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Roaring Camp

Page 60

by Susan Lee Johnson


  trade from, 107

  urban centers in, 62–63, 120

  war between U.S. and, see Mexican War

  Mill, John Stuart, 79

  Miller, William:

  and African Americans, 109, 111, 128–29, 171, 192

  on care of the sick, 128–29

  on entertainment, 171, 172

  on food, 99, 109, 110, 111

  on Indian activities, 225

  on mending, 123

  Miners and Business Men’s Directory, 312–13

  “Miners’ Ditch,” see Columbia and Stanislaus River Water Company

  mining:

  hydraulic, 241, 249

  industrialization of, 12, 51–52, 72–73, 76, 188, 241, 242–43, 274

  litigation over claims in, 185

  placer vs. hardrock, 12, 51, 274; see also placer mining

  as productive work, 101, 103, 143, 144

  work of, 143, 185, 186, 187, 240, 243, 245

  see also Northern Mines; Shasta-Trinity diggings; Southern Mines

  Mission Dolores, 263

  mission Indians, 44, 89, 90, 162, 195, 219, 221, 260

  Mission San Carlos Borromeo, 44

  Mission San Francisco, 89

  Mission San José, 89

  Mission San Juan Bautista, 294

  Miwok Indian men:

  as hunters and fishers, 93, 131, 133, 135, 137, 223, 224, 232

  as leaders, 93

  as livestock raiders, 90, 93, 223–27, 232, 260–61

  as miners, 222

  as traders, 93–94

  see also Miwok Indians

  Miwok Indians, 87–95, 218–34

  acorns harvested by, 93, 99, 110, 132–33, 136, 137, 232–33, 237

  Awal, 87, 93, 135

  ceremonies of, 132, 146–49, 171, 176; see also Miwok Indians, street performances of

  changes in lives of, 136–37, 149, 221–22, 232, 240, 241, 309, 311

  cosmology of, 89, 94–95, 135

  Cosumnes, 146–47

  disease and, 89, 90, 147

  divisions of labor among, 130–37, 134, 223, 304

  dress of, 149, 310

  gender relations among, 94–95, 135–36

  Gualacomne, 91

  immigrant employment of, 91–92, 93, 209, 220–22, 227

  kin groups of, 93

  learning language of, 231–32

  livestock raids of, 32–33, 90, 91, 92, 93, 219, 223–27, 232, 261

  livestock trading and, 90

  and Mariposa Estate, 243, 260–61, 270–71, 271

  and Mariposa War, 227–31

  migrant Indians among, 89, 90, 161, 219, 260–61, 309

  mines of, 219, 223, 233, 240

  mining of, 11, 103, 133, 136–37, 195, 219–21, 222–23, 230–32, 233, 309

  and missions, 89–90

  Nuchu, 229

  as original inhabitants, 28, 59, 87, 92–93, 95, 146

  population of, 92

  rancherías of, 28, 93, 219, 229, 231, 232, 271

  shelters of, 103, 271

  street performances of, 278, 298, 307–11, 308

  subsistence practices of, 93–94, 136, 137, 186, 230, 232, 240, 278, 309

  treaties with, 230

  Yosemite, 229

  see also Miwok Indian men; Miwok Indian women

  Miwok Indian women:

  Anglo men’s sexual encounters with, 157–59, 161

  informal union and, 282

  as leaders, 93

  and Mariopsa War, 228, 229

  mining by, 136, 222–23, 233

  on white practices, 135–36, 271

  work of, 88, 93, 94, 132–33, 134, 135–37, 222–23, 232, 233, 344

  see also Miwok Indians

  MMC, see Merced Mining Company

  Mokelumne Hill Canal and Mining Company, 251

  Mokelumne River, 27, 92, 148, 171, 208, 225, 244

  Mono Indians, 89, 93

  monte, 32, 41, 176, 177, 178

  Moody (bed partner), 174

  Mouat, Jeremy, 12

  Murder of M. V. B. Griswold by Five Chinese Assassins, 317, 323–33, 325, 328

  Murphy, Daniel, 220, 221

  Murphy, John, 220, 221

  Murphys Camp, 41, 177–80, 220, 341

  Murphys New Diggings, 210, 212, 220, 222

  Murrieta, Jesús Carillo, 28, 32, 33, 42, 50, 178

  Murrieta, Joaquín, 47, 187, 218, 230, 240, 342

  arrival in California of, 30, 57

  assumed decapitation of, 28, 39, 40, 43, 179

  as El Bandido Chileño, 207

  death of, 53

  escape of, 44, 50, 53

  as El Famoso, 28

  horsewhipping of, 28, 32, 33, 50, 178

  legend of, 28–53, 187, 342

  mural depiction of, 344

  name confusion and, 34, 38, 39

  opera about, 207

  reward for capture of, 37–38

  wife of, see Murrieta, Rosa Felíz de

  Murrieta, Rosa Felíz de, 87, 187, 234, 342

  departure from California of, 53

  husband of, see Murrieta, Joaquín

  immigration of, 30, 57, 62

  rape of, 28, 32, 33, 50, 52, 178

  work of, 31

  Murrieta family, 28–53

  at Arroyo Cantúa, 38–41

  collective memory of, 28, 29, 33–34, 43–45, 48, 49–50, 53

  harassment of, 28, 32, 33, 46, 50

  northward migration of, 29–30, 57, 62

  Nanjing, Treaty of (1842), 84–85

  Napoléon Bonaparte, Louis, 79–80

  nation building, 238, 240, 276, 316; see also United States

  native peoples, see specific tribal groups

  Navarro, Ramon Jil, on Chilean War, 196, 199–204, 206

  Neruda, Pablo, 207

  Nevada, gold discovered in, 258

  New Echota, Treaty of, 45

  Newell, Jesse, 73, 74

  Newell (Pownall), Mary Harrison, 73–76, 280–81, 296, 299

  arrival in California of, 75, 280, 296

  business acumen of, 75–76, 281

  first husband of, 73, 75, 280, 281

  second husband of, 281

  social relations and, 280–81

  Newell, William, 73, 75, 117, 280–81

  New Helvetia colony, 91–92, 93

  newspapers, see specific papers

  Newt (bed partner), 174

  Newton, John Marshall:

  on Chinese camps, 112–13

  and homosociality, 170

  New York City, 167, 170, 173, 231, 278, 317, 320

  New York Times, 315–16

  Nisenan Indians, 89, 91–92, 222, 223

  Nora, Pierre, 26

  Northern Mines, 177, 188, 222, 223, 240, 324, 327, 340

  industrialization of, 51–52, 241, 243, 249, 258–59

  location of, 27

  Southern Mines compared to, 12, 51, 142, 188, 242–43, 249, 258–59, 316

  and tourism, 315–16

  Northrup, Sarah, 45

  Noyes, Leonard Withington:

  on African Americans, 190

  on bull-and-bear fights, 181

  on domestic work, 122, 136

  and gambling, 177

  on Indian dancing, 309, 310

  on Indian employees, 220

  on Indian livestock raids, 227

  on Texans, 41–42

  Nye, Helen, 99, 121, 135–36

  O’Neil, Hugh, 178

  Opata Indians, 60

  Opium War (1839–42), 83–84, 306

  Oregon territory, 69

  Ortis, Isabel, 290–94, 296, 297, 300

  Osborn, Timothy:

  on Chinese mining, 244–45

  on domestic practices, 109, 113, 122, 127, 128

  and homosociality, 170

  and leisure, 157, 160–63

  mining techniques learned by, 195

  on Miwok mining, 222

  on Miwok subsistence practices, 136

  and religion, 153r />
  on slave labor, 113–14, 189

  Overland Monthly, 334, 336

  Paint Your Wagon, 334

  Paiute Indians, 89, 93, 229

  Palmer, John A., 246–47, 250, 253–54

  Parilla, Luz, 279

  Patrick (slave), 189

  Paul, Rodman, 26

  Pedro (divorce deponent), 294–95

  peonage, 186, 193, 194, 195

  Chilean, 64–65, 66–67, 193, 199; see also Chilean War

  Mexican, 60, 62, 193–94, 216, 219

  Pérez, Benito, 119, 193, 219

  Pérez Rosales, Vicente:

  café opened by, 120–21

  cooking in camp of, 114

  immigration of, 65–67

  store opened by, 108

  Perkins, William:

  on foreign miners’ tax, 210–11, 213–14

  as “Leo,” 210–11, 213–14

  on Mexicans, 105–6, 123–24, 125

  on prostitution, 76–77

  on sale of Mexican foods, 30–31, 120

  on social activities, 165–68

  on vigilance activities, 321

  Perlot, Jean-Nicolas, 88, 240

  on cooking techniques, 107, 108, 110, 111

  food sought by, 109

  garden of, 109–10, 118

  on Miwok activities, 11, 87–88, 94–95, 135, 137, 222–23, 232–34

  on sharing domestic duties, 114–15, 117

  shelter of, 104

  on women’s presence, 169

  Peruvian immigrants, 150, 193, 194, 217

  Philbrick, Sarah, 288, 289

  Philbrick, William, 288

  Pico, Andrés, 291–92

  Pico, Pio, 291

  Pierce, Franklin, 265

  Pima Indians, 60

  placer mining, 187–88, 232, 274, 311

  changes in, 241–42, 340–41

  decline of, 239, 240, 241, 242–43, 245, 258, 311

  and domestic work, 106–7

  hardrock mining vs., 12, 51, 241, 274

  learning techniques of, 195, 232

  legislation regarding, 262

  on Mariposa Estate, 264

  and mobility, 104

  in riverbeds, 187, 244–45, 250

  water companies and, 249–50, 251, 253

  yields in, 119, 152, 243, 258

  politics, party:

  in Southern Mines, 242, 254–56, 261, 266–67, 294

  in U.S., 188, 242, 254, 260, 261, 266–67

  poststructuralist theory, 103, 144

  pota ceremonies, 146–47, 176

  Pownall, Joseph, 253–55, 256, 281, 299

  Pownall, Mary, see Newell (Pownall), Mary Harrison

  Principles of Political Economy (Mill), 79

  productive labor (“men’s work”):

  mining as, 101, 103, 143, 144

  reproductive labor (“women’s work”) vs., 101–3, 133

  prostitutes:

  from Chile, 67

  from China, 86–87, 126, 251, 277, 298–303

  from France, 76–79

  from Mexico, 284

  prostitution:

  in Chile, 65, 67

  in France, 77–78

  prohibition of, 279, 285, 299–300

  in Sonora, California, 76–79, 163, 284

  in U.S., 167

  see also leisure, commercialized

  public domain, 260, 264

  quartz or vein gold, 187, 188, 231, 232, 234, 241–42, 249, 258–59, 262, 288, 311; see also Mariposa Estate

  Quimby, Doctor, 174

  Quimby, Phoebe, 287

  race and ethnicity:

  and Chilean War, 186, 196–208, 200, 279

  conflicts of, 123–27, 128–29, 177–83, 185–234, 241, 245–51, 279–80, 185–234, 284–85, 296–97, 299–300, 306–7, 312–13

  constructions of, 101, 144, 145, 166–68, 276, 286, 293, 300–301, 302, 307

  and domestic work, 103, 108, 113–14, 115, 129, 136

  and “French Revolution,” 186, 210–18, 226, 279

  and gender, 101, 113–14, 116, 118, 126, 133, 168, 176, 286, 300–301, 302, 307

  and Mariposa War, 186, 227–31, 279

  and politics, 255–56

  and “whiteness,” 52, 275–76, 286, 289, 302

  Ramírez, Felipe, 66

  Red Turban Revolt (1854–55), 85, 305

  reform, 239, 277, 279–80, 282–89, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299–300, 311–13

  religion, 143, 150–56

  Catholic, 150–51, 154–55

  private devotions, 154–55

  Protestant, 151–54, 155–56, 157, 188

  and temperance, 153–54, 157

  women and, 286

  and see Miwok Indians, ceremonies of, and cosmology of

  representation, crisis of, 144, 145, 146, 157, 163, 166, 176, 183

  reproductive labor (“women’s work”), 107, 115–16, 138

  leisure vs., 144

  productive work (“men’s work”) vs., 101–3, 133

  Republicans:

  antislavery views of, 266–67

  Frémont and, 261, 266–67

  Reynolds, Judge, 196, 205

  Ridge, John (father), 45–46

  Ridge, John Rollin (son), 45–46, 48, 207

  riffles, 187

  Rinaldini, Rinaldo, 46

  Roaring Camp, 339–40; see also “Luck of Roaring Camp, The”

