by M. O. Grenby
Carnegie Medal xxiii, 113
Carroll, Lewis 83–4
Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland 3, 16, 39–40, 44–7, 60
poetry in Alice books 84–5
and representation of size 260
Sylvie and Bruno 179–80
Through the Looking Glass 252
cautionary poetry and tales 57, 66, 84–5
Caxton, William
Book of Curtesye 4
The Book of the Knight of the Tower 4
censorship 8
Centuries of Childhood (Ariès) 7, 20–1, 193
Chalet School series
Charlip, Remy: Fortunately 61
Charlot, Jean 58
Charlotte’s Web (White) 127, 166, 246
Chaucer, Geoffrey: The Canterbury Tales 5
Chesterfield, Lord: Letters Written to His Son 14
Chicken Run (animated film): Nick Park 246
child readers
and adult/child hybridity 159–73
alienation of 161, 164–5
and arrangement of books by age 22
and bilingualism in The Borrowers 167, 168, 169
book selection for 24–5, 28
and fear of poetry 76–89
and humour 267, 270
and Locke’s ‘easy pleasant book’ 28–34
as mediators in fantasy books 239–40
and modernist and postmodern picture books 72
responses to narratives 27–8
Romantic construct of reading 27–8
and Sendak’s works 140, 160–1, 169–73
and seventeenth-century reading instruction 29–30
childhood
changing status in early modern period 7–8
contrasted with adulthood 175–82
defined 175–6
Romantic ideal of 178–9
as separate stage of life 7–8
See also constructs of childhood
childhood reading See child readers
children
associated with animals 242–3, 256
defined 175–6
differences from adults 174–6, 188–9
and family 185–6
and fantasy 226–40
lack of influence over their literature 108–10, 113
language learning and poetry 77–80
as other 242–3, 256
as poets 76, 77
and rhyme and musicality 77–8
status of in early modern period 7–8, 20–1
children’s literature
as academic subject 110–13, 121
and adult literature xiii–xiv, xv, 8–9, 37, 91, 108–9, 174–5
canonisation of See canon formation
classics
classic literature
commercialisation of 4–9, 11–12, 133–4, 138, 193, 197–8
See also publishing industry
critical approaches to xv, 109–13
defined 5–6
development as distinct entity 6–9
for entertainment 4, 5
and globalisation 121
growth of genre xiii, 120
and ideas of difference 174–89
the making of See book production
and new literary categories 121–2
origins of See origins of children’s literature
purpose and scope of study xiii–xv
responses to difference 175–82
retellings See retellings
Children’s Literature Association: Touchstones: Reflections on the Best in Children’s Literature 111
Children’s Literature Comprehensive Database 120
children’s poetry 76–89
and adult poetry 76, 77–8
American 77–8, 80–1, 82–3, 88
calls for an expansive anthology of 81–2
and canon formation 81–2
cautionary verse 84–5
Children’s Laureate (USA) 82–3
comic verse 83–4
defined 77–8
and fear of language play 78–80
greater status of in UK 88
lack of innovation in 76–8, 80–9
and media literacy 88–9
as narrative of progress 80, 86
and New Critical treatment of language 79
nursery rhymes as introduction to 33
speaker/voice in 85–8
as taught in schools 76–8
The Chocolate War (Cormier) 15, 23, 155–6, 215–16
Christine’s Picture Book (Andersen/Drewsen) 60–1
The Christmas Alphabet (Sabuda) 128–9
Christmas annuals 42
chromolithography 48–9, 61, 67
See also printing techniques
Chukovsky, Kornei: From Two to Five 80
Cinderella stories 94, 105–6
Clarke, Pauline: The Return of the Twelves 187–8
classics 108–22
