RICHARD WISEMAN AND THE WOUNDED SOLDIER
On Richard Wiseman, see his own Severall chirurgicall treatises. / By Richard Wiseman, serjeant-chirurgeon, London, 1676, and the modern fascsimile Of wounds, of gun-shot wounds, of fractures and luxations I by Richard Wiseman, Sergeant Surgeon to Charles II, with introduction, appendix and glossary by John Kirkup, Bath: Kingsmead, 1977. See also T. Longmore, Richard Wiseman … a biographical study, 1891; J. Dixon, ‘Contributions towards a memoir of Richard Wiseman’, Medical Times and Gazette, 19 Oct. 1872, 441–3; J. R. Kirkup, ‘The tercentenary of Richard Wiseman’s “Severall chirurgicall treatises”’, Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 59, 1977, 271–83; D. A. Power, ‘Richard Wiseman and his times’, St Bartholomew’s Hospital Journal, 19, 1911–12, 198–201; A. D. Smith, ‘Richard Wiseman: his contribution to English surgery’, Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 46, 1970, 167–82; John Woodhall’s The surgeon’s mate, reprinted in 1639; John Steer’s 1643 translation of Fabricius Hildanus’s Experiments in Chyrurgerie; H. A. L. Howell, ‘The story of the Army Surgeon and the Care of the sick and wounded in the Great Civil War’, Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps, 3, 1904, esp. p. 430; W. B. Richardson, ‘Richard Wiseman and the surgery of the Commonwealth’, The Asclepiad, 3, 1889, 231–55; Mark Stoyle, ‘“Memories of the Maimed”: The Testimony of Charles I’s Former Soldiers, 1660–1730’, History, 88 (2), April 2003; E. G. von Arni, Justice to the Maimed Soldier: Nursing, Medical Care and Welfare for Sick and Wounded Soldiers and their Families during the English Civil Wars and Interregnum, 1642–60, Aldershot, 2001.
THE LEVELLERS
The remarkable and fascinating Levellers had the ill luck to become icons of the Left, which meant a stream of eager, beautifully written misinterpretations has been their fate; Christopher Hill’s writings are brilliant and often misguided examples. On the conceptual link between the Levellers and iconoclasm, see Over-ton’s Articles of high treason exhibited against Cheap-side crosse. With the last will and testament of the said crosse, London, 1642. Other important Leveller writings and the vital Agreement of the People are available in The English Levellers, edited by Andrew Sharp, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, and in Leveller manifestoes of the Puritan Revolution, edited, with introduction and commentaries, by Don M. Wolfe, foreword by Charles A. Beard, New York and London: Nelson, 1944. Mary Overton’s arrest is described in To the right honourable the knights, citizens and burgesses, the parliament of England … the … petition of Mary Overton [against the continued imprisonment of herself, her husband and brother], London, 1647. See also Andrew Hopton, ed., Tyranipocrit discovered, [1649], Aporia Press, 1990, and J. R. McMichael and Barbara Taft, eds, The writings of William Walwyn, Athens, GA, 1989. On the army mutineers at Burford and Ware, see A Full Narrative of Proceedings between Lord Fairfax and the Mutineers, 10 May 1649; A Declaration of the Proceedings of the Lord General in May, 23 May 1649; Sea Green and Blue, 6 June 1649; The Levellers, falsely so called, vindicated, 14 August 1649; A true relation of the Proceedings Burford, 17 September 1649; The Justice of the Army Against Evildoers Vindicated, 1649; The Same Hand Again, 1649; The Kingdoms Weekly Intelligencer, 8–15 May 1649; Moderate Intelligencer, 24–31 May 1649; and R. H. Gretton, ‘The Levellers at Burford’, Burford History, 233–56.
