IDA TARBELL_PORTRAIT OF A MUCKRAKER

by Kathleen Brady

  29. National Geographic Magazine, 1900; IMT to JSP, April 17 and 24, 1900, Lilly Library.

  30. Tarbell, All Day’s, pp. 189–90.

  31. Ibid., p. 195.

  32. IMT to Herbert B. Adams, February 21, 1896, Herbert B. Adams Collection, the Milton S. Eisenhower Library, The Johns Hopkins University.

  33. FST to IMT, April 8, 1899, Collection of Ella Tarbell Price.

  34. IMT to Gertrude Hubbard, n.d., Library of Congress.

  35. EMT to IMT, July 1896, Allegheny.

  36. WWT to IMT, June 9, 1896, Allegheny.

  37. Lewis Emery to HDL, March 10, 1903, State Historical Society of Wisconsin.

  38. Profitable Advertising, October 15, 1897.

  39. The obituary of the first Mrs. John S. Phillips appeared in The New York Times, May 1, 1888; the description of Jennie is found in VR to APM, “Miss Tarbell,” Little Chapel.

  40. IMT to JSP, August 18, 1936, Smith College.

  41. IMT to Herbert B. Adams, May 24, 1899, the Milton S. Eisenhower Library, The Johns Hopkins University.

  42. IMT to SSM, December 13, 1899, Lilly Library.

  43. IMT to VR, February 21, 1934, Allegheny.

  44. Clara Tarbell Tupper, “My Aunt, Ida Tarbell,” The Villager, December 31, 1935, Allegheny.

  45. IMT to Theodore Dreiser, October 11, 1899, University of Pennsylvania.

  46. VR to APM, n.d., Little Chapel. The “masculine” female was probably Mary Bisland who went on to head the London office.

  47. IMT Dialogues, Allegheny.

  48. White, Autobiography, p. 386.

  49. Princeton University Library Chronicle, Winter 1955, pp. 54–57.

  50. IMT to APM, Tucson Dialogues, Little Chapel.

  51. John S. Phillips, ed., Albert A. Boyden: Reminiscences, privately printed.

  52. Cale Young Rice, Bridging the Years (New York: D. Appleton-Century Co., 1939), p. 182; Baker Notebook LIV, p. 121, Library of Congress.

  53. Phillips, Reminiscences.

  54. CHD to IMT, August 14, 1899, Allegheny.

  55. CDH to IMT, December 4, 1900, Allegheny.

  56. Witter Bynner to APM, March 1, 1944, Allegheny.

  7. LADY OF THE MUCKRAKE

  Most reviews, especially from smaller publications, can be found in the scrapbook in the collection of the Drake Well Museum, often without dates. Tarbell-Siddall correspondence, unless otherwise noted, is from the Petroleum History and Research Center, University of Wyoming. The Henry Demarest Lloyd letters are from the H. D. Lloyd Collection, the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, unless otherwise noted.

  1. Ray Stannard Baker, The American Chronicle (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1945), p. 117.

  2. SSM to JSP, September 14, 1899, Lilly Library.

  3. IMT to RSB, April 29, 1901, Library of Congress.

  4. Memo in the Standard Oil file, Allegheny College.

  5. Tarbell, All in the Day’s Work (New York: Macmillan Co., 1939), p. 204.

  6. Ibid., p. 206.

  7. JMS to IMT, September 9, 1901; IMT to JMS, September 11, 1901.

  8. IMT to JMS, September 11, 1901.

  9. IMT to JMS, January 22, 1902.

  10. Rochester Herald, 1904.

  11. Tarbell, All Day’s, p. 213, and All Day’s notes, Allegheny.

  12. Ibid., p. 219.

  13. IMT to JMS, February 26, 1902.

  14. Martin Knapp to IMT, March 3, 1902, Drake Well Museum.

  15. IMT to JMS, June 24, 1902.

  16. IMT to AB, August 17, 1902, Lilly Library.

  17. IMT to Andrew White, August 8 and August 24, 1902, Cornell University Library.

  18. IMT to HDL, September 29, 1902.

  19. HDL to IMT, April 11, 1903, Lilly Library.

  20. IMT to JMS, February 6, 1902.

  21. VR to APM, March 2, 1930, Allegheny.

  22. Elmer Ellis, Mr. Dooley: A Life of Finley Peter Dunne (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1941), pp. 146–47.

  23. Ellery Sedgwick, The Happy Profession (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1946), p. 142.

  24. Lincoln Steffens to APM, 1930s, Allegheny.

  25. M. J. Boutelle to IMT, February 21, 1903, Drake Well Museum.

  26. IMT to JMS, February 21, 1903.

  27. Lewis Emery to HDL, March 10, 1903.

  28. Ibid.

  29. IMT to Alice Hegan Rice, January 21, 1933, Allegheny.

  30. SSM to Richard Gilder, December 31, 1902, Richard Watson Gilder

  Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Division, the New York Public Library.

