Can't Just Stop
Page 29
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
© KAYANA SZYMCZAK
SHARON BEGLEY is the senior science writer at STAT, the life sciences publication of the Boston Globe. Previously she was the senior health and science correspondent at Reuters, the science editor and the science columnist at Newsweek, and the science columnist at the Wall Street Journal. She is the coauthor (with Richard J. Davidson) of the 2012 book The Emotional Life of Your Brain, the author of the 2007 book Train Your Mind, Change Your Brain, and the coauthor (with Jeffrey Schwartz) of the 2002 book The Mind and the Brain. She is the recipient of numerous awards for her writing, including an honorary degree from the University of North Carolina at Asheville for communicating science to the public, and the Public Understanding of Science Award from the San Francisco Exploratorium.
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INDEX
A note about the index: The pages referenced in this index refer to the page numbers in the print edition. Clicking on a page number will take you to the ebook location that corresponds to the beginning of that page in the print edition. For a comprehensive list of locations of any word or phrase, use your reading system’s search function.
addiction, 15–16, 19
compulsion versus, 16–24
compulsive acquiring and, 206
compulsive shopping and, 209, 210–11
defining characteristics, 16, 19, 21
dopamine and, 104–8
gambling as, 16, 18–19, 211
genetic component, 72
pharmatronics and, 112–16
pleasure and, 22, 24, 27, 104
progressive nature of, 25
video games and, 104
Adventure of the Musgrave Ritual, The (Conan Doyle), 164
Age of Anxiety, The (Auden), 3
agoraphobia, 72
Ahlskog, J. Eric, 270
Ahmari, Susanne, 209
Albert, Neale, 173
Allen, Hannah, 143
altruism/compulsions to do good, 227–50
anxiety and, 229, 232, 233, 234–36
attachment theory and, 235
brain imaging and, 230–31
creative drive and, 238–50
example of Kenn Dudek, 236–38
faith and Hebrews 13:16, 232
kidney donors, 229–34, 235, 236
nondirected donation, 230
pseudoaltruism, 230
push of negative emotions and, 228–29
sense of duty and, 228
sensitivity to others’ pain, 230–36
volunteerism and, 228
Alzheimer’s disease, 35
Amabile, Teresa, 240–41
Amazon Kindle, 241
American Anthropological Association, 91
American Journal of Psychiatry, Black article on OCPD, 75
American Psychiatric Association, 15, 17
criteria for studying a behavior, 124, 126
decision on compulsive gaming, 99–100
decision on Internet addiction, 124, 125
on homosexuality, 71
“illness anxiety disorder” and, 56
OCD criteria, 34
study of OCD diagnosis, 50
Anderson, Sam, 98
Angry Birds (video game), 100, 102, 112, 119
anthrax scare, 38, 38n
Antoninus of Florence, Saint, 142–43
anxiety
adults suffering from, 5, 6–7
Age of Anxiety, 3–5, 87, 95, 132
altruism and, 229, 232, 233, 234–36
anxious attachment style, 235
avoidance of being alone with one’s thoughts and, 128–29, 132
bibliomania and, 224, 225
compulsions and, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 16, 22–23, 27, 29, 86, 87, 136–37, 155, 157, 162, 166–67, 206, 257, 267, 279
compulsive acquiring and, 206, 208, 209, 211–13
compulsive gaming and, 117, 119
disorders, 17, 45, 58, 278–79 (see also obsessive compulsive disorder)
in DSM-III, 44
existential, 229
generalized, 44, 58–65
health anxiety, 55–57, 58, 63, 64–65
hoarding and, 182–83, 185, 186
illness anxiety disorder, 56–57
Internet usage and, 127, 128, 129, 137
Lang study on, 72–73
mild compulsions and, 72–73
need to alleviate intense levels of, 42
neuroticism and, 117
OCD as disorder of, 10, 18, 23–24, 35–36, 38–40, 42, 44, 45–46, 75
OCPD and, 77, 78
risk factors, 58
shoplifting and, 218, 221
shopping and, 209, 211–16
smartphones and, 128, 130–31, 137
video games and, 97–98, 117, 119
what it is, 23, 41–42
word “worry” and, 152
Zola and, 244
Apostolic Christian Counseling and Family Services, 50
Archaeological Imagination, The (Shanks), 197
Archives of Neurology, report on dopamine agonists and compulsions, 270–71
Area/Code company, 108
Argonauts of the Western Pacific (Malinowski), 88
arithmomania, 154
Arnold, Carrie, 6–7, 27
Arnold, Thomas, 147
art and compulsion, 238–39, 241–43
DeFeo and The Rose, 241–43
Lombardi and, 238–39