Of the vast literature on the subject, the following are especially helpful: Pauline Gregg, Free-born John: a biography of John Lilburne, 1961; David Wootton, ‘Leveller democracy and the Puritan revolution’, in J. H. Burns and Mark Goldie, eds, The Cambridge history of political thought, 1450–1700, Cambridge, 1991, 412–42; Jason Peacey, ‘John Lilburne and the Long Parliament’, Historical Journal, 43:3, 2000, 625–46; Patricia Crawford, ‘“The poorest she”: women and citizenship in early modem England’, in Michael J. Mendle, ed., The Putney debates of 1647: the army, the levellers and the English state, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, 197–218; and McEntee, A. M., ‘“The [un]civill-sisterhood of oranges and lemons”: female petitioners and demonstrators, 1642–1653’, in James Holstun, ed., Pamphlet wars: prose in the English revolution, 1992, 92–111; Lesley Le Claire, ‘The survival of the manuscript’ [of the Putney debates of 1647], in Michael J. Mendle, ed., The Putney debates of 1647: the army, the levellers and the English state, 19–35; Brian Manning, The far left in the English revolution 1640 to 1660, London: Bookmarks, 1999; Alan Thomson, The Ware Mutiny 1647: order restored or revolution defeated?, Ware: Rockingham, 1996; Ann Hughes, ‘Gender and politics in Leveller literature’, in Susan Dwyer Amussen and Mark A. Kishlansky, eds, Political culture and cultural politics in early modern England: essays presented to David Underdown, Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1995, 162–88; Mark A. Kishlansky, ‘What happened at Ware?’, Historical Journal, 25, 1982, 827–39; Keith Lindley, Fenland riots and the English Revolution, 1982; R. B. Seaberg, ‘The Norman Conquest and the common law: the Levellers and the argument from continuity’, Historical Journal, 24, 1981, 791–806; Mark A. Kishlansky, The Rise of the New Model Army, Cambridge, 1979; C. M. Williams, ‘The Anatomy of a Radical Gentleman: Henry Marten’, in D. H. Pennington, and K. V. Thomas, eds, Puritans and revolutionaries: essays in seventeenth-century history presented to Christopher Hill, Oxford, 1978, 118–38; Brian, Manning, The English People and the English Revolution, 1640–1649, 1976, though its conclusions have been challenged repeatedly; Jason Peacey, ‘The hunting of the Leveller: the sophistication of parliamentarian propaganda, 1647–53’, Historical Research, 78:199, 2005, 15–42.
WINSTANLEY AND THE DIGGERS
The Law of Freedom and Other Writings, Christopher Hill, ed., London: Cambridge University Press, 1983; David Loewenstein, ‘The Powers of the Beast: Gerrard Winstanley and Visionary Prose of the English Revolution’, in Neil Rhodes, ed. and introd., English Renaissance Prose: History, Language, and Politics, Tempe, AZ: Arizona State University, 227–46; Winstanley and the Diggers, 1649–1999, edited by Andrew Bradstock, London: Frank Cass, 2000, especially Alsop’s essay on his life; James Holstun, Ehud’s dagger: class struggle in the English revolution, London: Verso, 2000; G E. Aylmer, ‘The Religion of Gerrard Winstanley’, in J. F, McGregor and B. Reay, Radical Religion in the English Revolution, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 91–119. On Robin Hood and outlawry, see especially Stephen Knight, Robin Hood: a mythic biography, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003, and on the difficulty in defining ‘popular’ culture, see Adam Fox, Oral and literate culture in England, 1500–1700, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2001. On the wild foresters and miners of Dean, see Alf Webb, Civil War in Dean; the history and archaeology of the English Civil War in the Forest of Dean and west Gloucestershire, Dean Archaeological Group occasional publication, 7, Lydney: Dean Archaeological Group, 2001, and Buchanan Sharp, ‘Popular Protest in Seventeenth-Century England’, in Barry Reay, ed., Popular culture in seventeenth-century England, 1985, 271–308; Buchanan Sharp, In contempt of all authority: rural artisans and riot in the west of England, 1586–1660, Berkeley, CA and London, 1980.
SECOND CIVIL WAR
Colchesters Teares: Affecting and Afflicting City and Country, 1648; A true and exact relation of the taking of Colchester, 1648; Diary of the siege of Colchester, 1648; Sheppard, S., The Years of Jubile: or, Englands releasement purchased by Gods Immediate assistance, 1646; Rushworth, VII, 1179, 1298; Matthew Carter, A true relation of the … expedition of Kent, Essex, and Colchester, in 1648, 1650; J. Morrill, Revolt in the provinces: the English people and the tragedies of war, 2nd edn, Harlow, 1999, 175–6; Robert Ashton, Counter-revolution: the second civil war and its origins, 1646–1648, London: Yale University Press, 1994; B. Lyndon, ‘The South of England and the start of the Second Civil War, 1648’, History, 71, 1986, 393–407; Brian Lyndon, ‘Essex and the King’s cause in 1648’, Historical Journal, 29, 1986, 17–39; Ian Gentles, ‘The struggle for London in the second Civil War’, Historical Journal, 26, 1983, 277–305; D. T. D. Clarke, The Siege of Colchester, 1648, Colchester, 1975. O
n London and the New Model, Thomas Juxon, Dr Williams’ Library MS 24.50, ff. 118V–19V; for other accounts see TT e 438 (10), and E 404 (34); less favourable is e 419 (6) and E 422 (9), and Clement Walker, The History of Independency, 1648.