  31. Mark Sullivan, The Education of an American (New York: Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1938) pp. 202–3.

  32. James D. Richardson, ed., Messages and Papers of the Presidents of the United States (Washington: Bureau of National Literature and Art, 1910), pp. 6645–46.

  33. New York World, December 17, 1902.

  34. Tarbell, All Day’s, p. 211.

  35. VR to APM, 1929, Little Chapel.

  36. Cale Young Rice, Bridging the Years (New York: D. Appleton-Century Co., 1939), p. 186.

  37. Tarbell, All Day’s, p. 242.

  38. New York Evening Journal, February 16, 1903.

  39. IMT to JMS, March 25, 1903.

  40. IMT to JMS, June 4, 1903.

  41. JMS to IMT, September 22, 1903, Drake Well Museum.

  42. Tarbell, “John D. Rockefeller, a Character Study,” McClure’s Magazine, July 1905; All Day’s, p. 235.

  43. Talk to Rachel Crother’s Group, Allegheny.

  44. All Day’s, pp. 227–28.

  45. All Day’s, p. 104; FST to IMT, May 8, 1900, family letters.

  46. Notes in the Little Chapel; Clara Tarbell Tupper, “My Aunt, Ida Tarbell,” Allegheny; Scrapbook, Drake Well Museum.

  47. CDH to IMT, April 24, 1903, and December 23, 1903; SSM to IMT, April 6, 1903, and March 29, 1905, Allegheny.

  48. Peter Lyon, Success Story: The Life and Times of S. S. McClure (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1963), p. 259.

  49. SSM to IMT, n.d. [1905?], Allegheny.

  50. SSM to IMT, March 1903; Allegheny.

  51. IMT to JSP, December 23, 1903, Lilly Library.

  52. The Reader, July and December 1904.

  53. A. G. Robinson to IMT, December 23 [1903 or 1904], family letters.

  54. VR to APM, March 2, 1930, Allegheny.

  55. Henry S. Pritchett to IMT, 1900, family letters.

  56. Tucson Dialogues, Allegheny.

  57. AB to JMS, March 16, 1904, Wyoming; Tarbell’s memo is at the Drake Well Museum.

  58. WWT to IMT, May 7, 1904, Allegheny.

  59. The Nation, January 5, 1905, p. 15.

  60. McClure’s Magazine, August 1905, pp. 397–98.

  61. Chicago Record Herald, July 14, 1905.

  62. IMT to AB, March 20, 1905, Smith College.

  63. All Day’s, p. 250.

  64. Ibid., p. 247; quotes are from a clipping in the Drake Well Museum Scrapbook.

  65. Lincoln Steffens, Autobiography of Lincoln Steffens (New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1931), vol. I, pp. 391–93; Arthur and Lily Weinberg, The Muckrakers (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1961), p. 432; Collier’s, December 16, 1905, p. 12.

  66. W. G. Joerns, “John D. Rockefeller: A Study in Character, Motive and Duty,” The Arena, August 1905, p. 156.

  67. James R. Garfield to IMT, June 11, 1906, Allegheny.

  68. Theodore Roosevelt, Presidential Addresses and State Papers (New York: Review of Reviews Company, 1910), p. 741.

  69. IMT to Washington Gladden, November 17, 1906, Allegheny.

  70. IMT to William Kent, December 13, 1911, Sterling Library, Yale University.

  71. Dr. Paul Giddens to author, October 1980.

  8. UNEXPLORED LAND

  1. Peter Lyon, Success Story: The Life and Times of S. S. McClure (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1963), p. 260.

  2. IMT to JSP, n.d. [1904], Allegheny College.

  3. Lincoln Steffens, The Autobiography of Lincoln Steffens (New
York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1931), vol. I, p. 535.

  4. SSM to Hattie McClure, 1904; Peter Lyon, Success Story. The Life and Times of S. S. McClure (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1963).

  5. SSM to IMT, n.d., Allegheny.

  6. SSM to IMT, June 29, 1904, Allegheny.

  7. IMT to Hattie McClure, July 12, 1904, Allegheny.

  8. IMT to SSM, October 18, 1904, Allegheny.

  9. Tarbell’s diary is in the Collection of Allegheny College.

  10. IMT to Annie Fields, November 9, 1900, Huntington Library; IMT to John Burroughs, July 7, 1905, Collection of Elizabeth Kelley.

  11. IMT to APM, undated correspondence, Allegheny; Tarbell’s diary, as noted in the text, is the source for all quotes on James’s visit.

