Jack Johnson, Rebel Sojourner
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12. See, for example, Julie Bosman, “Obama Sharply Assails Absent Black Fathers,” New York Times, 16 June 2008; Geoff Earle, “Kick in Pants from O: ‘Brother’s, Stop Sagging,'” New York Post, 4 November 2008.
13. “No Posthumous Pardon,” New York Times, 11 December 2009.
14. Quotations in this paragraph are from Frederic J. Frommer, “Backers Making Another Run at Pardon for Boxer” (21 February 2011), www.scpr.org/news/2011/02/21/24278/backers-making-another-run-pardon-boxer/ (accessed 1 September 2011). Also see “McCain and King Seek Pardon for Boxing Great Jack Johnson (25 May 2011), www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/25/us-boxing-johnson-idUSTRE74O06420110525 (accessed 1 September 2011).
15. Quoted in Karyl Walker, “No Pardon for Garvey” (21 August 2011), www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/No-pardon-for-Garvey_9489036#ixzziXISZyfzk (accessed 1 September 2011).
16. Mos Def, “Zimzallabim” and “Blue Black Jack,” The New Danger (Geffen Records, 2004).
17. This Bike Is a Pipe Bomb, “Jack Johnson,” Three Way Tie for a Fifth (Plan-It-X South, 2004).
18. Trevor Von Eeden, The Original Johnson, vol. I (San Diego: IDW Publishing, 2009); Trevor Von Eeden, The Original Johnson, vol. II (San Diego: IDW Publishing, 2011); George Gene Gustines, “Comic Book Takes Unflinching Look at a Boxing Champion,” New York Times, 24 December 2008.
19. See, for example, David Margolick, Beyond Glory: Joe Louis vs. Max Schmeling, and a World on the Brink (New York: Random House, 2006); Patrick Myler, Ring of Hate: Joe Louis vs. Max Schmeling, the Fight of the Century (New York: Arcade Publishing, 2005); Barak Goodman, director, The Fight (Social Media Productions, 2004). On Louis as a black icon, see Runstedtler, “In Sports the Best Man Wins.”
20. David Zirin, “Message to Obama: You Can't Have Muhammad Ali” (3 December 2009), www.huffingtonpost.com/dave-zirin/message-to-obama-you-cant_3_b_378429.html (accessed 10 January 2011). Obama's tribute appeared in USA Today as part of a special edition titled “Ali: Celebrating 50 Years on the World Stage.”
21. John Hoberman, Darwin's Athletes: How Sport Has Damaged Black America and Preserved the Myth of Race (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1997). Bill Cosby has made similar comments about black youth and their fascination with rap music. Bill Cosby and Alvin Poussaint, Come on, People: On the Path from Victims to Victors (Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2007).
22. Richard Iton, In Search of the Black Fantastic: Politics & Popular Culture in the Post-Civil Rights Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 16-17. Also see David J. Leonard and C. Richard King, eds., Commodified and Criminalized: New Racism and African Americans in Contemporary Sports (Plymouth, UK: Rowman & Littlefield, 2011).
Bibliography
NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS
African American
Baltimore Afro-American, Broad Ax, California Eagle, Call and Post, Chicago Defender, Chicago Whip, Cleveland Gazette, Crisis, Indianapolis Freeman, Messenger, Negro World, New York Age, New York Amsterdam News, Philadelphia Tribune, Richmond Planet, Savannah Tribune, Washington Bee
Australia
Age, Argus, Arrow, Australasian, Bulletin, Melbourne Herald, Observer, Punch, Sunday Sun, Sydney Morning Herald, Sydney Truth, Tasmanian Mail
Barbados
Barbados Globe and Colonial Advertiser
Britain
African Times and Orient Review, Daily Chronicle, Daily Telegraph, Dublin Evening Herald, Dublin Evening Mail, Guardian, Morning Post, Times
Canada
Toronto Globe
Cuba
Havana Daily Post, Diario de la Marina, La Lucha
France
L'Autre France, Chicago Tribune European Edition, La Dépêche coloniale et maritime, L'Eclair, L'Excelsior, Le Figaro, L'Homme libre, L'Humanité, L'Intransigéant, Le Journal, Le Matin, Le Paria, La Presse, Le Temps
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The Englishman; Abhyudaya, Arya Prakásh, Bhála, Daily Hitavadi, Gujaráti, Gujaráti Punch, Hitvarta, Indian Spectator, and Kesari (translated and excerpted in Indian Newspaper Reports, C1868-1942. from the British Library, London, Adam Matthew Publications)
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Mexico
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Manila Times, Renacimiento Filipino
South Africa
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United States
Atlanta Constitution, Boston Daily Globe, Chicago Daily Tribune, Life, Literary Digest, Los Angeles Times, McClure's Magazine, National Police Gazette, New York Post, New York Times, Outlook, San Francisco Chronicle, Time, USA Today, Washington Post
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Britain
Boxing, Boxing New Year's Annual, Boxing World and Athletic Chronicle, Boxing World, Mirror of Life, & Sporting Observer, Christian Endeavour Times, Health & Strength, Mirror of Life and Boxing World, Mirror of Life and Sport, Sandow's Magazine, Sportsman
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ARCHIVAL COLLECTIONS
Detroit Publishing Company Collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
Herbert Lazarus Collection, Beinecke Library, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
Jack Johnson Photograph Collection, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library.
John Johnson Collection of Printed Ephemera, Bodleian Library, Oxford University, Oxford, England.
Tuskegee Clippings File, Division of Behavioral Science Research, Carver Research Foundation, Tuskegee Institute, Alabama. Sanford, NC: Microfilming Corporation of America, 1981.
National Archives, London, England
“British boxing: Colour Bar 1947,” Colonial Office Records, 876/89.
“ENTERTAINMENTS: Boxing. Conditions under which contests are illegal. Law Officers' Opinion. 1911; LAW OFFICERS OPINIONS: Boxing—conditions under which contests are illegal. 1911,” Home Office Records, 45/10487/110912.
“ENTERTAINMENTS: Boxing. Contests between coloured men and white men,” Home Office Records 45/11880.
“Prize Fight—Earls Court between Bombardier Wells and Jack Johnson on Oct 2—objections 1911,” Metropolitan Police Records, 2/1474.
National Archives II, College Park, Maryland
Record Group 59, State Department Decimal Files, “Boxing,” 812.4066.
Record Group 65, Investigative Case Files of the Bureau of Investigation, 19081922, “Jack Johnson,” M1085.
Record Group 84, American Embassy Files, “Amusements & Sports,” 840.6.
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Goodman, Barak, director. “The Fight.” American Experience. Social Media Productions, 2004.
Greatest Fights of the Century: Jack Johnson vs. Jim Jeffries. 1965. Available at the Library of Congress's Motion Picture, Broadcasting & Recorded Sound Division.
Howard, Ron, director. Cinderella Man. Universal Pictures, 2005.
O'Connor, Gavin, director. Warrior. Lionsgate, 2011.
Ritt, Martin, director. The Great White Hope. 1970; Twentieth Century Fox, 2004.
Russell, David O., director. The Fighter. Paramount Pictures, 2010.
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