Colour Bar

by Susan Williams

  14. Comment by Lancelot Gama, quoted in Callinicos, Oliver Tambo, pp. 108–9.

  15. Muriel Sanderson to author, 28 July 2003.

  16. Abrams, The Population of Great Britain, p. 21; Flint, ‘Scandal at the Bristol Hotel’, p. 75; Banton, The Coloured Quarter, pp. 66–8. Banton asserts the impossibility of knowing either the total number of ‘coloured’ people in Britain at the time, or how they were distributed through the country; the figure given here is therefore an estimate, based on figures estimated by Flint and by Banton.

  17. Political and Economic Planning, Colonial Students in Britain, pp. 85–6.

  18. Constantine, Colour Bar, pp. 25–6.

  19. Picture Post, 2 July 1949.

  20. Flint, ‘Scandal at the Bristol Hotel’, pp. 77–8.

  21. ibid., p. 76.

  22. Caryl Phillips, ‘To Ricky with love’, Guardian Review, 23 July 2005.

  23. Morton and Ramsay, Birth of Botswana, pp. 102–9; Robins, White Queen in Africa, p. 21.

  24. Bent, Ten Thousand Men of Africa, p. 99.

  25. Muriel Sanderson to author, 28 July 2003.

  26. Adi, West Africans in Britain, pp. 137–8; Anderson, Histories of the Hanged, pp. 36–7.

  27. Gabolebye Dinti Marobele to Head, in Head, Serowe, pp. 97–8.

  28. Zweiniger-Bargielowska, Austerity in Britain, pp. 214–15.

  29. Seretse to Tshekedi, 5 December 1945, BNARS, S 169/15/1.

  30. Parsons, Henderson and Tlou, Seretse Khama, p. 65.

  31. ibid., p. 47.

  32. Speech by Sir Seretse Khama at State Banquet, Blantyre, first anniversary of the Republic of Malawi, 5 July 1967, BECM.

  33. J. E. C. Hill to Seretse Khama, 27 February 1976, BCA, dossier Khama S. (1945).

  34. Lord Lindsay of Birker to A. Sillery, 3 May 1948, BCA, dossier Khama S. (1945).

  35. Admission records for Seretse Khama, 1945–6, Inner Temple Archives.

  36. Seretse to Tshekedi, 14 June 1946, BNARS, S 169/15/1.

  37. Pilkington to Chirgwin, 15 July 1946, SOAS, CWM/LMS, AF/37.

  38. Coupland to Buchanan, 25 July 1946, BNARS, S 169/15/1.

  39. A. D. Lindsay, Master, Handshaking Notes on Seretse Khama, Hilary Term, 1947, BCA, Studies & Discipline 8.

  40. Charles Njonjo to author, 12 March 2004.

  41. Hon. Gladstone Mills, Foreword to Braithwaite, Colonial West Indian Students in Britain, p. viii.

  42. Charles Njonjo to author, 12 March 2004.

  43. ibid., 6 January 2005.

  44. Stonehouse, Prohibited Immigrant, p. 14.

  45. Speech by Dr Kamuzu Banda at State Banquet, Blantyre, first anniversary of the Republic of Malawi, 5 July 1967, BECM.

  46. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: Harry Nkumbula.

  47. The Hon. Gerard Noel to author, 11 July 2005.

  48. Keith, ‘African Students in Great Britain,’ pp. 65–6.

  49. The Times, 14 July 1990.

  50. Appiah, Joe Appiah: The Autobiography of an African Patriot, p. 150.

  51. C. L. R. James, ‘Africans and Afro-Caribbeans: A Personal View (1984)’ in Procter (ed.), Writing Black Britain, pp. 61–2.

