The Mantle of Command
Page 55
17. Prange, At Dawn We Slept, 294; Stinnett, Day of Deceit, 234.
18. Prange, At Dawn We Slept, 294.
19. Ibid.
20. Ed Cray, General of the Army: George C. Marshall, Soldier and Statesman (New York: Norton, 1990), 255.
21. Gordon W. Prange, Dec. 7, 1941: The Day the Japanese Attacked Pearl Harbor (New York: Wings Books, 1991), 98.
22. Cordell Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull (New York: Macmillan, 1948), vol. 2, 1095.
23. Prange, Dec. 7, 1941, 28.
24. Signal from Admiral Stark, priority, in Stinnett, Day of Deceit, 172–73.
25. Prange, Dec. 7, 1941, 247.
26. Ibid., 247–48.
27. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 430.
28. B. Mitchell Simpson III, Admiral Harold R. Stark: Architect of Victory, 1939–1945 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1989), 114. Hopkins, in a memo that night, noted that it was “at about 1.40 P.M.”: Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 430.
29. Simpson, Admiral Harold R. Stark, 114. Hopkins noted: “a radio from the Commander-in-Chief of our forces there advising all our stations that an air raid attack was on and that it was ’no drill.’”: Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 430–31.
30. See Ted Morgan, FDR: A Biography (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985), 186–90 and 200.
31. Marshall, George C. Marshall Interviews and Reminiscences for Forrest C. Pogue, 610–11.
32. “FDR Visits Hawaii,” Navy History Hawaii, http://navyhistoryhawaii.blogspot.com/2010/07/fdr-visits-hawaii_28.html, accessed April 29, 2011.
33. Franklin D. Roosevelt, “Remarks in Hawaii,” July 28, 1934. John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters, The American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=14729, accessed April 29, 2011.
34. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 431.
35. Chris Bellamy, Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War (New York: Knopf, 2007), 140.
36. Ibid., 107.
37. Ibid., 148.
38. Davis, FDR, the War President, 339.
39. Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, vol. 2, 1096.
40. Henry L. Stimson and McGeorge Bundy, On Active Service in Peace and War (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1948), 391.
41. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 431.
42. Prange, Dec. 7, 1941, 383; Linda Lotridge Levin, The Making of FDR: The Story of Stephen T. Early, America’s First Modern Press Secretary (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2008), 252.
43. Levin, The Making of FDR, 252.
44. “The announcement of the attack was made in a brief statement by President Roosevelt. Naval and military targets on the principal island of Oahu have also been attacked.” W. Averell Harriman and Elie Abel, Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin, 1941–1946 (New York: Random House, 1975), 111.
45. Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, vol. 6, Finest Hour, 1939–1941 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1983), 1267.
46. John G. Winant, A Letter from Grosvenor Square: An Account of a Stewardship (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1947), 198–99.
47. Gilbert, Finest Hour, 1268.
48. David Reynolds, In Command of History: Churchill Fighting and Writing the Second World War (New York: Random House, 2005), 264.
49. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 431.
50. Ibid.
51. Ibid., 432.
52. Grace Tully, F.D.R., My Boss (New York: Scribner’s, 1949), 254.
53. Maurice Matloff and Edwin M. Snell, Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare, 1941–1942 (Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Dept. of the Army, 1953), 18.
54. Simpson, Admiral Harold R. Stark, 109.
55. Henry H. Arnold, Global Mission (New York: Harper, 1949), 193.
56. Tully, F.D.R., My Boss, 255.
57. Ibid.
58. Prange, Dec. 7, 1941, 255.
59. Tully, F.D.R., My Boss, 255.
60. Ibid., 256.
61. Ibid.
62. Draft No. 1, December 7, 1941, Proposed Message to the Congress, Franklin Delano Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, NY.
63. Tully, F.D.R., My Boss, 256.
64. Magic intercept of Tokyo Foreign Office Purple message to the Japanese Embassy in Washington, D.C., dated January 30, 1941, translated on February 7, 1941. Such intercepts could not, of course, be made public by the Roosevelt administration, but the gist of them was shared among all State Department and military authorities.
65. Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, vol. 2, 1098.
66. Tully, F.D.R., My Boss, 256.
67. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 432.
68. Levin, The Making of FDR, 252.
69. Richard Strout, in Christian Science Monitor, December 7, 1951, quoted in Prange, Dec. 7, 1941, 385.
70. John Morton Blum, ed., From the Morgenthau Diaries, vol. 3, Years of War, 1941–1945 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967), 2.
