books, 1693; P. Manning, ‘Sport and pastime in Stuart Oxford’, in Surveys and Tokens, ed. H. E. Salter, Oxford Historical Society, LXXV, 1920, 109–23; R. R. Martin, The church and Parish of St Michael’s, 1967; Oxford Council Acts, 1626–1665, ed. M. G. Hobson and H. Salter, 1933; Oxford Life in Oxford Archives, 1972; Steven Porter, ‘The Oxford fire of 1644’, Oxoniensia, 49, 1984, 289–300, and see also his Destruction, notes above; Ruth Spalding, ed., The diary of Bulstrode Whitelocke, 1605–1675 (Records of Social and Economic History, ns, 13), Oxford, 1990; John Stevenson, and Andrew Carter, ‘The raid on Chinnor and the fight at Chalgrove Field, June 17th and 18th 1643’, Oxoniensia, 38 (1974 for 1973), 346–56; A. Taylor, ‘The royal visit to Oxford 1636’, Oxoniensia I, 1936, 151–8; P. E. Tennant, ‘Parish and people: South Warwickshire and the Banbury area in the Civil War’, Cake and Cockhorse, 11:6, 1990, 122–52; M. Toynbee, and P. Young, Strangers in Oxford: A Sidelight on the first Civil War, 1973; F. J. Varley, ed., Mercurius Aulicus: a diurnall communicating, the intelligence and affaires of the court to the rest of the kingdome. Oxford: 1948; Jonathan P. Wainwright, ‘Images of virtue and war: music in civil war Oxford’, in Andrew Ashbee, ed., William Lawes (1602–1645): essays on his life, times and work, Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998, 121–42; Ian Roy, ‘The city of Oxford, 1640–1660’, in Roger Charles Richardson, ed., Town and countryside in the English revolution, Manchester, 1992,130–68; Wood, City of Oxford, Wood, Life and Times, ed. A. Clark, 1895, esp. I, p. 63 for destruction of images by Parliamentarian troops; see also Mercurius Rusticus, 112, 212–13. On Anthony Wood himself, see Llewellyn Powys, The Life and times of Antony a Wood, OUP, 1961; Andrew Clark, The Life and times of Anthony a Wood, 1891–1900; Nicolas K. Kiessling, The Library of Anthony Wood, 2002, Appendix VII, 702–10; John Barnard and D. F. McKenzie, The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain, 1557–1695, 2002; Gabriel Naude, Instructions concerning the erection of a Library,
NEHEMIAH WALLINGTON
Wallington’s writings survive in BL Sloane 1457, A memorial of God’s judgment against the rebels from 1628 to 1655, by Nehemiah Wallington, ff. 1–107. The following note is prefixed: ‘Nehemiah Wallington, 1632. May the XXIV 1658. Folger MS V a 436, fol. 151. BL Add 40883 The Growth of a Christian, The Second booke consuming the fruit and Bennifeet y (through the marcy of God) I gaine by the Sacrament’ a spiritual diary of Nehemiah Wallington, puritan, of London, 3 Jan. 1641–31 Dec. 1643; BL Add 21935, Historical notes and meditations, by Nehemiah Wallington, printed as Historical Notices of Events Occurring chiefly in the Reign of Charles I, 2 volumes, London, 1869; Richard Baxter, The Saints Everlasting Rest, 1653, pt II, p. 124. The main modern study is P. S. Seaver, Wallington’s world: a puritan artisan in seventeenth-century London, 1985.