  52. Keith, ‘African Students in Great Britain,’ p. 70.

  53. Murray-Brown, Kenyatta, p. 218.

  54. Olusanya, The West African Students’ Union, p. 107.

  55. Quoted in Adi, West Africans in Britain, p. 120.

  56. Nwauwa, Imperialism, Academe and Nationalism, p. 171.

  57. Hansard, 21 February 1946.

  58. Padmore, History of the Pan-African Congress, 2nd edn, p. i.

  59. Padmore, Colonial… and Coloured Unity, p. 29.

  60. Quoted in Murray-Brown, Kenyatta, p. 220.

  61. Quoted in Adi, West Africans in Britain, p. 128.

  62. The Autobiography of Kwame Nkrumah, p. 47.

  2 LOVE MATCH

  1. Charles Njonjo to author, 12 March 2004.

  2. Muriel Sanderson to author, 17 November 2004.

  3. Sunday Dispatch, 2 April 1950.

  4. Ebony, June 1951.

  5. Braithwaite, Colonial West Indian Students in Britain, pp. 209–21.

  6. Ebony, June 1951.

  7. Sunday Dispatch, 9 April 1950.

  8. Margaret Bourke-White to Bill, n.d., SUL (US), MB-W, Box 25.

  9. Tshekedi to Burns, December 1947, quoted in Parsons, Henderson and Tlou, Seretse Khama, p. 67.

  10. Dutfield, A Marriage of Inconvenience, p. 6.

  11. Charles Njonjo to author, 12 March 2004.

  12. Today, 27 February 1960.

  13. Ebony, June 1951.

  14. Sunday Dispatch, 9 April 1950.

  15. Monks, Eyewitness, p. 274.

  16. Charles Njonjo to author, 12 March 2004.

  17. Seretse to Tshekedi, 12 September 1948, BNARS, S 5990/10.

  18. Dutfield, A Marriage of Inconvenience, p. 8.

  19. Sunday Dispatch, 16 April 1950.

  20. Seretse to Tshekedi, 12 September 1948, BNARS, S 5990/10.

  21. Gabolebye Dinti Marobele to Head, 1974, in Head, Serowe, pp. 97–8.

  22. A. Sillery, ‘Working Backwards,’ n.d., BLCAS, Mss Afr r 207.

  23. Copy of Baring to Douglas Buchanan, 22 September 1948, Annexure ‘H’, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1279.

  24. Baring to Eric Machtig, 23 September 1948, TNA:PRO, CO 981/36.

  25. Douglas Buchanan to John Buchanan, 23 September 1948, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1279.

  26. Douglas Buchanan to Ronald Orchard, 24 September 1948, SOAS, CWM/LMS, AF/37.

  27. Tshekedi to Seretse, 24 September 1948, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1279.

  28. Quoted in Redfern, Ruth and Seretse, p. 35.

  29. Pilkington to Tshekedi, 27 September 1948, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1279.

  30. Eugenics Society, Aims and Objects of the Eugenics Society, p. 4.

  31. Pilkington to Tshekedi, 27 September 1948, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1279.

  32. Quoted in Smith, When Jim Crow Met John Bull, p. 70.

  33. Njonjo to author, 13 January 2005; Mwangilwa, Nkumbula, p. 25.

  34. Njonjo to author, 13 January, 2005.

  35. Syers to Baring, 27 September 1948, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4113; Coupland to Syers, 29 September 1948, ibid.

  36. Hayford, ‘White Brides and Black Husbands,’ p. 1009.

  37. Sir Charles Arden-Clarke to Sir Thomas Lloyd, 2 January 1952, TNA:PRO, CO 967/175.

  38. Winston James, ‘Black Experience in Twentieth-Century Britain’, in Morgan and Hawkins (eds), Black Experience and the Empire, pp. 369–70.

  39. Quotation from interview with Sam King, in Phillips and Phillips, Windrush, p. 82.

  40. Political and Economic Planning, Colonial Students in Britain, pp. 85–6.

  41. Statement by Ruth’s mother, quoted in Robins, White Queen in Africa, p. 54.

  42. Sunday Dispatch, 16 April 1950.

  43. Saga Magazine, June 1991.

  44. Charles Njonjo to author, 13 January 2005.

  45. Today, 27 February 1960.

  46. Saga Magazine, June 1991.

  47. Today, 27 February 1960.

  48. Pilkington to Tshekedi, 27 September 1948, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1279.

  49. Pilkington to Tshekedi, 27 September 1948, BNARS, S 169/15/1.

  50. Pilkington to Tshekedi, 27 September 1948, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1279.

  51. John Buchanan to Douglas Buchanan, 26 September 1948, ibid.

  52. Today, 27 February 1960.

  53. Charles Njonjo to author, 13 January 2005.

  54. Sunday Dispatch, 16 April 1950.

  55. Today, 27 February, 1960.

  56. Quoted in Benson, Tshekedi Khama, p. 179.

  57. Coupland to Syers, 5 October 1948, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4113.

  58. Quoted in Benson, Tshekedi Khama, p. 178.

  59. Tshekedi to District Commissioner, Serowe, 11 October 1948, TNA: PRO, DO 119/1279.

  60. Quoted in Benson, Tshekedi Khama, p. 179.

  61. Quoted in ibid.

  3 THE BECHUANALAND PROTECTORATE

/>   1. Mandela to Mary Benson, 1987, quoted in Sampson, Mandela, p. 161.