CHILDREN
The story of the boy pillaged on his way to Oxford is Ryves, Mercurius Rusticus, 113–14. There is little work on children during the Civil War; typically, even Charles I’s own children have been neglected. On Princess Elizabeth, so loved by Queen Victoria, see M. A. E. Green, Lives of the princesses of England, 6 vols, 1849–55, vol. 6, 335–92; J. Granger, A biographical history of England, from Egbert the Great to the revolution, 2nd edn, 4 vols, 1775; on James Duke of York see The memoirs of James II: his campaigns as duke of York, 1652–1660, ed. A. Lytton Sells, Bloomington, Indiana, 1962; The life of James the Second, king of England, ed. J. S. Clarke, 2 vols, 1816, and on children in general see The family in the English Revolution, by Christopher Durston, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989, and Linda A. Pollock, Forgotten children: parent-child relations from 1500 to 1900, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983, which shows, as the Verney letters demonstrate, that early modern parents cared just as much for their children as modern parents do. On Hester Pulter, see Mark Robson, ‘Swansongs: Reading Voice in the Poetry of Lady Hester Pulter’, English Manuscript Studies 1100–1700, 9, 2000, 238–56; I am grateful to Elizabeth Clarke of the magnificent Perdita Project for making me aware of Pulter and for lending me her transcript of her heartbreaking poem. On the history of parent-child relations, see also Claire M. Busse, ‘Profitable children: children as commodities in early modern England’, in McBride, Kari Boyd (ed.), Domestic arrangements in early modern England, Medieval & Renaissance literary studies, Pittsburgh, PA: Duquesne University Press, 2002, 209–43, 314–17; Elizabeth A. Foyster, ‘Silent witnesses? Children and the breakdown of domestic and social order in early modern England’, in Anthony Fletcher and Stephen Hussey, eds, Childhood in question: children, parents and the state, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999, 57–73.
ANNE HALKETT
Halkett’s autobiography has been edited in John Loftis, ed., The memoirs of Anne, Lady Halkett, and Ann, Lady Fanshawe, Oxford, 1979. Her numerous and neglected devotional writings are currently being edited by Suzanne Trill. Colonel Joseph Bampfield’s apology: ‘written by himself and printed at his desire’ 1685, edited by John Loftis and Paul H. Hardacre; and Bampfield’s later career: a biographical supplement, by John Loftis, Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press; London: Associated University Presses, C1993. Ezell, Margaret J. M., ‘Ann Halkett’s Morning Devotions: posthumous publication and the culture of writing in late seventeenth-century Britain’, in Arthur F. Marotti and Michael D. Bristol, eds, Print, manuscript & performance: the changing relations of the media in early modern England, Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 2000, 215–31. Susan Wiseman, ‘“The Most Considerable of My Troubles”: Anne Halkett and the Writing of Civil War Conspiracy, ’ in Jo Wallwork, ed., and Paul Salzman, ed. and introd., Women Writing, 1550–1750’,Meridian, Bundoora: Australia Pagination, 25–45; Ottway, Sheila, ‘They Only Lived Twice: Public and Private Selfhood in the Autobiographies of Anne, Lady Halkett and Colonel Joseph Bampfield’, in Henk Dragstra, ed. and introd., Sheila Ottway, ed. and introd. and Helen Wilcox, ed. and introd., Betraying Our Selves: Forms of Self-Representation in Early Modern English Texts, Houndmills, England: Macmillan; New York: St Martin’s Press, NY Pagination, 136–47; Gabriele Rippi, ‘“The Conflict Betwixt Love and Honor” – The Autobiography of Anne, Lady Halkett’, in Susanne Fendler, ed., Feminist Contributions to the Literary Canon: Setting Standards of Taste; Lewiston, NY, 7–29.