  12. Tarbell’s diary, Allegheny.

  13. Henry James to IMT, August 14, 1905, Allegheny.

  14. IMT to AB, July 20, 1905, Lilly Library.

  15. AB to IMT, “the 19th,” Allegheny.

  16. Esther Tarbell Aldrich, “My Aunt,” Little Chapel.

  17. Ibid.

  18. IMT to JSP, June 1905, Drake Well Museum.

  19. Ella Winter and Granville Hicks, eds., The Letters of Lincoln Steffens (New York, Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1938), vol. I, p. 173.

  20. Elmer Ellis, Mr. Dooley’s America (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1941), p. 225.

  21. Drake Museum Scrapbook.

  22. IMT to AB, February 11, 1906, Lilly Library.

  23. Draft in McClure business file, Allegheny.

  24. Curtis F. Brady, “The High Cost of Impatience” (manuscript in the collection of the Lilly Library).

  25. TR to SSM, October 4, 1905, Library of Congress.

  26. Theodore Roosevelt, Presidential Addresses and State Papers (New York: Review of Reviews Company, 1910), p. 716.

  27. Selections from the Correspondence of Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge, 1884–1918 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1925), vol. II, p. 248.

  28. Colher’s, May 26, 1905; Atlantic Monthly, May 1906.

  29. SSM to JSP, April 5, 1906, Lilly Library.

  30. McClure business file, April 27, 1906, Allegheny.

  31. Ibid.

  9. A SECOND CRUSADE

  1. JMS to RSB, May 29, 1906, Library of Congress.

  2. Ray Stannard Baker, The American Chronicle, p. 228.

  3. JMS to RSB, May 29, 1906, Library of Congress.

  4. William Allen White, The Autobiography of William Allen White (New York: Macmillan Co., 1946), p. 387.

  5. Esther Tarbell Aldrich, “My Aunt,” Little Chapel.

  6. AB to RSB, July 24, 1906, Library of Congress.

  7. IMT to AB, August 23, 1906, Smith College.

  8. Max Eastman, The Enjoyment of Living (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1948), p. 406.

  9. IMT to AB, July 1, 1907, Lilly Library.

  10. William James, “The Powers of Men,” The American Magazine, November 1907.

  11. Lincoln Steffens, The Autobiography of Lincoln Steffens. (New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1931), vol. II, p. 541.

  12. August Jaccaci to IMT, family papers, Collection of Ella Tarbell Price.

  13. Steffens, Autobiography, p. 576.

  14. JSP to Max Eastman, June 9, 1945, Lilly Library.

  15. WWT to IMT, February 27, 1908, Allegheny; IMT to APM, February 1928, Little Chapel.

  16. McCormick notes, Little Chapel.

  17. IMT to Jane Addams, October 17, 1908, Swarthmore College Peace Collection.

  18. Tucson Dialogue, Little Chapel.

  19. SSM to IMT, July 1, 1907, Allegheny.

  20. Tarbell, All in the Day’s Work (New York: Macmillan Co., 1939), p. 268.

  21. Ida M. Tarbell, “Juggling the Tariff,” The American, April 1909, p. 578.

  22. All Day’s, pp. 270–71; Tarbell, “In the Hands of the Democrats,” The American, June 1907, pp. 180–82.

  23. The American, March 1909, 437–49.

  24. Tarbell, “A Tariff-Made City,” The American, April 1909, p. 578.

  25. The American, February 1910, p. 570.

  26. The New York Times, January 16, 1910, p. 1.

  27. IMT to VR, October 2, 1909, Little Chapel.

  28. American Economist, December 9, 1910.

  29. Tarbell, “Mr. Aldrich and the Tariff,” The American, December 1910. This was not the first time that Senator Aldrich and his state had been the targets of muckraking. Lincoln Steffens had “exposed” the state in the February 1905 McClure’s.

  30. Tarbell, “A Tariff-Made State,” The American, January 1911, p. 354.

  31. Ibid., p. 361.

  32. IMT to Lillian Wald, January 11, 1911, Columbia University Libraries.

  33. All Day’s, p. 278.

  34. Ibid., p. 281; Upton Sinclair in The Brass Check and Louis Filler in Crusaders for American Liberalism, p. 364, claimed that The American relieved author John Kenneth Turner from the series as a concession to business interests. Turner was fired, according to letters from Tarbell and Phillips, for inaccuracies. The several authors of subsequent installments continued to indict conditions south of the border and America’s role there.