  2. Movietone newsreel, ‘African domain of Ruth Williams’, 25 August 1949.

  3. These figures are given as an estimate in Tshekedi Khama (ed.), Bechuanaland. A General Survey, p. 2.

  4. Gasebalwe Seretse, Tshekedi Khama, pp. 114–16.

  5. Chirenje, Chief Kgama and His Times, p. 6.

  6. Gasebalwe Seretse, Tshekedi Khama, p. 106.

  7. Figures for 1946, presented as an estimate in Tshekedi Khama (ed.), Bechuanaland. A General Survey, p. 2.

  8. Billy Woodford to Head, in Head, Serowe, p. 104.

  9. ibid., pp. 26–7.

  10. Quoted in Parsons, The Word of Khama, pp. 8 and 6.

  11. Photograph, Khama Family Papers.

  12. Tlhoka-Ina to Head, in Head, Serowe, pp. 84–6.

  13. Quoted in Head, Serowe, pp. 84–5.

  14. Gasebalwe Seretse, Tshekedi Khama, pp. 112–14.

  15. Head, Serowe, p. 80.

  16. Seager, The Shadow of a Great Rock, p. 48.

  17. Lenyeletse Seretse to Head, in Head, Serowe, p. 81.

  18. Tlhoka-Ina to Head, in Head, Serowe, p. 86.

  19. Fawcus and Tilbury, Botswana, pp. 39–40.

  20. Bourke-White, Portrait of Myself, p. 316.

  21. The Journal of Queen Victoria, RA, VIC/QVJ, 1895: 19 November.

  22. Quoted in Parsons, The Word of Khama, p. 11.

  23. Bourke-White, ‘The White Queen’, unpublished chapter from memoir, SUL (US), MB-W.

  24. Fawcus and Tilbury, Botswana, pp. 39–42.

  25. Estimated figure for 1968, given by Marit Kromberg in Head, Serowe, p. 115; no other figures are available.

  26. Ebony, June 1951.

  27. Goareng Mosinyi to author, 12 November 2004.

  28. Fairlie, No Time Like the Past, p. 107.

  29. ibid., p. 142.

