Alexis de Tocqueville
Page 82
31. GB to his sister Eugénie, 17 July 1831, LA 90–92.
32. AT to his mother, Auburn, 17 July 1831, OC XIV 116–17.
33. DA, OC I ii 36; notebooks, Auburn, 13 July 1831, OC V 231.
34. AT to his mother, Auburn, 17 July 1831, OC XIV 117.
35. Hall, I 136. Another passage which AT seems to have exploited may be found at 145–8, where Hall describes and discusses the psychology of the settlers.
36. AT, notebooks, 7 July 1831, OC V i 162.
37. ibid.; Voyage au Lac Oneida, OC V i 336–41.
38. There is an excellent account of Lynds and the Auburn system in Lewis. There is a good article on Lynds in the old Dictionary of American Biography, XI 527. The editors of its replacement, American Biography, did not see fit to include him.
39. See SP, OC i 342–5. It is noteworthy that AT and GB cut from this record Lynds’s remark that he retired from Sing-Sing after one year in charge because ‘I thought I had done enough for the public good.’ They knew it was untrue.
40. See Lewis, 63.
41. For the full record of their conversation with Lynds, see OC V i 63–7; for a highly revealing anecdote about him, see OC IV i 345 n.1.
42. AT to Chabrol, Auburn, 16 July 1831, Yale: Beinecke.
43. ibid.; GB to his mother, Canandaigua, [17 July?] 1831, LA 98–9.
44. AT to Le Sueur, New York, 30 June 1831, OC XIV 110.
45. AT, notebooks, OC V i 223.
46. ibid., 19 July 1831, 163.
47. ibid., 21–22 July 1831, 164–5; AT, ‘Quinze Jours dans le désert’, ibid., 348–9.
48. Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, empires and republics in the Great Lakes Region 1650–1815 (Cambridge University Press, 1991).
49. GB to his father, 1 August 1831, LA 104.
50. AT, ‘Quinze jours’, OC V i 349.
51. See illustrations to the present work.
52. Sainte-Beuve, Causeries du lundi, XV 98.
53. ibid., 98–9.
54. ‘Quinze jours’, OC V i 349.
55. GB to his brother Achille, on the Superior, Lake Michigan, 11 August 1831, LA 121.
56. ibid., 121–2.
57. AT, ‘Conversation avec Mr Mullon’, 7 August 1831, OC V i 72; GB to Achille, LA 119.
58. AT, notebooks, 3 August 1831, OC V i 173; AT to Mme de Grancey, 10 October 1831, OC(B) VII 241.
59. AT, notebooks, 6 August 1831, OC V i 174–5, 75–6.
60. AT to his father, on Lakes Erie, Huron and Michigan, 14 August 1831, OC XIV 124.
61. AT, notebooks, 3 August 1831, OC V i 175.
62. AT to his mother, on Lake Ontario, 21 August 1831, OC XIV 126–8. It is necessary to read between AT’s lines: he does not explicitly mention the Vendée, no doubt from caution.
63. ibid.; AT, draft letter to Dalmassy, August 1831, Yale: Beinecke; GB to his father, Lake Ontario on board the Great Britain, 21 August 1831, LA 128–30.
64. See Ancien Régime, OC II i 286–7, ‘Comment c’est en Canada qu’on pouvait mieux juger la centralisation administrative de l’Ancien Régime’.
65. AT, notebooks, OC V i 210–13; AT to Le Sueur, Albany, 7 September 1831, OC XIV 129–30; GB to his father, 5 September 1831, LA 139, 142.
66. Le Peletier d’Aunay to AT, Paris, August 1831, Yale: Beinecke.
9. A Republic Observed
1. AT to Édouard, Boston 10 September 1831, OC XIV 134.
2. AT to his mother, Boston, 27 September 1831, ibid., 136.
3. AT to the comtesse de Grancey, New York, 10 October 1831, OC(B) VII 70. Mme de Grancey was a close cousin, a granddaughter of Mme de Montboissier; AT to Édouard, 10 September 1831, OC XIV 135.
4. AT to E. V. Childe, Tocqueville, 12 December 1856, OC VII 184; GB to Jules de Beaumont, Boston, 16 September 1831, LA 144; AT, notebooks, 20 September 1831, OC V i 227.
