by Gary J. Bass
11. NMML, Haksar Papers, Subject File 227, Gandhi-Gromyko conversation, Malhoutra notes, 9 August 1971. This meeting was held on August 8. NMML, Haksar Papers, Subject File 170, Haksar to Gandhi, 8 August 1971.
12. NSC Files, Box H-082, WSAG Meetings, Eliot to Kissinger, 1 September 1971. NMML, Haksar Papers, Subject File 227, Gandhi-Gromyko conversation, Malhoutra notes, 9 August 1971.
13. NMML, Haksar Papers, Subject File 220, Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Cooperation Between the Republic of India and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 9 August 1971. MEA, HI/1012/57/71, Damodaran to Kaul, 22 October 1971. See Vojtech Mastny, “The Soviet Union’s Partnership with India,” Journal of Cold War Studies, vol. 12, no. 3 (summer 2010), pp. 68–72; Raymond L. Garthoff, Détente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1985), pp. 266–69; Robert H. Donaldson, Soviet Policy Toward India: Ideology and Strategy (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1974).
14. NMML, Haksar Papers, Subject File 170, Haksar to Gandhi, 10 August 1971. MEA, HI/1012/30/71, Chib to Kaul, 4 September 1971. NMML, Haksar Papers, Subject File 171, Jha to Kaul, 9 August 1971. NMML, Haksar Papers, Subject File 170, Haksar to Gandhi, 14 August 1971. NMML, Haksar Papers, Subject File 170, Haksar to Gandhi, 10 August 1971.
15. MEA, HI/1012/57/71, Damodaran to Kaul, 22 October 1971. Dhar, Indira Gandhi, the “Emergency,” and Indian Democracy, p. 170. NMML, Haksar Papers, Subject File 171, Congress draft resolution, 23 August 1971. NMML, Haksar Papers, Subject File 170, Haksar to Gandhi, 10 August 1971. See P. N. Haksar, “India’s Sovereignty and Indo-Soviet Relations,” and T. N. Kaul, “Indo-Soviet Friendship,” in V. D. Chopra, ed., Studies in Indo-Soviet Relations (New Delhi: Indian Centre for Regional Affairs, 1986), pp. 13–21, 22–28; T. N. Kaul, Reminiscences Discreet and Indiscreet (New Delhi: Lancers Publishers, 1982), pp. 243–67; POL INDIA-US, Box 2369, Keating to Rogers, 25 September 1971, New Delhi 15268. The Soviet Union’s popularity did not shift much from 1970 to 1971, but it is not clear when the polls were taken. It did skyrocket after the war, in 1972 (Tharoor, Reasons of State, p. 301). Narayan statement, 9 August 1971, Selected Works, p. 637. NMML, Haksar Papers, Subject File 171, Congress draft resolution, 23 August 1971. MEA, HI/121/13/71, vol. I, Gandhi press conference, 19 October 1971. NMML, Haksar Papers, Subject File 227, Gandhi-Gromyko conversation, Malhoutra notes, 9 August 1971. MEA, WII/121/60/71.
16. NMML, Haksar Papers, Subject File 170, Kaul to Singh, 7 August 1971. See Oriana Fallaci, Interviews with History and Conversations with Power (New York: Rizzoli, 2011), pp. 269–70; NMML, Haksar Papers, Subject File 171, Congress draft resolution, 23 August 1971; MEA, WII/121/60/71, Anthony statement, n.d. 1971; Tharoor, Reasons of State, pp. 260–64; T. N. Kaul, The Kissinger Years: Indo-American Relations (New Delhi: Arnold-Heinemann, 1980), pp. 60–62; K. P. S. Menon, The Indo-Soviet Treaty: Setting and Sequel (New Delhi: Vikas, 1971); Pran Chopra, Before and After the Indo-Soviet Treaty (New Delhi: S. Chand & Co., 1971); N. M. Ghatate, ed., Indo-Soviet Treaty: Reactions and Reflections (New Delhi: Deendayal Research Institute, 1972). See Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World (New York: Basic Books, 2005), pp. 319–26.