71. Eleanor Roosevelt, This I Remember, 234.
72. Prange, At Dawn We Slept, 557.
73. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 433.
74. Ibid.
75. Prange, At Dawn We Slept, 556.
76. Ibid.
77. Ibid., 557.
78. Ibid.
79. Ibid., 557–58.
80. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 433.
81. Prange, At Dawn We Slept, 558.
82. Frances Perkins, Columbia University Oral History, quoted in Lynne Olson, Citizens of London: The Americans Who Stood with Britain in Its Darkest Hour (New York: Random House, 2010), 145; Andrew, For the President’s Eyes Only, 118–19.
83. Morgan, FDR: A Biography, 617.
84. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 433.
85. Prange, At Dawn We Slept, 559.
86. Morgan, FDR: A Biography, 618.
87. Prange, Dec. 7, 1941, 389.
88. Prange, At Dawn We Slept, 560.
89. Ibid.
90. Prange, Dec. 7, 1941, 390.
91. Ibid., 384.
92. Prange, At Dawn We Slept, 516.
93. Davis, FDR, the War President, 347.
94. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 433.
95. Ibid., 434.
96. Stinnett, Day of Deceit, 3.
97. A. M. Sperber, Murrow: His Life and Times (New York: Freundlich Books, 1986), 207.
3. Hitler’s Gamble
1. Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History (New York: Harper, 1948), 435–36.
2. Ibid., 437.
3. Franklin D. Roosevelt, The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, ed. Samuel Rosenman, vol. 10, The Call to Battle Stations, 1941 (New York: Russell and Russell, 1969), 514–16.
4. Martin Gilbert, Churchill and America (New York: Free Press, 2005), 246.
5. Alan Brooke, “Notes on My Life,” in War Diaries, 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke, ed. Alex Danchev and Daniel Todman (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), 209.
6. Cable C-138x, in Warren Kimball, ed., Churchill & Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence, vol. 1, Alliance Emerging, October 1933–November 1942 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), 283.
7. Entry of Tuesday, December 9, 1941, “Secret Diary” of Lord Halifax, Papers of Lord Halifax, Hickleton Papers, Borthwick Institute of Historical Research, University of York, Yorkshire, England.
8. Letter to the Prime Minister, December 9, 1941, Papers of Lord Halifax, Hickleton Papers, Borthwick Institute of Historical Research, University of York, Yorkshire, England.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Letter to Hiram Johnson Jr., December 13, 1941, in Hiram W. Johnson, The Diary Letters of Hiram Johnson, 1917–1945, vol. 7 (New York: Garland, 1983).
12. Letter to the Prime Minister, December 9, 1941, Papers of Lord Halifax.
13. Ibid.
14. Andrew Roberts, The Holy Fox: A Biography of Lord Halifax (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1991), 287.
15. Ibid., 280.
16. Ibid.
&nb
sp; 17. Cable R-73x, draft A, in Kimball, Churchill & Roosevelt, vol. 1, 285.
18. Entry of Wednesday, December 10, 1941, Halifax Diary.
19. David Reynolds, In Command of History: Churchill Fighting and Writing the Second World War (New York: Random House, 2005), 266.
20. Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 3, The Grand Alliance (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1950), 551.
21. Cable C-139x, in Kimball, Churchill & Roosevelt, vol. 1, 284.
22. Cable R-73x, draft B, in Kimball, Churchill & Roosevelt, vol. 1, 286.
23. Ibid.
24. Cable R-73x, in Kimball, Churchill & Roosevelt, vol. 1, 286.
25. Linda Lotridge Levin, The Making of FDR: The Story of Stephen T. Early, America’s First Modern Press Secretary (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2008), 262.
26. Entry of December 3, 1941, Galeazzo Ciano, Diary 1937–1943 (New York: Enigma Books, 2002), 470.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid., entry of December 8, 1941, 472.
29. Ian Kershaw, Hitler 1936–1945: Nemesis (New York: Norton, 2001), 345.
30. Guderian was dismissed on December 26, 1941.
31. Henry Picker, Hitlers Tischgespräche im Führerhauptquartier, 1941–42, ed. Gerhard Ritter (Bonn: Athenäum Verlag, 1951), 75.