5. GB to Jules de Beaumont, Boston, 16 September 1831, LA 150.
6. AT, notebooks, 17 September 1831, OC V i 249; ibid., 19 September 1831, 88.
7. GB, ‘Fragments du journal’, 29 September 1831, LA 152–4; AT, notebooks, 29 September 1831, OC V i 95; ibid., 96; Herbert B. Adams, 43–4. This essay includes Sparks’s answers to a questionnaire left with him by AT in October 1831, and some further questions (‘Vous voyez, Monsieur, que je suis incorrigible’) in a letter from Cincinnati of 2 December (OC VII 35–9).
8. GB to Jules de Beaumont, 16 September 1831, LA 147.
9. AT, notebooks, 17 September 1831, OC V i 240–41; ibid., 1 October 1831, 97.
10. ibid., 20 September 1831, 88–9, 89–90; ibid., 30 September 1831, 178.
11. ibid., 30 September 1831.
12. ibid., 20 September 1831, 89–90; ibid., 22 September 1831, 92; conversation with Francis Lieber; ibid., 28 September 1831, 94; ibid., 2 October 1831, 101–2; ibid., 18 September 1831, 86; ibid., 30 September 1831, 179.
13. ibid., 27 September 1831, 246.
14. ibid., 1 October 1831, 98–9. As to corporal punishment, Adams was misinformed: women slaves were frequently whipped.
15. AT, notebooks, 18 September 1831, OC V i 87–8.
16. AT to his mother, 27 September 1831, OC XIV 137.
17. GB to Félicie de Beaumont, Philadelphia, 26 October 1831, LA 168.
18. For further details see Pierson, 446–8.
19. AT, notebooks, conversation with Mr Vaughan and Judge Coxe, Philadelphia, 13 October 1831, OC V i 103.
20. For a discussion of this important point see Foucault, 244–56.
21. See Pierson, 471–3.
22. See GB, ‘Notice sur Alexis de Tocqueville’, OC(B) V 18–19; Pierson, 463–4; OC IV i 576. GB states explicitly that AT conducted all the interviews, although half the surviving rough notes of the meetings are in GB’s handwriting.
23. ‘Enquête sur le pénitencier de Philadelphie’, OC IV i 333, 334.
24. ibid., 335.
25. ibid., 331.
26. ibid., 336–8.
27. AT, notebooks, 5 October 1831, OC V i 103.
28. ibid., 28 October 1831, 185.
29. AT to Édouard, Washington, 20 January 1832, OC XIV 165.
30. Adams, 8.
31. AT to Hervé de Tocqueville, Hartford, 7 October 1831, OC XIV 138–9.
32. ibid., 138, n. 3. See also Bertier de Sauvigny, 417–18.
33. Pierson, 408.
34. AT to Alexandrine de Tocqueville, Philadelphia, 18 October 1831, OC XIV 14.
35. AT, notebooks, 25 October 1831, OC V i 247; Pierson, 513–14.
36. GB to Félicie de Beaumont, Philadelphia, 26 October 1831, LA 170.
37. AT, notebooks, Baltimore, 29 October 1831, OC V i 185–6.
38. ibid., 4 November 1831, 247; ibid., 3 November 1831, 242.
39. ibid., 187.
40. The clearest evidence on this matter is GB’s letter to his brother Achille, Philadelphia, 8 November 1831, LA 175–6, where he says that he will publish his Baltimore observations on slavery, ‘not very favourable’, in the ‘great work which is going to immortalize me’.
41. GB to his father, Philadelphia, 17 November 1831, LA 180; AT to Chabrol, Philadelphia, 26 October, Yale. For cajeput oil, see LA 170–71, n. 3.
42. GB to his father, Philadelphia, 17 November 1831, LA 180–81; AT to E. Stoffels, Philadelphia, 18 October, OC(B) V 422; AT to his mother, Philadelphia, 24 October, OC XIV 143.
43. GB to Eugénie de Beaumont, Cincinnati, 1 December 1831, LA 187; AT to Édouard, on board the Fourth of July, 26 November 1831, OC XIV 145.