17. White House tapes, Oval Office 558-10, 9 August 1971, 5:44–6:18 p.m. NSC Files, Box H-058, SRG Meetings, Nixon and SRG memcon, 11 August 1971.
18. Henry Kissinger, White House Years (Boston: Little, Brown, 1979), p. 867. See ibid., p. 767. For a sophisticated view of the Cold War’s real importance for the subcontinent, see Steve Coll, On the Grand Trunk Road: A Journey into South Asia (New York: Times Books, 1994), pp. 257, 259–60. NSC Files, Box 597, Country Files—Middle East, India, vol. IV, Kissinger to Nixon, 24 August 1971. See NSC Files, Box 597, Country Files—Middle East, India, vol. IV, Sonnenfeldt to Kissinger, 18 August 1971; MEA, HI/1012/78/71, Jha to Kaul, 7 September 1971. White House tapes, Oval Office 626-14, 30 November 1971, 5:21–6:09 p.m.
19. FRUS, Dobrynin-Kissinger memcon, 17 August 1971, pp. 332–33. NSA, Kissinger-Rockefeller telcon, 3 November 1971, 7 p.m. See Kissinger, White House Years, p. 916.
20. NMML, Haksar Papers, Subject File 171, Haksar revised draft speech, August 1971.
21. NMML, Haksar Papers, Subject File 89, Kaul memorandum, 15 June 1971. NMML, Haksar Papers, Subject File 171, Haksar to Jha, 7 August 1971. FRUS, Irwin to Nixon, 9 August 1971, pp. 313–15.
22. NSA, Huang-Kissinger memcon, 16 August 1971, Lord to Kissinger, 19 August 1971. FRUS, WSAG meeting, 17 August 1971, 4:35 p.m., pp. 339–44. See NSC Files, Box 627, Country Files—Middle East, Pakistan, vol. VIII, Rogers to Nixon, 28 October 1971. NSA, Kissinger-Rockefeller telcon, 3 November 1971, 7 p.m.
23. NSC Files, Box 643, Country Files—Middle East, India/Pakistan, Jha-Kissinger memcon, 9 August 1971. FRUS, Jha-Kissinger memcon, 25 August 1971, p. 368. FRUS, Jha-Kissinger memcon, 9 August 1971, pp. 315–17.
24. FRUS, Kissinger to Nixon, 19 August 1971, pp. 348–51. NMML, Haksar Papers, Subject File 170, Gandhi to Nixon, 7 August 1971. NMML, Haksar Papers, Subject File 170, Haksar to Jha, 7 August 1971.
25. Narayan statement, 18 September 1971, Narayan, Selected Works, pp. 648–55. NMML, Haksar Papers, Subject File 165, Haksar to Dhar, 7 April 1971. NMML, Haksar Papers, Subject File 165, Haksar to Dhar, 7 April 1971. For Haksar’s draft, see Haksar to Gandhi, 5 August 1971.
26. K. F. Rustamji, The British, the Bandits and the Bordermen: From the Diaries of K. F. Rustamji, ed. P. V. Rajgopal (New Delhi: Wisdom Tree, 2009), pp. 321–23.
CHAPTER 15: KENNEDY
1. Lee Lescaze, “U.S. Arms Aid to Pakistan Bewilders Fearful Bengalis,” Washington Post, 24 July 1971.
2. NSC Files, Box 574, Indo-Pak War, South Asian Congressional, Kennedy speech, 22 July 1971. NSC Files, Box 574, Indo-Pak War, South Asian Congressional, Hilaly to Kissinger, n.d. August 1971. Kennedy gave speeches on April 1, May 12, June 2, June 18, and June 22, and held hearings on June 28 and July 22. NSC Files, Box 574, Indo-Pak War, South Asian Congressional, Kennedy speech, 1 November 1971. Kennedy had previously pressed the White House to help in Biafra (FRUS, vol. E-5, Kennedy-Kissinger telcon, 22 January 1970, 8:05 p.m.). NSC Files, Box 574, Indo-Pak War, South Asian Congressional, Van Hollen to Farland, 24 July 1971, State 134519. Lewis M. Simons, “Secret Cables See Famine in E. Pakistan,” Washington Post, 23 July 1971, p. A7.