32. Ian Kershaw, Fateful Choices: Ten Decisions That Changed the World, 1940–1941 (New York: Penguin Press, 2007), 417, quoting Walter Warlimont, Inside Hitler’s Headquarters, 1939–45 (Novato, CA: Presidio, 1964), 207–8.
33. Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 953.
34. Entry of December 8, 1941, Ciano, Diary, 472.
35. Gordon W. Prange, At Dawn We Slept: The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981), 428.
36. Hitler to Franz Halder, March 17, 1941, in Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 355.
37. Kershaw, Fateful Choices, 401.
38. Nikolaus von Below, adjutant to the Führer, in Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 954.
39. Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 442.
40. Kershaw, Fateful Choices, 418.
41. Max Domarus, ed., Hitler, Speeches and Proclamations 1932–1945: The Chronicle of a Dictatorship, vol. 4, The Years 1941 to 1945 (Wauconda, IL: Bolchazy-Carducci, 1997), 2531–51. Notable Americans had sympathized. “There is no question of the power, unity and purposefulness of Germany,” Anne Morrow Lindbergh had written her mother after her first trip to Germany in 1936, “it is terrific. I have never in my life been so conscious of such a directed force. It is thrilling when one sees it manifested in the energy, pride and morale of the people—especially the young people. But also terrifying in its very unity—a weapon made by one man but also to be used by one man. Hitler, I am beginning to feel, is like an inspired religious leader, and as such fanatical—a visionary who really wants the best for his country.” Anne Morrow Lindbergh, The Flower and the Nettle: Diaries and Letters of Anne Morrow Lindbergh, 1936–1939 (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976), 100.
42. Domarus, Hitler, Speeches and Proclamations, vol. 4, 2531–51.
43. Ibid.
44. Letter to Hiram Johnson Jr., December 13, 1941, in Johnson, The Diary Letters of Hiram Johnson, vol. 7.
45. Ibid.
4. The Victory Plan
1. Eleanor Roosevelt, This I Remember (New York: Harper, 1949), 233.
2. Mrs. Roosevelt may have misremembered; as AP’s White House reporter, A. Merriman Smith, claimed in 1946, “knowledge that Churchill was en route to the White House was generally known among Washington reporters, but not a word was printed or broadcast until he arrived”: A. Merriman Smith, Thank You, Mr. President: A White House Notebook (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1946), 129.
3. Eleanor Roosevelt, This I Remember, 237.
4. Entry of Sunday, December 21, 1941, “Secret Diary” of Lord Halifax, Papers of Lord Halifax, Hickleton Papers, Borthwick Institute of Historical Research, University of York, Yorkshire, England.
5. Ibid., entry of Monday, December 22, 1941.
6. Mary Soames, ed., Speaking for Themselves: The Personal Letters of Winston and Clementine Churchill (New York: Doubleday, 1998), 461.
7. Entry of Monday, December 22, 1941, Halifax Diary.
8. Ibid.
9. Entry of December 22, 1941, in Lord Moran, Winston Churchill: The Struggle for Survival, 1940–1965 (London: Constable, 1966), 11.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. See Mark A. Stoler, The Politics of the Second Front: American Military Planning and Diplomacy in Coalition Warfare, 1941–1943 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1977), 23.
13. Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 3, The Grand Alliance (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1950), 589.
14. Ibid., 589–60.
15. For an excellent summary see Mark A. Stoler, Allies and Adversaries: The Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Grand Alliance, and U.S. Strategy in World War II (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000). See also Mark A. Stoler, Allies in War: Britain and America Against the Axis Powers, 1940–1945 (London: Hodder Arnold, 2005); and Christopher Thorne, Allies of a Kind: The United States, Britain, and the War Against Japan, 1941–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978).
16. Barbara Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–45 (New York: Macmillan, 1970), 241; Stoler, The Politics of the Second Front, 25.
17. Stoler, The Politics of the Second Front, 13.
18. Letter to Hiram Johnson Jr., February 19, 1942, in Hiram W. Johnson, The Diary Letters of Hiram Johnson, 1917–1945, vol. 7 (New York: Garland, 1983).
19. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 3, The Grand Alliance, 588.
20. Stoler, Allies and Adversaries, 47–50.
21. The final report, with appendices, was only formally submitted to the President on September 25, 1941, though still dated September 11. “Joint Board Estimate of United States Over-all Production Requirements, September 11, 1941,” “Safe” and Confidential Files, Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library, Hyde Park, NY. See also Kenneth S. Davis, FDR, the War President, 1940–1943: A History (New York: Random House, 2000), 295.