44. AT said nothing of the adventure to his family until he was about to leave America (see p. 213). He wrote a full account to Marie Mottley, now lost. There is a short paragraph on the subject in his letter to Chabrol, ‘on board the Fourth of July on the Ohio’, 26–8 November 1831, Yale, and a fuller description in a surviving fragment of GB’s journal (see ‘Notice’, OC(B) V 228–9, and LA 200–201). Pierson (546 n.) challenges, perhaps too severely, the authenticity of the journal as we have it, stigmatizing it a
s ‘a clumsy amateur fake ... constructed, either several weeks, or many years, after the events that it described’. He points out various blunders in the dates, but then GB was often careless about dates, as is shown elsewhere, and, as an editor, frequently tampered with the genuine documents that he printed. But fake or not, there seems to be no good reason for doubting the general accuracy of the account. It is to some extent confirmed by AT’s letter to Chabrol, and by a passage in GB’s book Marie (see Pierson, 547).
45. AT, notebooks, 2 December 1831, OC V i 128.
46. ibid., 127.
47. ibid., 124–32; Ratcliffe, 210–11.
48. AT, notebooks, 30 November 1831, OC V i 278.
49. ibid., Philadelphia, 20 November 1831, 123–4; ibid., Boston, 1 October 1831, 98; ibid., [Cincinnati], 2 December 1831, 125, 284; ibid., 3 December 1831, 131.
50. GB to Jules de Beaumont, on the Ohio, 4 December 1831, LA 191–5; AT to Chabrol, Louisville (sic, but written on the steamboat), 6 December 1831, Yale; AT to his father, 20 December 1831, OC XIV 154–5.
51. At this point we have to rely on GB’s erratic dating.
52. GB, ‘Journal’, LA 201.
53. ibid., 201–2; GB to his mother, Sandy Bridge, 15 December 1831, ibid., 196; DA, OC I ii 60; AT to his mother, ‘sur le Mississippi’, 25 December 1831, OC XIV 158.
54. AT to his mother, 25 December 1831, OC XIV 158.
55. ibid., 161.
56. Pierson, 619–20, quoting P. L. White’s translation of a document, ‘24 Heures à New-Orléans’, the original of which has been lost; AT to his mother, 25 December 1831, OC XIV 161; AT, notebooks, 27 December 1831, OC V i 275; 31 December 1831, ibid., 261–6.
57. Pierson, 635.
58. AT to Chabrol, on Chesapeake Bay, 16 January 1832, Pierson 636; AT to Alexandrine, on Chesapeake Bay, 16 January 1832, OC XIV 163.
59. AT, notebooks, 12 January 1832, OC V i 201–2. The Pléiade edition (Paris: Gallimard, 1991) supplies an important missing word, vol. I, 190–91.
60. AT, notebooks, Pléiade edition, I, 191–(the better transcription of a difficult MS), OC V i 202–3.
61. Pierson, 643–4.
62. AT, notebooks, conversation with Mr Poinsett, 13, 14 and 15 January 1832, OC V i 205.
63. AT to E. V. Childe, [Paris], 2 April 1857, OC VII 193.
64. LA 209–10 n. 2.
65. GB to his mother, Washington, 20 January 1832, LA 210; AT to his father, Washington, 24 January, OC XIV 166–7, copied from the version published by GB in OC(B) VII 110 and, unfortunately, abridged by him. See also H. Brogan, ‘Tocqueville and the American Presidency’, Journal of American Studies, XV 3, December 1981, 357–75.
66. AT to his father, Washington, 24 January 1832, OC XIV 167; AT to Édouard, Washington, 20 January 1832, OC XIV 165.
67. GB to his mother, Washington, 20 January 1832, LA 209; AT to Chabrol, Washington, 24 January 1832, Yale: Beinecke.
68. AT to Chabrol, Chesapeake Bay, 16 January 1832, Yale: Beinecke.
69. GB to his mother, Washington, 20 January 1832, LA 208; AT to Joel Poinsett, [Washington], 1 February 1832, OC VII 45; AT to Édouard, Washington, 20 January 1832, and New York, 9 February 1832, OC XIV 165 and 168; AT to GB, Paris, 4 April 1832, OC VIII i 111.