Atlas, Dave, 42–43, 54
attachment theory, 234–35
Auden, W. H., 3
Back to the Future (film), 198
Baldwin, Alec, 100
Balzac, Honoré de, 243
Basbanes, Nicholas, 225
Baxter, Richard, 143, 144
Beckham, Victoria, 202
Bedlam (Bethlem Royal Hospital), 148
behavior, 2, 3. See also specific behaviors
adaptive, 6, 10
attachment theory and, 234–35
cheating death and, 238
compelled actions, 3
compulsions as commonplace psychological traits, 12, 88–95
cultural rituals and, 91–95
excessive, as addictions, 15–16
excessive, nomenclature for, 20
flow experience and, 101
genetic component, 71–72
impulsive, 21–22
intermittent/variable rewards and, 103–4, 107, 112, 119, 130, 133
loss aversion, 109
medicalizing, 122
novelty seeking, 72
spectrum of, 156
behavioral archaeology, 140, 142
Bejeweled (video game), 98, 102, 114
Benson, April, 209, 211, 212, 215–17
Berridge, Kent, 274
Berrios, German, 140, 157
bibliomania, 221–26
anxiety and, 224, 225
the Phillipps book collection, 223–26
Victorian bibliomaniacs, 222–26
Bibliomania, The (Dibdin), 222
Black, Donald, 75, 210
Blanton, Marina, 124–25
Bleak House (Dickens), 163–64
Bleuler, Paul Eugen, 209–10
“Blind Milton Dictating Paradise Lost to His Daughters, The” (Munkácsy), 1
Blizzard En
tertainment, 103
Blum, Nancee, 85
BMC Psychiatry, article on whistling compulsion, 9
Boggs, Wade, 89
Bogost, Ian, 99
Boston University, hoarding research, 183, 193, 194, 212. See also Frost, Randy
Bostwick, Michael, 268
Boswell, James, 149
Bower, James, 270
Bowlby, John, 234
Bradford Regional Medical Center, 123
brain, 251–79
amygdala and altruism, 230–31
amygdala and anxiety disorders, 45
anterior cingulate, 254, 255–56, 264, 266
anterior cingulate, OCD, and hoarding, 254–56, 261–63, 266
case of Phineas Gage, 259–60
caudate nucleus, 255
dopamine and compulsions, 267–72
dopamine circuit, 105, 107, 108, 266, 273–78
frontal cortex, 260
hoarder’s cortex, 259–66
hypothalamus, 273
insula, 263, 264
limbic region, 248, 273
mental disorders as activity patterns, 256
monkey experiments on rewards, 275–76
nucleus accumbens, 266, 268, 273–74, 275
orbitofrontal cortex and compulsion, 251–56, 277
Parkinson’s disease and, 267–72
rat experiments on pleasure centers, 273–74
shopping compulsion and, 265–66
striatum, 254, 255
substantia nigra, 267, 268
temporal lobes and hypergraphia, 247, 248–49
ventromedial prefrontal cortex, 265
Wernicke’s area, 248
worry circuit or OCD circuit, 254–59
Brain (journal)
founding of, 155
Iowa study of brain anomalies and hoarding, 260–62
Tuke paper on compulsions, 154
Brooklyn Historical Society, 2014 Collector’s Night, 197, 198
Bryant, Ron, 89
Bubrick, Jerry, 62
Buried in Treasures (Frost and Steketee), 189
Buried in Treasures program, 189, 189n
Bush, George W., 205
Butler, Alban, 139n
Cammer Test, 79–80
Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, review of neurobiology of behavioral addictions and compulsive behaviors, 266
Candy Crush Saga (video game), 100, 114–16, 119
Caplan, Scott, 25, 117, 118–19
Carr, David, 136
Carr, John Dickson, 164
Cartwright, Samuel, 70–71
Catherine Monastery, Mount Sinai, 139, 140
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (Williams), 205
Charlier de Gerson, Jean, 142
checking compulsions, 23–24, 45, 149, 152, 179
cases of, 31–34, 37–38, 151–52
Chesterfield, Lord, 222
Child Mind Institute, 62
Chorost, Michael, 102
CityVille (video game), 109
Civilization (video game), 110
Climax; or, the Ladder of Divine Ascent (John Climacus), 139–40
Clinical Neuropharmacology, report on hypersexuality in Parkinson’s patients, 269
Clinical Psychiatry (Kraepelin), 167
clomipramine, 9
cognitive behavior therapy, 48, 54, 63, 188–91, 221
collecting, 147–48, 173
Albert and miniature books, 173
as benign, 173
books, 221–26
Brooke Lee and tin globes, 173
compulsive, brain damage and, 252–53
Dershowitz and Judaica, 173, 176, 176n
Eugene Lee and old objects, 173
hoarding versus, 172–73, 187, 196–99
motivation for, 197
Wunderkammers, 147
Collecting (Muensterberger), 223
Collyer, Homer and Langley, 177–78
compelling actions, 3
Comprehensive Psychiatry, results of hoarding study, 199
compulsion loop, 104
compulsions, 2, 6–7, 9, 13. See also specific types
as adaptive behavior, 6, 10
addiction versus, 16–24
altruism and doing good, 227–50
