1616

by Christensen, Thomas

  There seems to be no thorough comparative global study of WITCHCRAFT AND WITCH HUNTS. Despite its subtitle, Wolfgang Behringer’s Witches and Witch-Hunts: A Global History, though interesting, is more a sociological investigation of witchcraft than a true global history. Behringer’s primary research has been in early modern European witchcraft, as his Witchcraft Persecutions in Bavaria: Popular Magic, Religious Zealotry and Reason of State in Early Modern Europe suggests. Michael D. Bailey’s Magic and Superstition in Europe is a good single-volume overview. Other titles include Carlo Ginzburg’s Night Battles, Brian Levack’s New Perspectives on Witchcraft, Magic, and Demonology, Lyndal Roper’s Witch Craze, and Charles Zika’s Exorcising Our Demons.

  In the discussion of THOMAS MIDDLETON and his relation to some of the plays of Shakespeare I have followed Gary Taylor and John Lavagnino from their comprehensive Thomas Middleton and Early Modern Textual Culture: A Companion to the Collected Works, which is a model of modern scholarship. Following are the lyrics to “Come Away, Hecate, Come Away,” from Middleton, The Witch, and Shakespeare and Middleton, The Tragedy of Macbeth:

  Come Away, Hecate, Come Away

  Come away, come away, Hecate,

  Hecate, O come away.

  I come, I come, I come, I come, I come

  With all the speed I may

  With all the speed I may

  Where’s Stadlin? Here!

  Where’s Puckle? Here!

  And Hoppo too, and Helway too.

  We lack but you, we lack but you.

  Come away, make up the count,

  I will but ’noint, and then I mount.

  I will but ’noint, and then I mount.

  Here comes one down to fetch his dues,

  A kiss, a coll, a sip of blood.

  And why thou stay’st so long I muse, I muse,

  Since the art’s so fresh and good.

  O, art thou come? What news, what news?

  All goes well to our delight.

  Either come, or else refuse, refuse.

  Now I am furnished for the flight,

  Now I go, O now I fly

  Malkin, my sweet sprite, and I

  O what a dainty pleasure is this

  To ride in the air

  When the moon shines fair

  And laugh, and sing, and toy, and kiss.

  Over woods, high rocks, and mountains,

  Over seas and crystal fountains,

  Over steeples, towers, and turrets,

  We flight tonight ’mongst troops of spirits.

  No ring of bells to our ears sounds,

  No howl of wolves, nor yelps of hounds,

  No nor the noise of water breach,

  Nor cannon’s throat our height can reach.

  For FRANS FRANCKEN II, see works by Arthur K. Wheelock, Jr. and Ursula Alice Härting.

  Readers interested in the witch RANGDA should consult Natasha Reichle’s fine Bali: Art, Ritual, Performance.

  On THE HARMONY OF THE SPHERES AND THE PYTHAGOREAN TRADITION, see Siglind Bruhn’s offbeat but scholarly The Musical Order of the World: Kepler, Hesse, Hindemith and Kitty Ferguson’s The Music of Pythagoras (which is aimed at a more popular audience), as well of course as Kepler’s own The Harmony of the World and liner notes to Hindemith’s opera. Ferguson has recently taken up the subject of Pythagoras again in a book entitled Pythagoras: His Lives and the Legacy of a Rational Universe, published by Icon Books, which I have not had the opportunity to review.

  Hereward Tilton has written on MICHAEL MAIER. Atalanta Fugiens is available in an attractive edition from Phanes Press.

  Mark R. Cohen has edited and translated LEON MODENA’s Life of Judah under the title The Autobiography of a Seventeenth-Century Venetian Rabbi.

  Christopher R. Friedrichs’s “Politics or Pogrom?” makes a good starting point for investigating the FETTMILCH UPRISINGS.

  Works on MILLENNARIANISM include those by John M. Court, Matt Goldish and Richard Henry Popkin, David S. Katz and Popkin, and Karl A. Kottman. The story of Shah Abbas and the Nuqtavis is told by Sanjay Subrahmanyam in Beyond Binary Histories.

  For a comprehensive history of the THIRTY YEARS WAR, see Peter H. Wilson’s The Thirty Years War: Europe’s Tragedy.

  Siglind Bruhn relates PAUL HINDEMITH to the Pythagorean tradition in The Musical Order of the World: Kepler, Hesse, Hindemith.