10. Writing Prisons
1. Pierson, 678.
2. AT to GB, Paris, 4–6 April 1832, OC VIII i 112.
3. AT to E. Stoffels, 22 April 1832, OC(B) V 423–4.
4. Louis Chevalier, xiv, 4.
5. Morris, 15.
6. Louis Chevalier, 17.
7. AT to GB, Paris, 4–6 April 1832, OC VIII i 111–14.
8. AT to GB, Saint-Germain, 10 April 1832, OC VIII i 114–16; GB to Secrétaire-Général, ministère du commerce et des travaux publics, Paris, 12 April 1832, Yale; ministère du commerce to GB, Paris, 10 May 1832, Yale: Beinecke.
9. AT to Mme de Kergorlay, Saint-Germain, ‘ce lundi matin’ [16 April 1832], OC XIII i 249–50.
10. OC IV i 20.
11. AT to Marie, Marseille, 18 May 1832, XIV 380; AT to Mme de Kergorlay, [end of May], OC XIII i 251–2.
12. AT to Marie, Marseille, 18 May 1832, XIV 380; ‘Notice’, OC(B) V 36.
13. Jardin, Tocqueville, 179–81; ‘Sophia Dawes’, Oxford DNB, vol. XV, 530–31; Bowen.
14. AT to the procureur-général, Toulon, 21 May 1832, OC(B) V 36–7.
15. Jardin, Tocqueville, 181.
16. AT, ‘Description du bagne de Toulon’, May 1832, OC IV ii 45–61.
17. AT to Mme de Kergorlay, Marseille, [?25 May] 1832, XIII i 251–4; Mme de Kergorlay to the editor, Gazette du Midi, Marseille, 31 May 1832, ibid., 275–n.9.
18. GB to AT, Paris, 17 May [1832], OC VIII i 116–18; AT, ‘Examen du livre de M. de Blosseville, De la question des colonies pénales’, Gap, 31 May 1832, OC IV ii 62–3; AT to Marie, Lyon, 3 June 1832, OC XIV 383; AT, [Notes sur les prisons de Genève et Lausanne], 5–June 1832, OC IV ii 64–75.
19. Louis Chevalier, 21.
20. GB, ‘Visite de la prison de La Roquette (7 août 1832)’, OC IV i 464–5; AT, ‘Maison de refuge de la rue de l’Oursine’, ‘Maison de Saint-Lazare’, ‘Maison de correction de l’Hôtel de Bazencourt’, ibid., ii 76–83.
21. Kergorlay to AT, Marseille, 23 June–20 August 1832; Aix [-en-Provence], 12 September– 30 October 1832, OC XIII i 256–301.
22. OC IV i 445.
23. GB, ‘Notice’, OC(B) I 26–7.
24. AT to F. Mignet, Paris, 26 June 1841, Yale: Beinecke.
25. OC IV i 22–3.
26. ibid., 240, 562 n. 4. Mme Perrot points out that in his draft AT refers throughout to ‘Buonaparte’ rather than to ‘Napoleon’.
27. See OC IV i 208–12.
28. ibid., 206.
29. ibid., 253–4, 256–9.
30. ibid., 218–19, 232; IV ii 39.
31. Michelle Perrot quotes Bentham on architecture in OC IV i 558, and on music, 559; she quotes AT on music, from an unpublished MS, 559.
32. OC IV i 187, 188 n. 1.
33. AT to minister [of the interior?], Philadelphia, 14 July 1831, OC IV ii 37.
34. Foucault, 228, 234, 236–7.
35. ibid., 75–7, 84–9; OC IV i 244.
36. OC IV i 193.
37. Foucault, 90, quoting Rousseau, Social Contract, book IV, chapter 5.
38. Foucault, 108.
39. ibid., 119–20.
40. ibid., 115–16.
41. See Ignatieff.
42. ibid., ch. 5, ‘Whigs, Jacobins and the Bastille: the Penitentiary under Attack’, 114–42.
43. Foucault, 117; OC IV i 560, 173 n. 1; Charles Dickens, American Notes (London: Hazell, Watson & Viney, n.d.), 83–93; also Letters, ed. Graham Storey et al. (Oxford, 1974) vol. III, 110–11, 123–5.
44. AT to Chabrol, Philadelphia, 18 October 1831, Yale: Beinecke.
45. See OC IV i 444–8; Chevalier, VIII.
46. Everitt, 123; Kergorlay to AT, 28 January 1833, OC XIII i 316.
47. e.g., OC IV i 247.
48. ibid., 245.