association with children 117–18
canonisation of See canon formation
classics sections in bookstores 114–16
era and subject matter 115–17
linguistic diversity 117
and popular audiences 113–19
popularity accelerants 118–19
predicting classics 119–20, 122
readers’ expectations of 115
Cleary, Beverly: Ramona series 202
Cole, Marian Fairman: Mrs Summerly’s Mother’s Primer 135
Collodi, Carlo: Pinocchio 25
Colmont, Marie: Panoramas (with Exter) 64
colonialism
colonial power and language 133
and Lear’s limericks 265
See also British empire
Comenius, Johann Amos: Orbis sensualium pictus 30, 37–8, 55, 57, 130
comic books
banned by librarians 74
competing with periodicals 153
convergence with picture books 74
Plessix’s version of The Wind in the Willows 101–2
commercialisation of children’s literature 4–9, 11–12, 133–4, 138, 193, 197–8
See also publishing industry
constructs of childhood 7, 19–34, 193
age-defined development constructions 22, 23
and children’s poetry 80–1, 83, 85
defined 19–20
explored through literature 175–82
historical manifestations 19, 28–9
and Locke’s ‘easy pleasant book’ 28–34
segregation/quarantine constructions 20–2, 23
seventeenth-century meets twenty-first-century 31–4
Coolidge, Susan: What Katy Did series 148, 184, 217
Cooper, Mary (publisher) 4, 11–12
Cooper, Susan
The Boggart 228
The Dark is Rising 226
Cooper, Thomas (publisher): The Child’s New Play-Thing 4, 38
copper-plate engravings 37–8
See also printing techniques
copyright 8, 44–7, 50–2
Cormier, Robert
The Chocolate War 15, 23, 155–6, 215–16
dysfunctional families 202
Crane, Walter 57, 61, 63, 67, 74
Cressy, Judith: Can You Find It? series 73
Crew, Linda 201
Crews, Donald: Inside Freight Train 24
Cries of London 59–60
Cross, Gillian: The Demon Headmaster 223
‘cross-writing’ the child and the adult 160
culture and childhood See constructs of childhood
Czeschka, Carl Otto: The Nibelungen (with Keim) 71
Dahl, Roald
The BFG 15
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory 38–9
The Magic Finger 246
Revolting Rhymes 267
Darling, Grace 146
Darton, F. J. Harvey: Children’s Books in England 5
Darton, William (publisher) 6, 43, 144
A Present for a Little Girl 144, 151
Day, Thomas: The History of Sandford and Merton 182–3
De la Mare, Walter 39, 81–2
Dean, Thomas (publisher) 41, 43
Dean & Munday (publisher) 41
Defoe, Daniel: Robinson Crusoe 235
Degrassi Junior High (TV series) 221
Denslow, W. W. 71
Derrida, Jacques 247
Descartes, René 256
on man’s superiority 243
DIBELS (instructional method) 135–6
Dick and Jane readers 138
Dick Whittington and His Cat 105
Dickens, Charles
Hard Times 27
A Holiday Romance 233–4
Oliver Twist 185–6
Diderot, Denis: Encyclopédie 57
difference and children’s literature 174–89
disabilities 185–6, 250–1
gender and sexuality 184, 186, 244
identity 183–4
race and class 182–4, 244
size 187–8, 258, 259–62
Direct Instructional System for Teaching and Remediation (DISTAR) 135–7
disabilities 185–6, 250–1
Disney Studios films: contrasted with anime 104
The Hundred and One Dalmatians 113–19
mutation of Aladdin 92
old woman as fairy in Sleeping Beauty 92
DISTAR (instructional method) 135–7
Divine Songs (Watts) 4, 80, 85, 259–60
Drescher, Henrik: Pat the Beastie 267
Drewsen, Adolph: Christine’s Picture Book 60–1
Duvoisin, Roger 58
Hide and Seek Fog 69
Dynamic Indicators for Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS) 135–6