3. NSC Files, Box 574, Indo-Pak War, South Asian Congressional, Hilaly to Kennedy, 2 August 1971. NSC Files, Box H-058, SRG Meetings, Eliot to Kissinger, 5 August 1971. The two aides were Dale de Haan and Jerry Tinker. On de Haan, see Thomas Oliphant, “The Lion at Rest,” Democracy, winter 2010, p. 100. NSC Files, Box 574, Indo-Pak War, South Asian Congressional, Hilaly to Kennedy, 23 July 1971.
4. MEA, WII/121/60/71, Rasgotra to Menon, 23 July 1971. See MEA, WII/121/60/71, Singh to Kennedy, 26 July 1971. MEA, WII/121/60/71, Kennedy memorials, n.d. August 1971. MEA, WII/121/60/71, Rasgotra to Menon, 27 July 1971. MEA, WII/121/60/71, Luthra to Haksar, 9 August 1971. MEA, WII/121/60/71, Rasgotra to Menon, 31 July 1971. See MEA, WII/121/60/71, Lambah to Menon, 2 August 1971. MEA, WII/121/60/71, Rasgotra to Menon, 23 July 1971.
5. MEA, WII/121/60/71, Vaz to Luthra, 3 August 1971. See MEA, WII/121/60/71, Rasgotra to Menon, 30 July 1971.
6. White House tapes, EOB 267-22, 30 July 1971, 4:46–5:43 p.m.
7. NSC Files, Box 1025, Presidential/HAK MemCons, Farland-Kissinger memcon, 30 July 1971. See White House tapes, EOB 267-22, 30 July 1971, 4:46–5:43 p.m. NSC Files, Box 1025, Presidential/HAK MemCons, Farland-Kissinger memcon, 30 July 1971. NSC Files, Box 626, Country Files—Middle East, Pakistan, vol. VI, Eliot to Kissinger, 17 August 1971. FRUS, WSAG meeting, 17 August 1971, 4:35 p.m., pp. 339–44.
8. MEA, WII/121/60/71, Luthra to Haksar, 9 August 1971. Sydney H. Schanberg, “Kennedy, in India, Terms Pakistan Drive Genocide,” New York Times, 17 August 1971. NSC Files, Box 574, Indo-Pak War, South Asian Congressional, Keating to Rogers, 18 August 1971, New Delhi 13
221.
9. MEA, WII/121/60/71, Rasgotra to Menon, 31 July 1971. MEA, WII/121/60/71, Dhavan to Singh, 7 August 1971. MEA, WII/121/60/71, Lambah to Kaul, 9 August 1971. MEA, WII/121/60/71, Rasgotra to Menon, 31 July 1971. The only Americans of interest to Kennedy were Peace Corps volunteers. MEA, WII/121/60/71, Singh to Ray, 4 August 1971. NSC Files, Box 574, Indo-Pak War, South Asian Congressional, Keating to Rogers, 18 August 1971, New Delhi 13221. MEA, WII/121/60/71, CBS Evening News report, 11 August 1971. MEA, WII/121/60/71, ABC News report, 11 August 1971.
10. The other expert was John Lewis, the dean of the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton University and the former USAID chief in India. See MEA, WII/121/60/71, Rasgotra to Menon, 30 July 1971.