49. ibid., 205, 235.
50. ibid., 25.
51. L. Sérurier to AT and GB, Washington, 17 May 1832, OC VII 25–6.
52. C. Lucas to GB and AT, Paris, March 1831, OC IV i 462–3; see above p. 147.
53. OC IV i 327.
11. Between Books
1. Chateaubriand, Mémoires, vol. II, 2517–32; Jardin, Tocqueville, 181–5; Kergorlay to AT, Montbrison, 7 February 1833, OC XIII i 319 and n. 2.
2. Boigne, vol. IV, 85–100.
3. OC XIII i 297–300; Kergorlay to AT, 30 October 1832, ibid., 318–19; Kergorlay to AT, 7 February 1833; ibid., 320; Kergorlay to AT, n.d. [c. 7 March 1833].
4. OC XIII i 321–7; AT, ‘Discours prononcé en faveur de M. Louis de Kergorlay le 9 mars 1833, devant la cour d’assises de Montbrison, par M. Alexis de Tocqueville, avocat à la Cour Royale de Paris’; Jardin, Tocqueville, 188.
5. Yale: Beinecke, AT to Chabrol, New York, 18 May 1831, ibid.; AT to Chabrol, 18 Octob
er and 26 October 1831.
6. AT to [Louis de Chateaubriand?], Philadelphia, 8 November 1831, wrongly identified by the copyist, Doysié, as a letter to Louis de Kergorlay, Yale: Beinecke; AT to Marie, Toulon, 3 May [1841], OC XIV 416; Kergorlay to AT, 12 September 1832, OC XIII i 282–3.
7. See Kergorlay to AT, Paris, 4 August 1833, OC XIII i 331.
8. For AT and Mrs Belam see OC VI iii 37–8; his difference with Kergorlay is documented in OC XIII i 331–9, in three letters.
9. Jardin, Tocqueville, 200; Schleifer, 5.
10. e.g. Schleifer, 5.
11. AT to the comtesse de Pisieux, [July?] 1833, Yale: Beinecke.
12. AT to Marie, three letters, July–August 1833, ibid., 171–2; AT to his mother, Southampton, 7 August 1833, AT to Mrs Belam, [London], [4–5 September] 1833, OC VI iii 37.
13. See Drescher, Tocqueville and England, 35–6.
14. AT to GB, London, 13 August 1833, OC VIII i 24–5; AT to Marie, London, 14 August 1833, OC XIV 388–9; AT to his father, 24 August 1833, ibid., 173.
15. OC V ii 11–12; AT to Marie, London, 14 August 1833, OC XIV 388–9.
16. OC V ii 14–17.
17. AT to his father, London, 24 August 1833, OC XIV 173; GB to AT, Paris, 7 August 1833; AT to GB, London, 13 August; GB to AT, Beaumont-la-Chartre, 24 August 1833, OC VIII i 119–30.
18. AT to his father, London, 24 August 1833, OC XIV 173–74; CCT I iii, ‘Preface’.
19. OC V ii 25–6, ‘Bulwer’ (août 1833), 29–31, ‘Aristocratie [21 août]’, 31–2, ‘Centralisation (24 août 1833), 33, ‘Police’, 35, ‘Uniformité [24 août]’. Lawrence Stone devoted years of research and a long monograph to refuting AT’s observations, but the debate continues. (See Stone and Stone.)
20. ‘William Pleydell-Bouverie, third earl of Radnor (1779–1869)’, Oxford DNB VI 872–3; AT to his father, London, 24 August 1833, OC XIV 173–74.
21. AT to Marie, Oxford, 27 August 1833, OC XIV 389–91.
22. OC V ii 17–20.
23. AT to Marie, Bath [but finished at Longford Castle], 30 August 1833, OC XIV 391–4.
24. ibid., 394.
25. ibid., 391; OC V ii 20–23, ‘une séance de la Justice de Paix’, 26–8, ‘Conversation avec Lord Radnor’. AT slightly enhanced these notes when he used them in his ‘Mémoire sur paupérisme’ (OC XVI 134–6).
26. AT to Elizabeth Belam, [n.p., 4–5 September 1833], OC VI iii 38.
27. See Drescher, Tocqueville and England, 35–53, for a thorough discussion of AT’s response to England in 1833.