  30. Copies of briefs for Mr Braine’ [1961], ‘Racial Discrimination’, BLCAS, Mss Afr s 1256 (11).

  31. Gasebalwe Seretse, Tshekedi Khama, p. 19.

  32. Benson, Tshekedi Khama, p. 97.

  33. Movietone newsreel, ‘Meet Kgosi Tshekedi in Exclusive Talk’, 18 September 1933.

  34. Morton and Ramsay, The Birth of Botswana, p. 59.

  35. Constantine, Colour Bar, p. 183.

  4 THE DECISION OF THE BANGWATO ASSEMBLY

  1. Gerald Nettelton to Priestman, 1 November 1948, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4113.

  2. Wylie, A Little God, p. 181.

  3. Record of proceedings at Serowe, Harragin Enquiry, 16 November 1949, BNARS, S 599/11.

  4. Note of meeting held at Serowe on 28 and 29 December 1948, TNA:PRO, CO 981/36.

  5. Union Opdom, 6 January 1949, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4113, 120180.

  6. Quoted in A. J. Haile to Ronald Orchard, 17 May 1949, SOAS, CWM/LMS, AF/37.

  7. Haile to Orchard, ibid.

  8. Lenyeletse Seretse to Head, in Head, Serowe, p. 82.

  9. Seager, The Shadow of a Great Rock, p. 51.

  10. Sillery to Harragin, 4 January 1949, BNARS, S/69/15/3.

  11. Harragin to Cecil Syers, 25 April 1949, ibid.

  12. Daily Mail, 7 January 1949.

  13. Today, 12 March 1960.

  14. Bourke-White, ‘The White Queen’, unpublished chapter from memoir, SUL (US), MB-W.

  15. Betty Thornton to author, 5 August 2004.

  16. Sunday Dispatch, 16 April 1950.

  17. Gabolebye Dinti Marobele to Head, in Head, Serowe, p. 98.

  18. Goareng Mosinyi to author, 12 November 2004; Gasebalwe Seretse, Tshekedi Khama, p. 29.

  19. Sillery, ‘Working Backwards’, n.d., BLCAS, Mss Afr r 207.

  20. Sillery to Tshekedi, 19 May 1949, Truman Library, Joseph Sweeney Papers, Box 2, File Bamangwato Tribal Dispute.

  21. Laurenson to Sillery, 1 June 1949, BNARS, S/69/15/3.

  22. Gasebalwe Seretse, Tshekedi Khama, pp. 97–8.

  23. Vivien Ellenberger to Sillery, 22 June 1949, BNARS, S/69/15/3.

  24. ‘Memorandum on Security Measures Ngwato Tribal Dissension: 1949’, signed by Acting Commissioner, BP Police, BNARS, S 170/1/1.

  25. Gasebalwe Seretse, Tshekedi Khama, p. 29.

  26. Wylie, A Little God, p. 184.

  27. Fairlie, No Time Like the Past, pp. 138–9.

  28. Hatch, New from Africa, pp. 80–81.

  29. Fairlie, No Time Like the Past, p. 142.

  30. Gasebalwe Seretse, Tshekedi Khama, pp. 91–2.

  31. Ellenberger to Sillery, 20 June 1949, BNARS, S/69/15/3.

  32. Record of Proceedings at Judicial Enquiry Re Seretse Khama, CRO [November 1949], vol. 14, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4123.

  33. Record of Proceedings at Judicial Enquiry Re Seretse Khama, ibid., vol. 13.

  34. Ellenberger to Sillery, 22 June 1949, BNARS, S/69/15/3.

  35. Record of Proceedings at Judicial Enquiry Re Seretse Khama, CRO [November 1949], vol. 14, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4123.

  36. Gasebalwe Seretse, Tshekedi Khama, pp. 138–9.

  37. Record of Proceedings at Judicial Enquiry Re Seretse Khama, CRO [November 1949], vol. 14, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4123.

  38. ibid.

  39. ibid.

  40. Quoted in Wylie, A Little God, p. 186.

  41. Gasebalwe Seretse, Tshekedi Khama, p. 105.

  42. Report by Ellenberger on Kgotla of 20–25 June 1949, 29 June 1949, BLCAS, Mss Afr s 1181(1), A.

  43. Daily Mail, 24 June 1949.

  44. Ellenberger to High Commissioner’s Office, 23 June 1949, BNARS, S/69/15/3.

  45. Dubbeld, Seretse Khama, p. 13.

  46. Gasebalwe Seretse, Tshekedi Khama, p. 103.

  47. Parsons, Henderson and Tlou, Seretse Khama, p. 49.

  48. Gasebalwe Seretse, Tshekedi Khama, p. 92; emphasis added.

  49. Record of Proceedings at Judicial Enquiry Re Seretse Khama, CRO [November 1949], vol. 14, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4123.

  50. ibid.

  51. Gasebalwe Seretse, Tshekedi Khama, p. 108.

  52. Record of Proceedings at Judicial Enquiry Re Seretse Khama, CRO, [November 1949], vol. 10, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4123.

  53. Harragin Report, 1 December 1949, TNA:PRO, PREM 8/1308.

  54. Peto Sekgoma to Sullivan, 1 July 1947, BNARS, S 170/1/1.

  55. Heads of the Bangwato Tribe to Sullivan, 18 July 1949, BNARS, S 170/1/4.

  56. G. M. Kgosi to Philip Noel-Baker, 8 August 1949, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1280.

  5 RUTH

  1. Today, 12 March 1960.

  2. Betty Thornton to author, 5 August 2004.

  3. John and Esme Goode to author, 29 March 2004.

  4. See press cuttings in SOAS, CWM/LMS AF/39.

  5. Sunday Dispatch, 16 April 1950.

  6. Robins, White Queen in Africa, p. 50.

  7. Betty Thornton to author, 5 August 2004.

  8. Keith to Tait, 13 July 1949, TNA:PRO, CO 981/36.

  9. Pretoria News, 6 July 1949.

  10. Today, 12 March 1960.

  11. Betty Thornton to author, 5 August 2004.

  12. Sunday Dispatch, 2 April 1950.

  13. Saga Magazine, June 1991.

  14. Nettelton to Ellenberger, 4 July 1949, BNARS, S/69/15/3.

  15. Nettelton to Tait, quoted in Noel-Baker to Baring, 6 August 1949, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1284.