AFTERWARDS
A good general account of the shortlived English republic can be found in Ronald Hutton, The British Republic 1649–1660, 2nd edn, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2000, and the same author’s The Restoration: A Political and Religious History of England and Wales, 1658–1667, Oxford, 1985, is also a good account, with Tim Harris, Restoration. Charles II and His Kingdoms, 1660–1685, London: Penguin, 2005. For more on Parliament, see Blair Worden, The Rump Parliament, 1648–1653, 1974. Most work on Cromwell focuses on his acts during the republic and Protectorate; see especially John Morrill, ed., Oliver Cromwell and the English revolution, 1990; J. C. Davis, Oliver Cromwell, London: Arnold, 2001; David L. Smith, Cromwell and the Interregnum, Blackwell Essential Readings in History, Oxford: Blackwell, 2003; for Cromwell in Ireland see J. McElligott, ‘Cromwell, Drogheda, and the abuse of Irish history’, Bullàn, an Irish Studies Review, 6:1, 2001, 109–132. The trend at the moment is towards accounts that question the black legend of Cromwell in Ireland. For his readmission of the Jews to England, see Philo-semitism and the readmission of the Jews to England, 1603–1655, by David S. Katz, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982. The religious conflicts which characterized the war continued to dog the Stuart monarchy: see John Coffey, Persecution and toleration in Protestant England, 1558–1689, Harlow: Longman, 2000, and the ensuing Popish Plot and Glorious Revolution.
REMEMBERING THE WAR
The story of the Last Cavalier comes from British Library MS Harl. 986 f. 94, and Bodleian MS Eng. Hist. E. 309 f. 14; see also Newman, Royalist officers in England and Wales, 1642–1660: a biographical dictionary, Garland Reference Library of the Social Sciences, 72, New York: Garland, 1981, p. 272. On the war and memory, see Mark Stoyle, ‘“Memories of the Maimed”: The Testimony of Charles I’s Former Soldiers, 1660–1730’, History, 88, 2, April 2003; Maija Jansson, ‘Remembering Marston Moor: the politics of culture’, in Susan Dwyer Amussen and Mark A. Kishlansky, eds, Political culture and cultural politics in early modern England: essays presented to David Underdown, Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1995, 255–76; Andrew Hopper, ‘The Farnley Wood Plot and the Memory of the Civil Wars in Yorkshire’, Historical Journal, 45, 2002, and in a Welsh context, Philip Jenkins’s ‘The Old Leaven: The Welsh Roundheads After 1660’, Historical Journal, 24, 1981; John Miller, After the Civil Wars: English politics and government in the reign of Charles II, Harlow: Longman, 2000; Burke W. Griggs, ‘Remembering the Puritan past: John Walker and Anglican memories of the English civil war’, in Muriel C. McClendon, Joseph P. Ward and Michael MacDonald, eds, Protestant identities: religion, society, and self-fashioning in post-Reformation England, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999, 158–91.
INDEX
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Abbott, John, 442
Abercrombie, Jeremiah, 303, 305
Aberdeen, 86; battle of (1644), 397
Abingdon, Oxfordshire, 268, 416
Aborigines (Australian), 515
Adwalton Moor, battle of (1643), 208, 296
Ady, Thomas, 377–8
Agreement of the People, An, 458, 486, 488, 490–1, 496–9
A Ha Christmas (pamphlet), 240
Aldberry, Thomas, 173
Aldermaston, 263
‘Alice, Captain’, 514
Alkin, Elizabeth (‘Parliament Joan’), 410–11, 507
American Revolution, 38
Amnion, Major, 302
Anabaptists (sect), 381
Andrewes, Lancelot, 235
Anglican Church: inclination to popery, 9; practices under Laud, 26–8; calendar reformed, 233–4, 238–9; attendance at Christmas, 236; reduced to simplicity, 408
Anne of Denmark, Queen of James 1,11, 31–2, 50, 55, 68
anorexia, 471
Antrim, Randal Macdonnell, 1st Marquess and 2nd Earl of, 82
Archer, John, 122
Argyll, Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess and 8th Earl of: as Covenanter, 82; pursues Montrose, 397; and Scots in Second Civil War, 533, 540; condemns The Engagement, 540
Arminians, 26,100,136
Army Council: formed, 455
Arnold, Richard, 499, 501
&nbs
p; artillery, 419
Arundel Castle, 358
Arundel, Thomas Howard, 2nd Earl of, 122
Ash, Simeon, 187, 299, 330
Astell, Mary, 119
Astley, Sir Jacob, Baron, 178, 253, 296, 371, 426, 429
Aston, Sir Arthur, 563–4
Aston, John, 146
Aston, Margaret, 198
Atkins, Dr Henry, 11,13
Atkyns, Richard, 222–32, 296, 567
atrocities, 288–98, 336, 398, 400, 418, 430, 535, 546
Aubigny, Katherine d’, Lady, 287, 403
Aubrey, John: records recollections, 2; on school beatings, 18; on Henry Marten, 95; and battle of Edgehill, 183; on Falkland’s death at Newbury, 254–5; on life in Oxford, 270; Anthony à Wood disparages, 278; on Milton’s mother, 306; on Alexander Gill, 308; on Milton at Cambridge, 309; on April Fool’s Day, 521
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