by Willis, Sam
9
Chaline, ‘Escadres d’Évolution’, 365–81.
10
Clowes, Royal Navy, III, 413; Tilley, British Navy, 130.
11
Villiers, ‘La Stratégie’, 211–47.
12
Mackesy, War for America, 210.
13
Keppel Trial, 119; de Goussencourt, ‘Journal’, 91.
14
Willis, Fighting at Sea, 129–51; Syrett, European Waters, 71.
15
Dull, French Navy, 121, 359–60.
16
Jenkins, French Navy, 151.
17
Rodger, Insatiable Earl, 245.
18
TNA: ADM 51/1036/1.
19
NMM: MKH/508; Goodwin, Nelson’s Ships, 238; Forrer and Roussel, La Bretagne, 57–60.
20
Anon, Letter from a Sea-Officer, 13.
21
Rodger, Insatiable Earl, 244.
22
Rodger, Command of the Ocean, 2, 337.
23
Hodges, Naval Documents, 163.
24
TNA: ADM 51/1036/1; NMM: SAN/F/17; Cobbett, Parliamentary History, XX, 448.
25
Tunstall, Naval Warfare, 119, 127, 135, 146; Willis, Fighting at Sea, 69–71.
26
Tracy, ‘British Assessments’, 83.
27
Conway, ‘Fellow Nationals’, 68; Conway, ‘Politics’, 1200.
28
Knight, ‘Recovery’, 17.
29
O’Shaughnessy, Men Who Lost America, 70.
30
Hunt, Life of Palliser, 300.
31
Wright, Cowper Poems, 33–4.
32
Mahan, Major Operations, 69.
33
Anon, Nereus’s Prophecy, B.
34
Mackesy, War for America, 243.
35
Cohen, Yankee Sailors, 95.
36
Rankin, ‘Lord Cornwallis’, 199.
14 British Survival
1
NDAR XII: 266, 282, 319; F.-H. Smith, ‘French at Boston’, 13.
2
F.-H. Smith, ‘French at Boston’, 14.
3
NDAR XII: 517–19, 611–12; Mahan, Major Operations, 47.
4
Hattendorf, Newport, 4. A 1746 operation with some parallels can be followed in Pritchard, Anatomy of a Naval Disaster.
5
NDAR XII: 583, 718–19; Hattendorf, Newport, 38.
6
Wilson, Southern Strategy, 134.
7
Chaline, ‘Admiral d’Orvilliers’, 6.
8
Hattendorf, Newport, 4.
9
NYPL: Mss Col 1216, Captain Henry Duncan to a friend, 14 September 1778.
10
Mackesy, War for America, 154–9; Gruber, Howe Brothers, 280–1.
11
Syrett, American Waters, 95; Jackson, British Army, 261.
12
Tilley, British Navy, 139.
13
Chernow, Washington, 338.
14
T. B. Allen, Tories, 247; Jackson, British Army, 259–62; W. Brown, Good Americans, 61.
15
Moomaw, ‘Captain Hamond’, 399.
16
Foy, ‘Ports of Slavery’, 269.
17
NYPL: Mss Col 1216, Captain Henry Duncan to a friend, 14 September 1778; Syrett, American Waters, 99; Syrett, Howe, 79; Hattendorf, Newport, 9.
18
O’Beirne, Narrative, 15.
19
Mahan, Major Operations, 50.
20
Tustin, Diary, 140.
21
APDE: J. Bondfield to the Commissioners, 8 and 15 September 1778. For an interesting American perspective see BPL: A. Adams to J. Thaxter, 21 May 1778, MS. AM.229 (3).
22
O’Beirne, Narrative, 16.
23
Moomaw, ‘Captain Hamond’, 405.
24
Kerallain, Bougainville, 164; Syrett, American Waters, 99; Tilley, British Navy, 145.
25
Moomaw, ‘Captain Hamond’, 403.
26
Tilley, British Navy, 142.
27
Hattendorf, Newport, 8.
28
Mahan, Major Operations, 49.
29
The question of British masts in this war is an interesting one. See Knight, ‘New England Forests’; Albion, Forests; Carlton, ‘New England Masts’, 13.
30
TNA: ADM 1/486, ff. 115–19; Barrington, ‘Some Letters’, 387; Syrett, Howe, 81; Jamieson, ‘Leeward Islands’, 79.
31
Whittemore, ‘John Sullivan’, 153.
32
Hattendorf, Newport, 13.
33
Crawford, ‘Joint Allied Operation’, 233.
34
Crawford, ‘Joint Allied Operation’, 236.
35
Clowes, Royal Navy, III, 169.
36
Hattendorf, Newport, 16.
37
NYPL: Mss Col 1216, Captain Henry Duncan to a friend, 14 September 1778.
38
NYPL: Mss Col 1216, Captain Henry Duncan to a friend, 14 September 1778; F.-H. Smith, ‘French at Boston’, 16.
39
O’Beirne, Narrative, 35.
40
TNA: ADM 1/488, ff. 314–16; Moomaw, ‘Captain Hamond’, 403–7.