ATROCITIES
Here the pamphlet and newsbook literature is really too extensive to be properly documented in a general study, but it is vital to note that the English Civil War was a paper war in which print was used not just to convey rational argument but to inflame feeling. The following have been especially suggestive for this book: for diverse accounts of the fall of Burton-on-Trent: Journal of Sir Samuel Luke, ed. I. G. Philip, Oxfordshire Record Society, 1947, p. 117; R. E. Sherwood, Civil Strife in the Midlands 1642–51, London: Phillimore, 1974, p. 69; Mercurius Aulicus, 18 July 1643; A True Relation of Two Merchants of London, who were taken prisoners by the Cavaliers, 1642; John Morrill, ‘Discontent in Provincial Armies 1645–7’, Past & Present, 56, 1972, p. 51; A Particular Relation of the Action before Cyrencester (or Cycester), 1642, and A relation of the taking of Cicester, in the countie of Glocester, on Thursday February 2 1642, 1642; A True and Perfect Relation of the Barbarous and Cruell Passages of the Kings Army, at Old Brainceford, 1642, p. 6; An exact relation of the bloody and barbarous Massacre at Bolton in the Moors in Lancashire, 1644,pp. 2–3; A military Sermon, Oxford, 1644, p. 35; the story of the wife who goes mad is from Aubrey, on William Summers. The following document rapes: Rape: HMC Cowper, vol. 2, p. 327.; Scourge of Civil War, The Blessing of Peace, 1645, unpaginated. On general atrocity, ‘to wreake ones fury upon a dead Carkasse, is a most barbarous, cowardly, and impious thing’ is Edward Symmonds, A military Sermon, Oxford, 1644, p. 35. On Barthomley A breefe and true relacon of the all such passages and things as happened and weire donne in and about Namptwich, by Thomas Malbon, ed. James Hall, Lancashire and Cheshire Record Society, 19, 1889, 94–6. Edward Burghall, Providence Improved; Mercurius Civicus, 35, Thursday January 18–25 1643/4.; A true relation of two great victories obtained of the Enemy, the one by Sir William Brereton in Cheshire, the other by sir John Meldrum in Lancashire, 1644, p. 4. On the damage of war, see Stephen Porter; Barbara Donagan, ‘Atrocity, War Crime and Treason in the English Civil War’, American Historical Review, 99, 1994, 1137–66. There have been many recent attempts to assess the impact of the war on the ordinary man and woman: Mark Stoyle’s work is exemplary, as are P. Tennant, Edgehill and Beyond: The People’s War in the south Midlands, Stroud: 1992; J. Wroughton, A Community at War: The Civil War in Bath and Somerset, Bath, 1992; S. Ward, Excavations at Chester: The Civil War siege works, 1987; M. Atkin, Gloucester in the Civil War: A City Under Siege, 1992; P. Harrington, Archaeology of the English Civil War.
CHRISTMAS
Sources include BL E 422 (6), E 540 (20); The Moderate, 29 (23–30 Jan. 1648/9); Humphrey Mildmay, Diary, MS Harleian 454 fol. 50; Stubbes, Anatomie; Ben Jonson, author of Christmas His Masque in 1616; in December 1642, Thomas Fuller, Edward Fisher, The Feast of Feasts; came A Ha Christmas; Thomas Mockett, Christmas, The Christian’s grand Feast, January 1649, Edward Fisher, A Christian Caveat to the Old and New Sabbatarians; Ezekial Woodward, Christmas Day The Old Heathen’s Feasting Day, 1656; The Arraignment, Conviction and Imprisoning of Christmas, printed by Simon Minced-Pie for Cicely Plum Pottage; John Taylor, The Vindication of Christmas, or, his Twelve years Observations upon the Times, concerning the general game called Sweepstake, acted by General Plunder and Major-General Tax, 1653; Women Will Have their Will, or, Give Christmas His Due, in a Dialogue between Mrs Custome a Victuallers wife neere cripplegate, and Mrs Newcome, 1648. Christmas In and Out, p. 9; cf. Bl TT 669 f. 10 (47); The World is Turned Upside Down; The Commonplace Book of Sir John Oglander Kt, 1936; Evelyn, Diary. The important secondary source is Ronald Hutton’s impressive, readable The rise and fall of merry England: the ritual year, 1400–1700, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994; an outline of events is given in Christopher Durston, ‘Lords of misrule: the Puritan war on Christmas 1642–60’, History Today, 35:12, 1985, 7–14.
DEVON AND CORNWALL
On Exeter: Exeter Quarter Sessions Order Book 62, f. 152r; Loyalty and locality: popular allegiance in Devon during the English Civil War, by Mark Stoyle, Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 1994; Mark Stoyle, ‘Whole Streets Converted Into Ashes: Property destruction in Exeter during the english civil War’, Southern History, 16, 1994, 67–84.
On the beginnings of th
e conflict in the West, see Stoyle, Loyalty, 232–5, 241, and see New News from Cornwall, 27 October 1642, pp. 3–5; on the Western rising and its relation to the war, see Joyce Youings, ‘The south-western rebellion of 1549’, Southern History, 1, 1979, 99–122, and Anthony Fletcher, Tudor rebellions, 47–63.
On Bevil Grenville: ‘Verses on the death of the right valiant Sr Bevill Grenvill, Knight.: Who was slaine by the rebels, on Landsdown hill neare Bath, July. 5. 1643, s.n., Printed in the yeare, 1644’; ‘Some original letters of sir Bevill Grenvile, with others relating to members of his family’ [ed. by St D. M. Kemeys-Tynte], Exeter, 1893; A. Duffin, Faction and faith: politics and religion of the Cornish gentry before the civil war, 1996; M. Coate, Cornwall in the great civil war and interregnum, 1642–1660, 1933; R. Granville, History of the Granville family, Exeter, 1895; B. Grenville, letters; Bellum civile: Hopton’s narrative of his campaign in the West, 1642–1644, ed. C. E. H, Chadwyck Healey, Somerset RS, 18, 1902; John Stucley, Sir Bevill Grenvile and his times, 1596–1643, 1983; The Vindication of Richard Atkyns esquire, 1669, p. 32; Jerrilyn Greene Marston, ‘Gentry Honor and Royalism in Early Stuart England’, The Journal of British Studies, vol. 13, no. 1, Nov. 1973, 21–43. On general perceptions of the Cornish, see Mark J. Stoyle, “‘Pagans or paragons”: images of the Cornish during the English Civil War’, English Historical Review, in, 1996, 299–323. See also the brilliant vignette in Ronald Hutton, ‘The experience of the Civil War in the west’, Somerset Archaeology and Natural History, 138, 1995, 1–6.