  16. Minute by Tait, 13 July 1949, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4114.

  17. Keith to Jeffries, 4 March 1949, TNA:PRO, CO 981/36.

  18. John and Esme Goode to author, 29 March 2004.

  19. Marwick, The Home Front, p. 23.

  20. ibid., p. 28.

  21. ibid., p. 157.

  22. Monks, Eyewitness, p. 270.

  23. John and Esme Goode to author, 29 March 2004.

  24. Marwick, The Home Front, p. 138.

  25. Sunday Dispatch, 2 April 1950.

  26. ibid.

  27. John and Esme Goode to author, 29 March 2004.

  28. Dubbeld, Seretse Khama, p. 7.

  29. S. V. Lawrenson to Nettelton, 16 November 1948, BNARS, S 169/15/1.

  3
0. Wylie, A Little God, p. 201.

  31. Note of meeting at Serowe, 16 August 1951, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1315.

  32. Baboni, Mmakgama, Oratile and Milly to Earl of Athlone, 21 July 1926, reproduced in Daymond et al. (eds), Women Writing Africa, p. 181.

  33. Oratile to Resident Magistrate, 31 September 1929, reproduced in ibid., p. 185.

  34. Baboni, Mmakgama, Oratile and Milly to Earl of Athlone, 21 July 1926, reproduced in ibid., p. 181.

  35. Oratile to Administration, 26 September 1926, reproduced in ibid., p. 184.

  36. Baring to CRO, 14 July 1949, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4114.

  37. Redfern, Ruth and Seretse, p. 12.

  38. Chas. Olley to Huggins, 20 July 1949, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1284.

  39. Huggins to Baring, 22 July 1949, ibid.

  40. Sillery to Provincial Commissioner, Livingstone, 4 August 1949, BNARS, S 170/1/4.

  41. Dutfield, A Marriage of Inconvenience, p. 114.

  42. Muriel Sanderson to author, 10 November 2004.

  43. Saga Magazine, June 1991.

  44. Ruth Khama to Betty Thornton, 19 September 1949, Khama Family Papers.

  45. Photograph in Naledi ya Batswana, 3 September 1949.

  6 THE DARK SHADOW OF APARTHEID

  1. W. A. W. Clark to Cecil Syers, 28 June 1949, TNA:PRO, CO 981/36.

  2. Forsyth to Egeland, 29 June 1949, NASA, BLO 84, PS 2/5.

  3. Noel-Baker to Baring, 2 July 1949, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4113.

  4. Egeland to Forsyth, 30 June 1949, NASA, BLO 84, PS 2/5.

  5. Noel-Baker to Baring, 2 July 1949, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4114.

  6. Sillery to Baring, 5 July 1949, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1282.

  7. Baring to Gerald Nettelton, 3 November 1948, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4113.

  8. Handwritten note by Sillery, 7 July 1949, on typed minutes by V. Ellenberger, 5 July 1949, BNARS, S 170/1/1.

  9. Liesching to Baring, 8 July 1949; draft initialled by Syers, 6 July 1949, and by Noel-Baker, 7 July 1949; TNA:PRO, DO 35/4114.

  10. ‘A Public Declaration made by Kgosi Regent Tshekedi Khama and the undersigned Headmen of the Tribe on the crisis that has arisen from the marriage of Seretse Khama to Ruth Williams’ [1949], LHASC, Bechuanaland: General Correspondence and Documents.

  11. D. Buchanan to J. Buchanan, 14 July 1949, SOAS, LMS CWM, AF/37.

  12. Baring to Noel-Baker, 9 July 1949, TNA:PRO, DO 35/4114.

  13. Baring to Liesching, 11 July 1949, TNA:PRO, DO 119/1283.

  14. ibid.

  15. Berridge, South Africa, the Colonial Powers and ‘African Defence’, pp. 24–5.