11. In addition to an interview, Scrimshaw generously provided me a draft chapter from his forthcoming memoirs, “A Trip to India with Senator Ted Kennedy,” 21 February 2012, on file with author.
12. MEA, WII/121/60/71, Menon to Rasgotra, 17 August 1971. NSC Files, Box 574, Indo-Pak War, South Asian Congressional, Kennedy speech, 1 November 1971. NSC Files, Box 574, Indo-Pak War, South Asian Congressional, Kennedy speech, 26 August 1971. NSC Files, Box 574, Indo-Pak War, South Asian Congressional, Keating to Rogers, 18 August 1971, New Delhi 13221.
13. NSC Files, Box 574, Indo-Pak War, South Asian Congressional, Kennedy speech, 1 November 1971. NSC Files, Box 574, Indo-Pak War, South Asian Congressional, Kennedy speech, 26 August 1971. NSC Files, Box 574, Indo-Pak War, South Asian Congressional, Keating to Rogers, 18 August 1971, New Delhi 13221.
14. MEA, WII/121/60/71, Menon to Rasgotra, 17 August 1971. MEA, WII/121/60/71, Rasgotra to Menon, 31 July 1971. MEA, WII/121/60/71, ABC News report, 11 August 1971. NSC Files, Box 574, Indo-Pak War, South Asian Congressional, Keating to Rogers, 18 August 1971, New Delhi 13221.
15. MEA, WII/121/60/71, Kennedy-Giri talk, 14 August 1971.
16. MEA, WII/121/60/71, Lambah to Luthra, 11 August 1971. MEA, WII/121/60/71, Menon to Rasgotra, 17 August 1971. See NSC Files, Box 574, Indo-Pak War, South Asian Congressional, Keating to Rogers, 18 August 1971, New Delhi 13221. MEA, WII/121/60/71, reception invitees, n.d. August 1971; MEA, WII/121/60/71, Menon to Singh, 2 August 1971. MEA, WII/121/60/71, Menon to Rasgotra, 17 August 1971. U.S. Senate, Subcommittee on Refugees, Relief Problems in East Pakistan and India, Part II (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971), John Lewis statement, p. 288. NSC Files, Box 574, Indo-Pak War, South Asian Congressional, Keating to Rogers, 18 August 1971, New Delhi 13221.
17. MEA, WII/121/60/71, Rasgotra to Menon, 31 July 1971. MEA, WII/121/60/71, Luthra to Haksar, 9 August 1971. NSC Files, Box 574, Indo-Pak War, South Asian Congressional, Keating to Rogers, 18 August 1971, New Delhi 13221. MEA, WII/121/60/71, Kennedy-Kaul discussion, 14 August 1971. See MEA, WII/121/60/71, Kennedy-Khadilkar conversation, 14 August 1971; MEA, WII/121/60/71, Lambah to Singh, 9 August 1971.
18. See Senate Subcommittee on Refugees, Relief Problems in East Pakistan and India, Part II, Lewis statement, p. 282.
19. NMML, Haksar Papers, Subject File 89, Gandhi-Kennedy conversation, Malhoutra notes, 16 August 1971.
20. NSC Files, Box 574, Indo-Pak War, South Asian Congressional, Keating to Rogers, 18 August 1971, New Delhi 13221. See MEA, WII/121/60/71, Singh to Ray, 4 August 1971; MEA, WII/121/60/71, Lambah to Singh, 9 August 1971. MEA, WII/121/60/71, Kennedy press conference, 16 August 1971. Sydney H. Schanberg, “Kennedy, in India, Terms Pakistan Drive Genocide,” New York Times, 17 August 1971.
21. NSC Files, Box 574, Indo-Pak War, South Asian Congressional, Keating to Rogers, 18 August 1971, New Delhi 13221. MEA, WII/121/60/71, Menon to Rasgotra, 17 August 1971. See MEA, WII/121/60/71, Kennedy to Singh, 30 August 1971.