  35. H. M. Biggs, “An Intimate View of JDR,” The American, December 1910, p. 106.

  36. IMT to RSB, November 2, 1910, Smith College.

  37. All Day’s, p. 306.

  38. IMT to RSB, May 3, 1911, Library of Congress.

  39. IMT to RSB, February 29, 1912, Library of Congress.

  40. Baker Notebook N, Library of Congress.

  41. VR to APM, Correspondence, n.d., Allegheny.

  42. Arnold Bennett, The Journal (New York: Viking Co., 1932–33), November 8, 1912.

  43. IMT to WAW, December 1, 1909, Library of Congress.

  44. IMT dialogues, Allegheny College.

  45. Clara Tarbell Tupper, “My Aunt,” Little Chapel.

  46. VR to APM, n.d., Little Chapel.

  47. John S. and Robin M. Haller, The Physician and Sexuality in Victorian America (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1974), pp. 34 and 35.

  48. Elizabeth Marbury, My Crystal Ball (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1923), p. 36.

  10. A BAD WOMAN

  1. The American Magazine, February 1912, p. 430.

  2. The Woman Voter, June 1912, pp. 7–12.

  3. IMT to Florence Kelley, January 9, 1912, Allegheny College.

  4. IMT to APM, n.d., and Jane Addams notes, Allegheny.

  5. RSB Notebook L, p. 43, Library of Congress.

  6. Janet Straner to IMT, n.d., Allegheny.

  7. Letters to Scott Tarbell, Allegheny.

  8. WWT to IMT, September 9, 1912, Allegheny.

  9. “Theory and Practice” manuscript, Allegheny.

  10. Ida M. Tarbell, All in the Day’s Work (New York: Macmillan Co., 1939), p. 260.

  11. IMT to Jane Addams, October 17, 1908, Swarthmore College Peace Collection.

  12. IMT to VR, September 14, 1938, Allegheny.

  13. Ray Stannard Baker, “Our Next President,” The American, June 1912, p. 140.

  14. Tarbell, “Woman Suffrage as I See It,” Allegheny.

  15. The Titusville Herald, August 27, 1977, p. 8.

  16. Tarbell, “Disillusion,” Allegheny.

  17. Tarbell, “Flying—A Dream Come True,” The American, November 1913, pp. 65–66.

  18. The New York Times, February 8, 1914.

  19. All Day’s, p. 280.

  20. Lincoln Steffens, The Autobiography of Lincoln Steffens (New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1931), vol. II, pp. 851–53.

  21. IMT to John Fitch, October 6, 1914, Allegheny.

  22. IMT to RSB, March 24, 1912, Library of Congress.

  23. New York Herald; also The New York Times, New York Tribune, January 20, 1915.

  24. IMT to JSP, October 22, 1919, Industrial Conference notes and reports, Allegheny.

  11. WORKHORSE

  1. IMT to APM, February 1929, Allegheny College; IMT to John and Ada Vincent, May 21, 1927, Huntington Library. />
  2. Tarbell, All in the Day’s Work (New York: Macmillan Co., 1939), p. 309.

  3. VR to APM, February 24, 1944, Allegheny.

  4. All Day’s, p. 305.

  5. Ibid., p. 356.

  6. IMT to RSB, February 29, 1912, Library of Congress.

  7. Mary G. Newell to IMT, February 4, 1934, Allegheny.

  8. Ibid., and IMT to Anna Shaw, Allegheny.

  9. IMT to E. I. Hubbard, Allegheny.

  10. Tarbell, “Disillusionment of Women,” Allegheny; Tarbell, “IMT Talking,” Little Chapel.

  11. Red Cross Magazine, September 1919.

  12. “Jane Addams Talk to Pen & Brush,” Allegheny.

  13. Tarbell, “IMT Talking,” Little Chapel.

  14. Tucson Dialogues, Little Chapel; William Allen White, My Autobiography (New York: Macmillan Co., 1946), pp. 564–65.

  15. Notes for All Day’s, Allegheny.

  16. Nathaniel Peffer, “Pollyanna at the Washington Conference,” The New Republic, July 26, 1922, p. 262; The American Review of Reviews, June 1922, p. 670.

  17. Tarbell-Reynolds/Ober correspondence, 1924, Columbia University Libraries.

  18. Reynolds-Tarbell correspondence, Columbia.

  19. All Day’s, pp. 388–89.

  20. Clara Tarbell Tupper, “My Aunt, Ida Tarbell,” Allegheny.

  21. Teapot Dome memo, June 6, 1922, Drake Well Museum.

  22. The New York Times, February 16, 1924, p. 3.

  23. Francis Russell, The Shadow of Blooming Grove (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1968), p. 350.

  24. Teapot Dome memo, June 6, 1922, Drake Well Museum.

  25. Ibid.

  26. Ibid.

  27. Committee on U.S. Public Lands and Surveys, Leases Upon Naval Oil Reserves (Washington: The Government Printing Office, 1924), pp. 220 and 406.

  28. Teapot Dome memo, June 6, 1922, Drake Well Museum.

  29. Carl Solberg, Oil Power (New York: The New American Library, 1976), p. 99.