On the fight at Lostwithiel: Thomas Edwardes, The Third Part of Gangraena, p. 17 (on the baptism of animals); A Second Powder-Plot discovered in his excellency the Lord General’s Armie: truly relating the manner of this … malignant plot: in two severall letters, etc. 5 September 1644; Rushworth V 702–5; Mercurius Aulicus, 21 September 1644; Kingdoms Weekly Intelligencer, 10–17 September 1644; CSPD, 16 August 1644; Rushworth V 303; G. S., A True Relation of the Sad Passages Between the Two Armies, 1644; New News from Cornwall, 27 October 1642, 3–5; Symonds, Diary, as above (military history); on the Cornish rising, A Letter from the Isle of Wight [dated 30 May 1648], of the design to have gotten the King from the Isle of Wight … And a great victory against the Cavaliers that rise in the West… certified in a letter to a Member of the House of Commons; Mark J. Stoyle,’ “The Gear rout”: the Cornish rising of 1648 and the second Civil War’, Albion, 32:1, 2000, 37–58, and his West Britons: Cornish identities and the early modern British state, Exeter, 2002; on Somerset and on the Clubmen, David Underdown, Somerset in the Civil War and Interregnum, Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1973; Andrew J. Hopper, ‘The Clubmen of the West Riding of Yorkshire during the First Civil War: “Bradford club-law’”. Northern History, 36, 2000, 59–72; G. D. Gilbert, ‘The Worcestershire clubmen of 1645’, Transactions of the Worcestershire Archaeological Society, 3rd ser., 15, 1996, 211–18; Simon Osborne, ‘The war, the people and the absence of the Clubmen in the midlands, 1642–1646’, Midland History, 19, 1994, 85–104; David Underdown, ‘The Chalk and the Cheese: contrasts among the English clubmen’, Past & Present, 85, 1979, 25–48. On destruction, The civil wars experienced: Britain and Ireland, 1638–61, by Martyn Bennett, London: Routledge, 2000, and Destruction in the English Civil Wars, Stephen Porter, Stroud: Alan Sutton, 1994.
FAIRFAX
Essential sources include W. Johnson ed., The Fairfax correspondence: memoirs of the reign of Charles the First, 2 vols, 1848. There are also numerous surviving letters in manuscript, and all significant memoirists and correspondents comment on Fairfax; especially useful are the Thurloe papers and Whitelocke, and there are of course many newsbooks and countless satirical portrayals. See also R. Bell ed., Memorials of the civil war … forming the concluding volumes of the Fairfax correspondence, 2 vols, 1849; T. Fairfax, ‘Short memorials’, BL Harley MS 2315; C. R. Markham, A life of the great Lord Fairfax, 1870; J. Sprigge, Anglia rediviva, 1647; Anon, The siege of Bradford: an account of Bradford in the Civil War, together with the text of The rider of the white horse a rare pamphlet of 1643, compiled and edited by staff of the Bradford Libraries and Information Service, Bradford, 1989. Crucial historical studies include Ian Gentles, The New Model Army in England, Ireland, and Scotland, 1645–1653, 1992; John Wilson, Fairfax: a life of Thomas, Lord Fairfax, Captain-General of all the Parliament’s forces in the English civil war, creator and commander of the New Model Army, London and New York, 1985; David Underdown, Pride’s Purge: politics in the puritan revolution, 1971; Hopper, A. J., ‘The readiness of the people: the formation and emergence of the army of the Fairfaxes, 1642–3’ (Borthwick paper, 92), York: University of York, Borthwick Institute of Historical Research, 1997.