22. MEA, WII/121/60/71, Kennedy press conference, 16 August 1971.
23. MEA, WII/121/60/71, Kennedy-Khadilkar conversation, 14 August 1971. MEA, WII/121/60/71, Menon to Rasgotra, 17 August 1971.
24. White House tapes, Oval Office 563-6, 13 August 1971, 12:29–1:45 p.m. MEA, WII/121/60/71, Tinker to Lambah, 15 September 1971. Senate Subcommittee on Refugees, Relief Problems in East Pakistan and India, Part II, 30 September 1971 hearing, pp. 227–61.
25. NSC Files, Box 574, Indo-Pak War, South Asian Congressional, Kennedy speech, 26 August 1971. MEA, WII/121/60/71, Kennedy speech, 26 August 1971.
26. MEA, WII/109/13/71, vol. IV, “America’s Conscience,” Indian Express, 28 August 1971. See MEA, WII/121/60/71, Jha to Menon, 27 August 1971, and MEA, HI/1012/78/71, Jha to Kaul, 7 September 1971.
27. MEA, WII/121/60/71, McCloskey statement, 27 August 1971. FRUS, Kissinger to Nixon, 30 September 1971, pp. 427–28. NSC Files, Box H-082, WSAG Meetings, Saunders to Kissinger, 9 September 1971. Saunders estimated that the United States would shoulder 75 percent of Pakistan’s cost, and 40 percent of India’s. NSA, Shultz-Kissinger telcon, 29 September 1971.
28. NSC Files, Box 574, Indo-Pak War, South Asian Congressional, Saunders to Kissinger, 8 September 1971. FRUS, WSAG meeting, 8 September 1971, p. 394.
29. NSC Files, Box 574, Indo-Pak War, South Asian Congressional, Saunders to Haig, 30 September 1971. NSC Files, Box 570, Indo-Pak War, Saunders to Haig, “Draft Speech on South Asia,” 30 September 1971. See White House tapes, Oval Office 599-12, 22 October 1971, 12:16–12:45 p.m.; White House tapes, Oval Office 626-10, 30 November 1971, 11:23 a.m.–12:03 p.m. NSC Files, Box 574, Indo-Pak War, South Asian Congressional, Saunders to Haig, “Talking Points for Gerald Ford,” 29 November 1971. NSC Files, Box 574, Indo-Pak War, South Asian Congressional, Dole speech, 6 October 1971.
30. NSC Files, Box 597, Country Files—Middle East, India, vol. IV, Keating to Finch, 3 September 1971. White House tapes, Oval Office 617-17, 15 November 1971, 4:31–4:39 p.m.
31. NSC Files, Box 574, Indo-Pak War, South Asian Congressional, Kennedy speech, 23 September 1971.
32. NSC Files, Box 574, Indo-Pak War, South Asian Congressional, Van Hollen to Farland, 16 July 1971, State 129207. See NSC Files, Box 574, Indo-Pak War, South Asian Congressional, Van Hollen to Keating, 28 July 1971, State 137256. NSC Files, Box 626, Country Files—Middle East, Pakistan, vol. VII, Saunders and Hoskinson to Kissinger, 29 October 1971.
33. NSC Files, Box 626, Country Files—Middle East, Pakistan, vol. VII, Saunders and Hoskinson to Kissinger, 29 October 1971.
34. NSC Files, Box 574, Indo-Pak War, South Asian Congressional, Muskie speech, 4 November 1971. MEA, HI/1012/30/71, Deb memorandum, weekly refugee statistics, 29 November 1971. The number was 1,766,000. NSC Files, Box 574, Indo-Pak War, South Asian Congressional, Kennedy report, 1 November 1971.
35. NSC Files, Box 574, Indo-Pak War, South Asian Congressional, Kennedy speech, 1 November 1971.
CHAPTER 16: “WE REALLY SLOBBERED OVER THE OLD WITCH”
1. NSC Files, Box 570, Indo-Pak Crisis, CIA Office of National Estimates, “The Indo-Pakistani Crisis,” 22 September 1971.