Eagle (comic book) 153
Edgeworth, Maria
challenging fantasy 227, 229, 231
on fantasy adventure 235–6
and humour 269
The Parent’s Assistant 14, 177–8, 195, 198, 227, 228
Practical Education 235
on writing for children 14
education
and changing status of children in eighteenth century 7–8
children’s literature in higher education 110–13
homemade educational aids 11–12, 134
instructional books 4–5
mothers as educators 9–14, 133–5
and social mobility 9
See also literacy
Edwards, Dorothy: Naughty Little Sister stories 202
Egyptian writing systems 129
electronic publishing 53
See also internet
Eliot, George: The Mill on the Floss 149
Émile: or On Education (Rousseau) 8, 177, 178, 210
empire 144–5, 213–17
endpapers: printing techniques 49–50
Engelmann, Siegfried: DISTAR (instructional method) 135–7
Entertaining Memoirs of Little Personages 195–6
Erlbruch, Wolf: The Story of the Little Mole (with Holzwarth) 247
Ernst, Max: Une semaine de bonté 60–1
Estes, Eleanor: The Witch Family 235
Evans, Edmund (printer) 48
The Everyman Anthology of Poetry for Children (Avery) 81
Exter, Alexandra 58
Panoramas (with Colmont) 64
factory model instructional method 135–7
Fadiman, Clifton: World Treasury of Children’s Literature 114
fairy tales
adult/child relationship 160
Freudian readings of 93
and retellings in picture-book form 99
families 193–207
children functioning as 204
children succeeding outside conventional 185–6, 194–5
and class 196–7
created by choice rather than biology 205–7
dysfunctional 202–3
and economic forces 197–8
educating children and early literature 193–6
effect of corporate culture on 203–4
eighteenth-century understanding of 9–14
family adventure stories 198–201
family refugee stories 200–1
ideas about their function 195–6
in The Man 187–8
new definitions of 204–7
in the pre-modern period 193–4
shift towards children’s needs and potential 196–201
twentieth-century hostility and mistrust of 202–3
twenty-first-century disintegration of family 203–7
twenty-first-century revival of the family saga 200
fantasy 226–40
and adult/child hybridity 160
characters in strange lands 235–9
disturbing domesticity 232–3
Edgeworth’s attack on 227
Manlove’s taxonomy 226
opposed to reason 227–8
and science and technology 228–9
Farrar, F. W.: Eric, or Little by Little 212
Felixmüller, Conrad 71
femininity See gender roles
Fénelon, Abbé: Les Aventures de Télémaque fils d’Ulysse 5, 14
Fenn, Ellenor, Lady
The Art of Teaching in Sport 12
Cobwebs to Catch Flies: Dialogues in Short Sentences 133, 135
Fables in Monosyllables 12–14
School Dialogues 211–12
School Dialogues for Boys 210
Ferguson, Moira 244
Fielding, Sarah: The Governess, or, the Little Female Academy 10, 209–11, 213, 217, 219
Fine, Anne 205, 249
and animal rights in The Chicken Gave It to Me 245–6
masculinity in Flour Babies 155, 184
Fisher, George: The Instructor; or, the Young Man’s Best Companion 4
Fitzhugh, Louise: Harriet the Spy 152
Flack, Marjorie: Angus and the Cat 69
flap-books 12
Flesch, Rudolf: Why Johnny Can’t Read? 138
Folktales
adult/child relationship 160
and animals 243
and copyright 51–2
and cultural retellings 94
Jungian readings of 93
Foucault, Michel: Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison 211
Foxe, John: Book of Martyrs 4
‘Francis Fearful’ 195–6
Freeman, Don: Fly High Fly Low 64
Freyhold, K. F. von 71