FOOD AND COOKERY WRITERS
Dan Beaver, ‘The Great Deer Massacre: Animals, Honor, and Communication in Early Modern England’, The Journal of British Studies, vol. 38, no. 3, April 1999, 187–216; John Walter, ‘Public transcripts, popular agency and the politics of subsistence in early modern England’, in Michael J. Braddick, and John Walter, eds, Negotiating power in early modern society: order, hierarchy and subordination in Britain and Ireland, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001,123–48, 272–8; Roger B. Manning, Hunters and poachers: a social and cultural history of unlawful hunting in England, 1485–1640, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993; The noble arte of venerie or hunting [by G. Gascoigne], 1611; A short treatise of hunting I compyled for the delight of noblemen and gentlemen by Sir Thomas Cockaine, knight, 1591. Presented to the Roxburghe Club by G. E. Cokayne, facsimile edition, London: Nichols, 1897; Gilly Lehmann, The British housewife: cookery-books, cooking and society in eighteenth-century Britain, Totnes: Prospect Books, 2003. Colin Spencer, British food: an extraordinary thousand years of history, London: Grub Street, 2002. Judy Gerjuoy, ‘The Middle to Late Sixteenth-Century English Upper-Class Meal’, in Walker, Harlan (ed.), The meal: proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery, 2001, Totnes: Prospect Books, 2002; D. E. Williams, ‘Were “hunger” rioters really hungry? – some demographic evidence’, Past & Present, 71, 1976, 70–5 (but this is on an eighteenth-century riot). On hunger and plunder: A True Relation of Two Merchants of London, who were taken prisoners by the Cavaliers, 1642; MS Tanner 60, fol. 491; A Particular Relation of the Action before Cyrencester (or Cycester), 1642, and A relation of the taking of Cicester, in the countie of Glocester, on Thursday February 2 1642,1642; Wits Interpreter, 1655, 143; John Taylor, Ad populam, or a letter to the people, 1644; John Morrill, ‘Discontent in Provincial Armies 1645–7’, Past & Present, 56, 1972, p. 51; A. P. Phillips, ‘The diet of the Savile household in the 17th century’, Transactions of the Thoroton Society of Nottinghamshire, 63, 1960, 57–71. On the US hunger study, see the summary in Hunger: An Unnatural History, by Sharman Apt Russell, Basic Books, 2005. On cookbooks and politics: The Court & Kitchen of Elizabeth, commonly called Joan Cromwel the wife of the late usurper, truly described and represented, etc. [With a portrait.], London, 1664, and ‘Elizabeth Cromwell’s Kitchen Court: Republicanism and the Consort’ by Katharine Gillespie, Genders, 33, 2001, http://www.genders.org/g33/g33-gillespie.html; on Hannah Wolley see The compleat servant-maid: or the Young Maidens Tutor, 1685; The Accomplished Lady’s delight in preserving, physick, beautifying and cookery, 1677, and The Queen-like Closet, or rich cabinet, stored in all manner and more receipts for preserving, candying and cookery, 1670; Hannah Wolley, Cook’s guide, 1664; Jennifer Summit, ‘Writing home: Hannah Wolley, the Oxinden letters, and household epistolary practice’, in Nancy E. Wright, Margaret W. Ferguson and A. R. Buck (eds), Women, property and the letters of the law in early modern England, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004, 2001–18; Elaine Hobby, ‘A woman’s best setting out is silence: the writings of Hannah Wolley’, in Gerald M. MacLean, ed., Culture and society in the Stuart Restoration, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995, 179–200; on Kenelm Digby see The closet of the eminently learned Sir Kenelme Digbie Kt. opened, 1669, edited from the first edition, with introduction,
notes and appendices by Jane Stevenson and Peter Davidson, Blackawton, Totnes, Devon: Prospect Books, 1997; Jackson I. Cope, ‘Sir Kenelm Digby’s rewritings of his life’, in Derek Hirst and Richard Strier, eds, Writing and political engagement in seventeenth-century England, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, 52–68, 200–2.
NEWS AND THE PRINTING PRESS
Levy, Fritz, ‘The decorum of news’, in Joad Raymond, ed., News, newspapers and society in early modern Britain, London: Cass, 1999; Peacey, Jason, Politicians and pamphleteers: propaganda during the English civil wars and interregnum, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004. On women and the press in particular, see Marcus Nevitt, ‘Women in the business of revolutionary news: Elizabeth Alkin, “Parliament Joan,” and the Commonwealth newsbook’, Prose Studies, 21:2, 1998, 84–108, in Joad Raymond, ed., News, newspapers and society in early modern Britain; Mary Westwood, Quaker Publisher, Publishing History: The Social, Economic and Literary History of Book, Newspaper and Magazine Publishing, 23, 1988, 5–66; David L. Cole, ‘Mistresses of the Household: Distaff Publishing in London, 1588–1700’, CEA Critic: An Official Journal of the College English Association, 56, no. 2, Winter 1994, 20–30; David Underdown, ‘The Man in the Moon: Loyalty and Libel in Popular Polities’, in A freeborn people: politics and the nation in seventeenth-century England, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.
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