  World in Motion

  Although I learned early on that Giovanni Lanfranco, Agostino Tassi, and Carlo Saraceni worked on the QUIRINALE FRESCOES, shown on pp. 252, 321, and 335, I had difficulty determining which artists worked on which panels. Rudolf Wittkomer writes of these frescoes in Art and Architecture in Italy 1600–1750, “The division of hands between the artists participating is not easily established.” I tried many different approaches to resolving the question (among them posting an appeal on my blog, blog.rightreading.com) and finally wrote to nine academic specialists in early modern Italian painting. Seven failed to respond, and another responded that she could be of no assistance. Happily, Eunice Howe of USC was the exception. She suggested that the image on p. 252 was by Lanfranco based on its similarity to a study in the British Museum and suggested some avenues for further research. Later I discovered that the Lanfranco attribution is confirmed in an article by Walter Vitzthum. One of the images on p. 321 is identified as by Saraceni in Ann Ottani Cavina’s book on the artist, and the image on p. 335 is identified as by Tassi in Steffi Roettgen’s mammoth Italian Frescoes of the Baroque Era, 1600–1800. There are discussions of the frescoes in Kate Lowe’s ‘Representing Africa’ and in The Image of the Black in Western Art by David Bindman, Henry Louis Gates, Jr., and Karen C. C. Dalton.

  PIETRO DELLA VALLE’S Viaggi are available online in the original Italian. A condensed version has been convincingly translated into English by George Bull as The Pilgrim: The Travels of Pietro Della Valle. Another readable translation and retelling of della Valle’s journeys, supplemented by observations from contemporaneous travelers, is Wilfred Blunt’s Pietro’s Pilgrimage: A Journey to India and Back at the Beginning of the Seventeenth Century. Translations from the Viaggi in this book are usually drawn from Bull or Blunt, sometimes reworked by me.

  On British travelers in general, Boies Penrose’s still readable Travel and Discovery in the Renaissance and Urbane Travelers 1591–1635, though not in a style currently in favor, are lively, artful, and amusing. Samuel C. Chew’s The Crescent and the Rose: Islam and England During the Renaissance, also long in the tooth, remains a first-rate account of the influence of contacts with the the Islamic world on English Renaissance and early modern literature.

  My primary source for the particulars of THE HAJJ during this period was Suraiya Faroqhi’s Pilgrims and Sultans: The Hajj Under the Ottomans, 1517–1683.

  The journeys of WILLIAM LITHGOW are detailed in Boies Penrose’s Urbane Travelers and, more recently, in Clifford Edmund Bosworth’s An Intrepid Scot. Lithgow’s book is in print in a paperback version, but it does not include the later travels.

  B. G. Tamaskar’s The Life and Work of Malik Ambar is unfortunately rather dry, but Richard Eaton’s A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761 has a good chapter on MALIK AMBAR. The Encyclopaedia of Islam is, as often, helpful.

  Philip Curtin has done foundational work on the Atlantic slave trade and plantation SLAVERY. Charles H. Parker’s Global Interactions in the Early Modern Age, 1400–1800 contains a substantial section on the slave trade, and John E. Wills’s The World from 1450 to 1700 has a brief but cogent one. Consult Virginia Bernhard’s Slaves and Slaveholders in Bermuda 1616–1782 for a good history of Bermuda slavery. See also works by F. P. Bowser, Robert C. Davis, G. A. Beltrán, Susie Minchin and Linda A. Newson, and John Leddy Phelan.

  María Antonia Garcés discusses CERVANTES’s years as a slave in Cervantes in Algiers: A Captive’s Tale. Her book has been much praised and has won awards; for a dissenting view, see a review in the Bulletin of the Cervantes Society of America by Michael McGaha. See also A. M. Rodríg
uez-Rodríguez on Antonio de Sosa and slavery in Algiers. Donald McCrory’s biography of Cervantes is sound and readable.

  William Spencer’s Algiers in the Age of the Corsairs is a little jewel on the subject of ALGIERS and the OTTOMAN CORSAIRS OF NORTH AFRICA. Another book on this subject is John B. Wolf’s The Barbary Coast. On the subject of SIEMEN DANZIKER and YUSUF REIS (JACK WARD), particularly from the standpoint of their impact on English literature, see Samuel C. Chew’s The Crescent and the Rose: Islam and England During the Renaissance.

  The Encyclopedia of Islam and Stephen Dale’s The Muslim Empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals proved the best sources on the Islamic WAQFS.

  For GEORGE STRACHAN see G. L. Dellavida, George Strachan: Memorials of a Wandering Scottish Scholar of the Seventeenth Century.

  My main sources for HEO GYUN are Borderland Roads: Selected Poems of Hŏ Kyun, translated and with an introduction by Ian Haight and Tae-young Ho, and the chapter devoted to him in Kichung Kim’s Introduction to Classical Korean Literature. The poem “At the Refugee Camp” is reprinted from Borderland Roads by permission of White Pine Press.