2. FRUS, vol. E-7, Sober to Rogers, 4 October 1971, Islamabad 10043. NSC Files, Box 570, Indo-Pak War, Spivack to Rogers, 13 September 1971, Dacca 3777. Sydney H. Schanberg, “Bengali Refugees Say Soldiers Continue to Kill, Loot and Burn,” New York Times, 22 September 1971.
3. NSC Files, Box H-082, WSAG Meetings, Williams to Rogers, 5 November 1971.
4. White House tapes, Oval Office 553-3, 2 August 1971, 9:45 a.m. See NSC Files, Box 574, Indo-Pak War, South Asian Congressional, Haig to Parker, n.d. October 1971. White House tapes, Oval Office 561-4, 11 August 1971, 9:10–11:40 a.m. See FRUS, WSAG meeting, 8 September 1971, pp. 393–404.
5. NSC Files, Box 597, Country Files—Middle East, India, vol. IV, Kissinger to Nixon, 24 August 1971. White House tapes, Oval Office 561-4, 11 August 1971, 9:10–11:40 a.m.
6. NSA, Huang-Kissinger memcon, 16 August 1971, Lord to Kissinger, 19 August 1971. NSA, Kissinger to Nixon, 16 August 1971.
7. NSC Files, Box 597, Country Files—Middle East, India, vol. IV, Kissinger to Nixon, 24 August 1971. See NSC Files, Box 570, Indo-Pak War, South Asia, Kissinger to Nixon, 18 August 1971. The line came from Hoskinson. (FRUS, WSAG
meeting, 17 August 1971, 4:35 p.m., pp. 339–44. NSC Files, Box H-082, WSAG Meetings, Hoskinson and Kennedy to Kissinger, “Talking Points,” 17 August 1971. The White House staffers wrote, “We must find a way, if at all possible, of not being forced to choose between 700 million Chinese and 600 million Indians and Bengalis.”) White House tapes, Oval Office 626-14, 30 November 1971, 5:21–6:09 p.m.
8. NSC Files, Box 627, Country Files—Middle East, Pakistan, vol. VIII, Rogers to Nixon, 28 October 1971. This included a small but significant secret program of intelligence cooperation that was important to India in monitoring Chinese military moves in Tibet, as well as Chinese nuclear testing.
9. MEA, WII/121/54/71, Jha to Kaul, 27 August 1971. MEA, WII/125/59/71, “Note for Supplementaries,” n.d. July 1971. NMML, Haksar Papers, Subject File 225, Gandhi-Kissinger conversation, 7 July 1971. NSC Files, Box 1025, Presidential/HAK MemCons, Haksar-Kissinger memcon, 7 July 1971, 1:10 p.m. See NMML, Haksar Papers, Subject File 169, Haksar minutes of Kissinger meeting, 6 July 1971. POL 7 US-KISSINGER, Box 2693, Kissinger memorandum, n.d. July 1971. See NMML, Kaul Papers, Subject File 19, part I, Singh-Kissinger memcon, 7 July 1971. MEA, WII/121/54/71, Kissinger-Ram meeting, 7 July 1971 (attached to Menon to Singh, 13 July 1971). NMML, Haksar Papers, Subject File 229, Kissinger-Ram meeting, 7 July 1971.
10. FRUS, WSAG meeting, 26 May 1971, 4:35–5 p.m., pp. 149–56. FRUS, WSAG meeting, 7 October 1971, pp. 436–45. NSC Files, Box 570, Indo-Pak War, Hoskinson to Haig, 7 July 1971. NSC Files, Box 570, Indo-Pak War, Haig to Nixon, n.d. 1971. See FRUS, vol. E-7, White House tapes, Oval Office 549-25, 28 July 1971, 4:21–4:54 p.m.