41
N. Miller, Sea of Glory, 349.
42
McBurney, Rhode Island, 151–2.
43
N. Miller, Sea of Glory, 349; McBurney, Rhode Island, 150.
44
NYPL: Mss Col 1216, Captain Henry Duncan to a friend, 14 September 1778; Moomaw, ‘Captain Hamond’, 413; O’Beirne, Narrative, 40.
45
Chernow, Washington, 348.
46
Chernow, Washington, 348; McBurney, Rhode Island, 152. N. Miller, Sea of Glory, 346.
47
BPL: A. Adams to J. Thaxter, 26 August 1778, MS. Am. 229 (6).
48
BPL: A. Adams to J. Thaxter, 26 August 1778, MS. Am. 229 (6).
49
McBurney, Rhode Island, 153.
50
Chernow, Washington, 349.
51
Moore, Songs and Ballads, 233.
52
N. Miller, Sea of Glory, 353.
53
NYPL: Navy Board of the Eastern Division Letter Book, 31 October 1778.
54
Buel, In Irons, 27.
55
F.-H. Smith, Memorial, 6–8.
56
APDE: Adams Family Papers, III, ‘Descriptive List of Illustrations’.
57
APDE: A. Adams to J. Adams, 21 and 25 October 1778.
58
APDE: J. Adams to A. Adams, 18 December 1778.
59
Barnes and Owen, Sandwich Papers, II, 308.
60
Hattendorf, Talking about Naval History, 197; Mahan, Major Operations, 72; Dull, Diplomatic History, 107.
61
Barnes and Owen, Sandwich Papers, II, 355.
15 Caribbean Sea
1
Marshall, Making and Unmaking, 363.
2
O’Shaughnessy, Empire Divided, 210; Mackesy, War for America, 524–5.
3
Bonner-Smith, Barrington Papers, II, xvii.
4
Jamieson, ‘Leeward Islands’, 53.
5
Crewe, Yellow Jack, 7–9, 213, 298.
6
Jamieson, ‘Leeward Islands’, 55–8.
7
O’Shaughnessy, Empire Divided, 9.
8
Barnes and Owen, Sandwich Papers, II, 337. For deaths at the siege, see F. Anderson, Crucible of War, 501.
9
Jami
eson, ‘Leeward Islands’, 76.
10
Laughton, James Journal, 53.
11
Jamieson, ‘Leeward Islands’, 135.
12
Bonner-Smith, Barrington Papers, II, 288.
13
O’Shaughnessy, Men Who Lost America, 104.
14
O’Shaughnessy, Empire Divided, 152–3.
15
O’Shaughnessy, Empire Divided, 163; Carrington, Sugar Industry, 47.
16
O’Shaughnessy, Empire Divided, 162.
17
Higginbotham, War of American Independence, 106. Though a minority of whites did support the revolution. O’Shaughnessy, Empire Divided, 182; Carrington, British West Indies, 127.
18
NDAR X: 151, 660, 667, 737; O’Shaughnessy, Empire Divided, 169; Barnes and Owen, Sandwich Papers, I, 369.
19
Jamieson, ‘Leeward Islands’.
20
Barrington, ‘Some Letters’, 288–90.
21
Bonner-Smith, Barrington Papers, II, 39; Barnes and Owen, Sandwich Papers, I, 414–15; Clowes, Royal Navy, IV, 19; Boromé, ‘Dominica’, 36.
22
Jamieson, ‘Leeward Islands’, 56.
23
Boromé, ‘Dominica’, 38–40.
24
Barnes and Owen, Sandwich Papers, II, 345.
25
During the Philadelphia campaign of 1777 Hotham remained behind in New York as the senior naval officer. Gill Jr and Curtis III, Man Apart, 200n.47.
26
Bonner-Smith, Barrington Papers, II, 168–9.
27
Anon, Observations on the Diseases, 1.
28
Bonner-Smith, Barrington Papers, II, 119.
29
Bonner-Smith, Barrington Papers, II, 116.
30
Barrington, ‘Some Letters’, 386–9.
31
Barnes and Owen, Sandwich Papers, II, 345.
32
Barnes and Owen, Sandwich Papers, II, 345.
33
Barrington, ‘Some Letters’, 387.
34
Barnes and Owen, Sandwich Papers, II, 346, 357; Bonner-Smith, Barrington Papers, II, 151.
35
Bonner-Smith, Barrington Papers, II, 120.
36
Whinynates, Francis Downman, 94.
37
Bonner-Smith, Barrington Papers, II, 167; Barrington, ‘Some Letters’, 389.
38
Bonner-Smith, Barrington Papers, II, 120–5; Jamieson, ‘Leeward Islands’, 156.
39
Barnes and Owen, Sandwich Papers, II, 347; Whinynates, Francis Downman, 95.
40
James, British Navy, 119.
41
Barnes and Owen, Sandwich Papers, II, 354.
42
Bonner-Smith, Barrington Papers, II, 131.