22. “Joint Board Estimate,” “Safe” and Confidential Files, FDR Library. Author’s italics.
23. Ibid.
24. Lord Halifax to Prime Minister, October 4, 1941, Papers of Lord Halifax, Hickleton Papers, Borthwick Institute of Historical Research, University of York, Yorkshire, England.
25. “We lunched together, as usual, on his writing table, among his papers and knickknacks, and he talked about everything with great freedom, from Russia to the Philippines”: entry of Friday, October 10, 1941, Halifax Diary.
26. Lord Halifax to Prime Minister, October 11, 1941, Papers of Lord Halifax.
27. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 3, The Grand Alliance, 482–83.
28. Entry of December 18, 1942, Stimson Diary, Henry L. Stimson Papers, Yale University Library, New Haven, CT.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
31. Jon Meacham, Franklin and Winston: An Intimate Portrait of an Epic Friendship (New York: Random House, 2003), 141.
32. Michael F. Reilly and William Slocum, Reilly of the White House (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1947), 125.
33. President’s Press Conference, White House, December 23, 1941, FDR Library.
34. Smith, Thank You, Mr. President, 67.
35. President’s Press Conference, White House, December 23, 1941.
36. Smith, Thank You, Mr. President, 262.
37. “Operation Arcadia: Washington Conference, December 1941,” entry of December 23, Diary of Ian Jacob, 11, Liddell Hart Centre for Military History, King’s College London.
38. Ibid., 13.
39. Entry of December 23, 1941, Stimson Diary, 140.
40. Ibid., 140–41.
41. “Operation Arcadia: Washington Conference, December 1941,” entry of December 23, Jacob Diary, 15–16.
42. Ibid., 17.
43. “What India was for England, the eastern territory will be f
or us”: Hitler monologues, August 8–11, 1941, quoted in Ian Kershaw, Hitler 1936–1945: Nemesis (New York: Norton, 2000), 402.
44. Charles Wilson, Moran Papers, Wellcome Library, London, typescript notes.
45. Ibid., typescript notes, marked “29.”
46. Entry of Monday, November 10, 1941, Halifax Diary.
47. Charles Wilson, Moran Papers, typescript notes.
48. Hankey Papers, Churchill College, Cambridge, quoted in David Irving, Churchill’s War, vol. 2, Triumph in Adversity (London: Focal Point, 2001), 339.
49. Thorne, Allies of a Kind, 116.
50. Ibid.
51. Andrew Roberts, Eminent Churchillians (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994), 205.
52. Charles Wilson, Moran Papers, typescript notes.
53. Ibid.
54. Ibid.
55. Ibid.
56. Ibid.
57. “Operation Arcadia: Washington Conference, December 1941,” entry of December 25, Jacob Diary, 15–16.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid.
60. Entry of December 25, 1941, Stimson Diary, 145–46.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid., 145.
63. Ibid., 146.
64. Ibid., 147.
65. Stephen Ambrose, Eisenhower, vol. 1, Soldier, General of the Army, President-Elect, 1890–1952 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985), 137–38.
66. Eleanor Roosevelt, This I Remember, 242–43.
67. Meacham, Franklin and Winston, 144.
68. Ibid., 145.
69. Eleanor Roosevelt, This I Remember, 243–44.
70. John Morton Blum, ed., From the Morgenthau Diaries, vol. 3, Years of War, 1941–1945 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967), 122.
71. Entry of Monday, December 24, 1941, Halifax Diary.
72. Entry of December 27, 1941, Stimson Diary, 144–45.
73. Entry of December 25, 1941, Halifax Diary.
74. Charles Wilson, Moran Papers, typescript notes.
75. Vivian A. Cox, Seven Christmases, ed. Nick Thorne (Seven Oaks, Kent, UK: Nickay Associates, 2010), 117.
76. Carlo D’Este, Warlord: A Life of Winston Churchill at War, 1874–1945 (New York: Harper, 2008), 560.
77. Charles Wilson, Moran Papers, typescript notes.
78. Entry of Monday, December 26, 1941, Halifax Diary.
79. David Lilienthal, The Journals of David E. Lilienthal (New York: Harper and Row, 1964), vol. 1, 418.