  Probably the best single resource on THE JAPANESE INVASIONS OF KOREA is Kenneth M. Swope’s A Dragon’s Head and a Serpent’s Tail: Ming China and the First Great East Asian War, 1592–1598. On a related topic, Swope has an article on the Wanli emperor as a military leader in Culture, Courtiers, and Competition: The Ming Court (1368–1644), edited by David M. Robinson.

  Though it does show its age, I like A. C. Wratislaw’s “The Diary of an Embassy” on GARCIA DE SILVA Y FIGUEROA.

  It’s not hard to find information on THOMAS, ANTHONY, AND ROBERT SHERLEY. Some good places to start would be Boies Penrose’s The Sherleian Odyssey, Samuel C. Chew’s The Crescent and the Rose, and Sheila R. Canby’s Shah ’Abbas: The Remaking of Iran.

  The story of Robert Devereaux’s farcical coup attempt is well told in James Shapiro’s excellent A Year in the Life of William Shakespeare.

  Kennon Breazeale’s “Whirligig of Diplomacy” and Yoshiteru Iwamoto’s “Yamada Nagamasa and His Relations with Siam,” both from the Journal of the Siam Society, are helpful on YAMADA NAGAMASA. See also Chaiwat Khamchoo and E. Bruce Reynolds, Thai-Japanese Relations in Historical Perspective. Khien Theeravit’s dissertation on this topic can be found online.

  On AYUTTHAYA, with an emphasis on its art, see Forrest McGill’s The Kingdom of Siam.

  On WILL ADAMS, see books by William Corr and Giles Milton. His story was made into a novel by the twentieth-century Japanese novelist Shusaku Endo, translated into English by Van C. Gessel as The Samurai.

  Surprisingly little work appears to have been done on Date Masamune and the embassy of HASEKURA TSUNENAGA to Europe. One of the best sources in English remains G. Meriweather’s 1893 account in the Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan. CHIMALPAHIN’S Annals have been translated with helpful annotations and supplementary information by James Lockhart, Susan Schroeder, and Doris Namala.

  Views of Seventeenth-Century Vietnam by Olga Dror and K. W. Taylor masterfully tells the story of CHRISTOFORO BORRI in Vietnam (and elsewhere).

  The story of THOMAS CORYATE has often been told, so I have not devoted a lot of space to it here. Michael Strachan’s The Life and Adventures of Thomas Coryate is probably the best place to start, after Coryate’s own works. Strachan has, among other things, compiled a comprehensive list of the members of Coryate’s circle, including those who contributed verses to the Crudities, those who were invited to a “Convivium Philosophicum” at a tavern in which Coryate participated, and those who are mentioned in Coryate’s letters. See also Boies Penrose’s Urbane Travelers 1591–1635, Katharine Craik’s Reading Sensations in Early Modern England, and Samuel C. Chew’s The Crescent and the Rose.

  The section on XU XIAKE relies heavily on Julian Ward’s Xu Xiake (1586–1641): The Art of Travel Writing. Xu also appears in Timothy Brooks’s The Confusions of Pleasure. Susan Naquin’s Pilgrims and Sacred Sites in China contains an essay by James Cahill on Huang Shan paintings as pilgrimage pictures. For a contemporary poetic take informed by the Chinese attitude to mountains, see Gary Snyder’s Mountains and Rivers Without End.

  Stephen Bertman, in a brief online summary of Pietro della Valle’s life and travels for Biblical Archaeology Review, mentions the “aroma, faint but pungent, not unlike camphor” that lingered in della Valle’s home.

  Epilogue: Christmas, His Masque

  Christmas, His Masque was probably performed on Christmas day, but the exact date cannot be verified. This section owes a debt to Leah Sinanoglou Marcus’s “‘Present Occasions’ and the Shaping of Ben Jonson’s Masques.”

  Youth Reading, 1620s, by Riza-yi Abbasi. Opaque watercolor on paper. 8 × 14 cm. British Museum, inv. no. 1920.9.17.0298.3.

  Selected Reading

  See also Source Notes, p. 361.

  Abril Curto, Gonzalo. “Conflictos culturales y estrategias discursivas en dos textos de la América colonial hispana.” Article, 2003. http://eprints.ucm.es/4915/.

  Adams, Jerome R. Notable Latin American Women: Twenty-Nine Leaders, Rebels, Poets, Battlers and Spies, 1500–1900. Jefferson, NC: Mcfarland and Company, 1995.

  Adams, Joseph Quincy. Shakespearean Playhouses. 1917. Reprint Gloucester, Mass.: P. Smith, 1960.

  Adams, Percy G. “The Discovery of America and European Renaissance Literature.” Comparative Literature Studies 13, no. 2 (1976): 100–115.