anxiety and, 2–3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 16, 22–23, 27, 29, 86, 87, 136–37, 155, 157, 162, 166–67, 206, 212–13, 215–16, 257, 267, 279
brain function and, 251–79
compulsive acquiring, 205–26
compulsive hoarding, 169–203
compulsive personality traits, 74–75
as disease of intellect and will, 150, 157
as eccentricity, 54, 70–71, 154–57
as emotional disorder, 150, 152, 157
ERP therapy for, 58–60
Freud and, 160–62, 166
habit-forming nature of, 24
in history/historic figures and, 139–67
illusion of control and, 5–6, 68–69
impulsive behaviors versus, 22
as “insane delusions,” 155–56
Internet and smartphones, 121–37
Kraepelin on, as driven by fear, 166–67
as medical disorder, 150–54
as mental disorder, 29, 141–43, 222
mild versus extreme, 8, 11, 29, 54, 67–69, 71, 72, 95, 155, 167
as neuroses, 156
OCD and OCPD, 31–95
Pavlovian conditioning and, 267
percent of U.S. adults engaging in, 9
relief sought by, 212–13
resulting from nature and nurture, 257
as risk averse, 23
as self-medicating, 24
traits that put a person at risk, 28
triggers, 58
types of, 5, 11
as variation of common behaviors, 156
video games and, 97–119
what it is, 15–29
compulsive acquiring, 205–26
anxiety and, 206, 208, 209, 211–13
bibliomania, 221–26
compulsive buying or oniomania, 209–17
example, hoarder and, 206–8, 211–12
impulsivity and, 206
pleasure seeking and, 206
shoplifting (kleptomania), 217–21
compulsive buying. See shopping compulsion
Computers in Human Behavior (journal)
Kardefelt-Winther on gaming, 117, 136
Lleras on smartphone use, 130–31
Przybylski and Gladwell on FoMO, 133
Conan Doyle, Arthur, 164–65
conscientiousness, 67–95
cultural rituals and 91–95
need for order and, 67–69
OCPD and, 74–85
shadow syndromes and, 69–74
sports and superstitions, 88–91
workaholism, 85–88
counting compulsion, 46–47, 154, 244
Crash Bandicoot (video game), 101
creative drive, 238–50
artists and, 238–39, 241–43
componential theory of creativity, 240
four temperaments underlying, 239–40
inventions and, 240–41
writers and, 243–50
Cruz, Jon, 197
CSI: Crime City (video game), 108
Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly, 100–101
cultural rituals, 91–95
American Zuni, Shalako ritual, 92
Catholic communion, 92
death and mourning, 94
Gujars of Uttar Pradesh and, 92
Jewish rituals, 92, 93–94
Muslim prayers, 92
Nepali Sherpas and, 92
sense of control and, 94, 95
Curiosities of Literature (Disraeli), 222
Current Biology, Lang study on anxiety, 72–73
CyberPsychology & Behavior, Blanton review of Internet use research, 124–25
Dadas, Albert, 158–59
Dalai Lama, 236
Damasio, Antonio, 260–61, 263, 264
&
nbsp; Dante, 141–42
Davis, Lennard, 148, 150, 152, 238, 242
Dead Souls (Gogol), 163
DeFeo, Jay, 241–43
de Kooning, Willem, 238
Deloitte, 131
Demetrion, James, 242
depression, 27, 237, 278
compulsive shopping and, 209, 210, 211
Internet use and, 127
OCD and, 57, 179
online gaming and, 118
percent of U.S. population with, 5
Depression and Anxiety, article on therapy for hoarding, 190
Dershowitz, Alan, 173, 176, 176n
Des maladies mentales, considérées sous les rapports médical, hygiénique, et médico-légal (Esquirol), 151
Diablo (video game), 100
Diablo 3 (video game), 103–4, 105, 277
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), 15–16, 17, 278n
bibliomania not recognized by, 225
“changing diagnostic fashions” and, 29
compulsive Internet usage not included in DSM-5, 124, 126
hoarding in, 175, 180–81, 183, 198, 203, 259
OCD in, 17, 44–45
OCPD in, 162–63
personality disorders and, 85
shopping compulsion and, 210
trichotillomania in, 18
Dibdin, Thomas Frognall, 222
Dickens, Charles, 163–64, 243
Directorium Asceticum, or Guide to the Spiritual Life (Scaramelli), 145
Discovery Medicine, update for rat experiments on brain’s “pleasure centers,” 274
Disraeli, Isaac, 222
Divine Comedy, The (Dante), 141–42
Doerr, John, 97–98
Donohue, Amy, 232–33
dopamine, 266
addiction and, 104–8
brain’s circuitry and, 105, 107, 108, 266, 273–78
Parkinson’s disease and, 267–72
video games and, 102–3, 105, 119
Dora Saves the Crystal Kingdom (video game), 100
Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 245, 246
doubting mania, 244
Downs, Danielle Symons, 27
Driver-Dunckley, Erika, 269, 270
Drop7 (video game), 98, 108
drug treatment, 9, 62–63