The Friar and the Boy 5
Friends (TV series) 204
Fudge, Erica: Perceiving Animals: Humans and Beasts in Early Modern English Culture 243, 251
Fuller, S. & J. (publisher) 49
Funke, Cornelia: The Thief Lord 117
Gág, Wanda 58, 69
Garland, Sherry: The Lotus Seed 200–1
Garnett, Eve: The Family From One End Street 117–18
Garza, Carmen Lomas: Family Pictures / Cuadros de familia 65
Gatty, Margaret Scott: ‘See-Saw’ and adult/child hybridity 160
gender roles 143–57
androgynous boys 184
in contemporary school stories 222–3
orthodox gender distinctions 146–7
separate fiction for boys and girls 144
tomboys See tomboys
Geras, Adèle: Egerton Hall trilogy 222
Gesamtkunstwerk 55
Giddens, Anthony 205
Gills, Thomas: Instructions for Children 4
Gipson, Fred: Old Yeller 247
Girl’s Own Paper (periodical) 145
Gleeson, Brian: The Savior is Born 74
Glenn, Karen 83
The Golden Compass (Pullman) 238–9, 240
Golding, William: Lord of the Flies 215
Gomi, Taro: Everyone Poops 258–9
Graham, Eleanor: The Children Who Lived in a Barn 204
Grahame, Kenneth
The Golden Age 234–5
The Wind in the Willows 15, 101–2, 105, 106, 186, 243–4, 252–3
Se
e also Needle, Plessix
See also Plessix
Grange Hill (TV series) 221
Great Books movement 114
Grimm Brothers
Dr Seuss’s parody of ‘The Fisherman and His Wife’ 270
and the gruesome 263–4
infantilised and masculinised texts 159–60
Meredith’s retelling of Dornröschen 93
and Rumpelstiltskin retellings 97–8, 101
The Guardian of Education (periodical) 7, 109–10
Gubar, Marah 159
Guthrie, Thomas Anstey
Anstey, F.
Guy, Rosa 202–3
habitus (Bourdieu) 19–20
Hale, Kathleen: Orlando series 44
Hamilton, Charles: Greyfriars series 216
Hamilton, Virginia 116
handmade educational aids See homemade educational aids
Hansen, Henrik Hohle: Pigen der Ikke Ville Pa Potten (with Pardi) 262
Haraway, Donna 250–1
Harkaway, Jack (fictional character) 145
harlequinades 12, 42–3, 44, 69
Harris, John (publisher) 49
Harry Potter novels 112–13, 114, 117, 119, 121, 156–7, 194–5, 206, 220–1
Hautzig, Deborah: Hey, Dollface 222
healthiness 185, 186–7
Heaney, Seamus: The Rattle Bag 81–2
Hebrew alphabet 129
Heide, Florence Parry: The Shrinking of Treehorn 260
Hejinian, Lyn 78–9
Hemyng, Bracebridge: fictional character of Jack Harkaway 145
Henty, G. A.
Out on the Pampas 15
The Young Buglers 152–3
Hill, Lorna: Sadler’s Wells series 152
Hinton, S. E.: The Outsiders and Rumblefish 202
Hirano, Kouta: Hellsing 23
His Dark Materials trilogy (Pullman) 194–5, 238–9, 240
historical origins of children’s literature 4–9
The History of Little Goody Two-Shoes (Newbery) 9, 131, 194, 201
The History of the Fairchild Family (Sherwood) 182, 196
Hoban, Russell: The Mouse and His Child 228–9, 250
Hoban, Tana
Is It Red? Is It Yellow? Is It Blue? 24
Push Pull Empty Full 24
The Hobbit (Tolkien) 15, 49–50, 155, 226
Hoffmann, Heinrich: Struwwelpeter 57, 60, 66, 84, 259
Holling, Holling Clancy: Paddle-to-the-Sea 63
Holzwarth, Werner: The Story of the Little Mole (with Erlbruch) 247
homemade educational aids 11–12, 134
homosexuality and homophobia 186
in school stories 222–3
Horowitz, Anthony: Alex Rider series 153–4, 194–5
Houston, Julian: New Boy 223
Howitt, Mary
as translator of Hans Christian Andersen 52
Wonderful Stories for Children 52
Hughes, Ted
animated film version of The Iron Giant 187
Poetry in the Making 140–1
Hughes, Thomas: Tom Brown’s Schooldays 15, 154, 184, 212–15, 222–3