  Adams, Percy G. Travel Literature and the Evolution of the Novel. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1983.

  Adorno, Rolena. Guaman Poma and His Illustrated Chronicle from Colonial Peru: From a Century of Scholarship to a New Era of Reading. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 2001.

  Adorno, Rolena, and Ivan Boserup. New Studies of the Autograph Manuscript of Felipe Guaman Poma De Ayala’s Nueva Coronica y Buen Gobierno. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 2003.

  Adorno, Rolena. The Polemics of Possession in Spanish American Narrative. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008.

  Adorno, Rolena. Guaman Poma: Writing and Resistance in Colonial Peru. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1986.

  Ahmed I. Letters from the Great Turke Lately Sent Vnto the Holy Father the Pope and to Rodulphus Naming Himselfe King of Hungarie, and to All the Kinges and Princes of Christendome. London: John Windet; reprinted Da Capo Press, 1971.

  A. K. C. “Mughal Painting (Akbar and Jahangir)” in Museum of Fine Arts Bulletin 16, no. 93 (Feb. 1918): 2–8.

  Åkerman, Susanna. Rose Cross over the Baltic: The Spread of Rosicrucianism in Northern Europe. Boston: Brill, 1998.

  Alam, Muzaffar, and Sanjay Subrahmanyam. Indo-Persian Travels in the Age of Discoveries, 1400–1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

  Alderson, A. D. “Sir Thomas Sherley’s Piratical Expedition to the Aegean and His Imprisonment in Constantinople.” Oriens 9, no. 1 (1956): 1–40.

  Allen, Paula Gunn. Pocahontas: Medicine Woman, Spy, Entrepreneur, Diplomat. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 2003.

  Alvarez, J. L. “Don Rodrigo de Vivero et la Destruction de la Nao ‘Madre de Deos’ (1609 à 1610).” Pierre Humbertclaude, S. M., trans. Monumenta Nipponica 2, no. 2 (Jul. 1939): 479–511.

  Ames, Glenn J., and Ronald S. Love. Distant Lands and Diverse Cultures: The French Experience in Asia, 1600–1700. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003.

  Andrade, Tonio. “The Company’s Chinese Pirates: How the Dutch East India Company Tried to Lead a Coalition of Pirates to War against China, 1621–1662.” Journal of World History 15, no. 4 (December 2004): 415–444.

  Andrade, Tonio. How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century. Columbia: Columbia University Press, 2008.

  Andrea, Bernadette. “Pamphilia’s Cabinet: Gendered Authorship and Empire in Lady Mary Wroth’s Urania. English Literary History 68, no. 2 (Summer, 2001): 335–358.

  Ansary, Tamim. Destiny Disrupted: A History of the World through Islamic Eyes.
New York: PublicAffairs, 2009.

  Arzáns de Orsúa y Vela, Bartolome. Tales of Potosí. Providence, RI: Brown University Press, 1975.

  Asher, Catherine B., and Cynthia Talbot. India before Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

  Aughterson, Kate. Renaissance Woman: A Sourcebook: The Construction of Femininities in England 1520–1680. New York: Routledge, 1995.

  Axworthy, Michael. A History of Iran: Empire of the Mind. New York: Basic Books, 2008.

  Bailey, Michael D. Magic and Superstition in Europe: A Concise History from Antiquity to the Present (Critical Issues in History). Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2006.

  Bakewell, Peter J. Silver Mining and Society in Colonial Mexico, Zacatecas 1546–1700. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1972.

  Bakewell, Peter J. Miners of the Red Mountain: Indian Labor in Potosi, 1545–1650. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1984.

  Bandelier, Adolph F., and Madeleine Turrell Rodack. “History of the Colonization and Missions of Sonora, Chihuahua, New Mexico and Arizona to the Year 1700.” Journal of the Southwest 30, no. 1 (Spring 1988): 47–120.

  Barbour, Philip. Pocahontas and Her World a Chronicle of America’s First Settlement in Which Is Related the Story of the Indians and the Englishmen, Particularly Captain John Smith, Captain Samuel Argall, and Master John Rolfe. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970.

  Barker, Andrew. “A Report of Captaine Ward and Danseker, Pirates.” http://zeerovery.nl/history/barker01.htm.

  Barnhart, Richard M. “Dong Qichang and Western Learning: A Hypothesis in Honor of James Cahill.” Archives of Asian Art 50 (1997/1998): 7–16.

  Barton, Anne. Ben Jonson: Dramatist. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984.

  Bassett, D. K. “European Influence in South-East Asia, c.1500–1630.” Journal of Southeast Asian History 4, no. 2 (Sep. 1963): 134–165.