43
Barrington, ‘Some Letters’, 382.
44
Bonner-Smith, Barrington Papers, II, 141; Barnes and Owen, Sandwich Papers, II, 350.
45
Barnes and Owen, Sandwich Papers, II, 354.
46
Bonner-Smith, Barrington Papers, II, 157.
47
Carrington, Sugar Industry, 50.
48
TNA: ADM 1/486, ff. 118, 128–9; Jamieson, ‘Leeward Islands’, 77; James, British Navy, 114.
49
Jamieson, ‘Leeward Islands’, 57.
50
Barrington, ‘Some Letters’, 391.
51
Syrett, ‘D’Estaing’s Decision’, 162n.21; Barnes and Owen, Sandwich Papers, II, 357.
16 Indian Empire
1
Marshall, Making and Unmaking, 221, 252–3, 264.
2
Parsons, Travels, 214–15; Falconer, Dictionary, 400. Nelson, who visited Bombay around this period, twice in 1775 and once in 1776, greatly admired the infrastructure. Sugden, Dream of Glory, 96.
3
H. W. Richmond, Navy in India, 76, 81.
4
There is lots of unexplored material from the India Office in the British Library concerning the opening of the Suez route in 1777. See, for example, BL: IOR/G/17/5. A chart survives of a voyage undertaken by HMS Swallow in 1777. BL: IOR/X/14692/97 and IOR/X/14692/100. Also see NMM: GREN1D/3 and JRL: GB 133 Eng MS 469.
5
G. Baldwin, Political Recollections, 7; Hoskins, British Routes, 18n.63.
6
H. W. Richmond, Navy in India, 81.
7
TNA: ADM 1/165, 16 August 1778.
8
BL: IOR/H/166, page 217.
9
Gleig, Hastings Memoirs, 205.
10
MacDougall, ‘British Seapower’, 303.
11
Roy, War, 21.
12
Anon, ‘Biographical Memoir’, 4.
13
Baugh, ‘Why did Britain?’, 163.
14
Dull, French Navy, 364.
17 Spanish Patience
1
For the background see R. White, Middle Ground. For specifics on a raid led by Christopher Carleton in 1778 with Indian help, see Washington and Washington, Carleton’s Raid. A nephew of Guy Carleton, Christopher had spent some time actually living among the Mohawk Indians before the war. Heavily tattooed, he wore a ring in his nose.
2
Knight, Pursuit, 49.
3
Chavez, Spain, 108; Caughey, Gálvez, 87,101; McCarthy, ‘Attitude of Spain’, 50.
4
Chavez, Spain, 104; Haarmann, ‘Spanish Conquest’, 109; Paullin, Navy, 308; Shaw, British Administration, 276.
5
Alden, The South, 275; Shaw, British Administration.
6
NDAR XI: 682.
7
NDAR XI: 492, 775–6, 792; Haynes, ‘James Willing’, 12; Caughey, Gálvez, 113; Abbey, ‘Peter Chester’, 20; Abbey, ‘Intrigue’, 398; Crawford, ‘Naval Conquest’, 9–10.
8
Haynes, ‘James Willing’, 13.
9
NDAR XI: 606–7, 643, 649, 704, 706; NDAR XII: 436–7; Chavez, Spain, 106; Haynes, ‘James Willing’, 16–17, 38. Willing was subsequently captured by the British at sea and, considered a ‘person of consequence’, spent the rest of the war in a British prison.
10
Haynes, ‘James Willing’, 27; Chavez, Spain, 105.
11
Chavez, Spain.
12
Bemis, Diplomacy, 110.
13
Dull, Diplomatic History, 107–9; Chavez, Spain, 133.
14
Syrett, European Waters, 69.
15
Dull, Ship of the Line, 103; Patterson, Other Armada, 6; Mackesy, War for America, 279.
16
Dull, Diplomatic History, 107.
17
Syrett, European Waters, 69.
18
Chernow, Washington, 362.
19
C. C. Jones, Siege of Savannah, 10–11.
20
O’Shaughnessy, Men Who Lost America, 47.
21
O’Shaughnessy, Men Who Lost America, 66.
18 Bourbon Invasion
1
Patterson, Other Armada, 166.
2
Patterson, Other Armada, 41.
3
Patterson, Other Armada, 42.
4
Patterson, Other Armada, 60. Dull, French Navy, 134; Forrer and Roussel, La Bretagne, 70–1.
5
Patterson, Other Armada, 160.
6
Patterson, Other Armada, 46.
7
Parès, Imprimeries d’Escadre, 5–7.
8
Tunstall, Naval Warfare, 143.
9
Patterson, Other Armada, 181.
10
TNA: AD
M 1/1806, ff. 243, 245, 253, 257.
11
Patterson, Other Armada, 207.
12
TNA: ADM 1/806, f. 248.
13
Chavez, Spain, 139; Forrer and Roussel, La Bretagne, 73, 77.
14
Patterson, Other Armada, 209.
15
Dull, French Navy, 157.
16
Butterfield, George III, 66n.