  Roaring Days (Mouat), 12

  Robertson, John, 275–76

  Robin Hood of El Dorado, The (Burns), 46

  rockers, 187, 244, 245, 246, 250, 340

  Rohrbough, Malcolm, 26

  Royce, Josiah, 26

  Rozier, Owen, 191

  Ruggles, Caleb, 279

  Ruiz (Chilean miner), 202

  Sabbatarianism, 285, 286

  Sam-yap, 305, 330

  Sandwich Islands, see Hawaii, immigrants from

  San Joaquin Republican:

  on changes in Sonora, California, 237–39

  on Chinese immigrants, 299

  on diminishing placer yields, 243

  on fandangos, 278–79

  on foreign miners’ tax, 247–48

  on Frémont, 265–67, 274

  on Mexican immigrants, 37, 39, 40

  and Stockton Times, 247

  San Joaquin River, Southern Mines near, 11–12, 27

  San Joaquin Valley:

  horses in, 32–33, 137

  Indian reservations in, 230

  Savage, James D.:

  as Indian trader, 230, 263

  on Indian treaties, 230

  Mariposa War and, 227–30

  marriages of, 220

  and Miwok language, 231

  native labor employed by, 220–21, 227–29

  Scipiano, see Cypriano (Miwok leader)

  Scollan, Judge, 197, 201, 202, 204

  Scott, Gen. Winfield, 182

  scurvy, 110, 127–28, 129–30

  seafaring men, sex between, 173

  Seri Indians, 31, 60

  sex and sexuality, 156, 255

  autoerotic, 162–63

  heteroerotic, 156, 157–59, 160–63, 256, 282, 283, 284, 287–89, 293, 295, 298–303, 340–42

  homoerotic, 78, 130, 170–74, 213, 265–66, 335–37

  and morality, 155–56

  Shasta-Trinity diggings, 12, 27, 240, 303

  Shaw, William, 209

  shelter, 103–6

  canvas, 104, 105, 117, 224

  and gender, 105

  households organized within, 106–7

  of Mexicans, 105–6

  of native peoples, 103, 211

  Shermenhoof, Natividad and John, 291

  Shew, William, daguerrotype by, 63

  Shinn, Charles Howard, 26

  Sierra Madre Occidental, 59–60

  Sierra Nevada foothills, mines in, 11–12, 27; see also Northern Mines; Southern Mines

  Silas (slave), 69

  slavery:

  abolitionists and, 282

  California an
d, 69–70, 114, 189–90

  and Chinese immigrants, 249

  cotton and, 68–69, 71

  and domestic work, 107, 113–14, 115–16

  and earning one’s freedom, 70, 137, 190, 191

  economic development and, 189

  and “free labor,” 188–93, 207, 266

  Frémont and, 260, 266–67

  and fugitive slaves, 187, 190, 191–92

  and Latin American peonage, 193, 206, 207

  and mining, 186, 204, 206–7, 209

  Republican Party and, 266–67

  in Southern Mines, 189–93

  Sunday claims and, 190

  sluices, 187, 245, 246, 257, 340

  Smith, Jesse, 143

  Snow (murdered man), 321

  “social, the,” 141–43, 144, 166, 169–70, 174, 176, 183

  Société des Lingots d’Or, 80–81

  Society of God Worshipers, 85

  Solar Rosales, César, 66

  Solar Rosales, Federico, 66

  Solar Rosales, Ruperto, 66

  Sonora, California, 28, 31, 165, 320

  boardinghouses in, 100

  bull-and-bear fight in, 182–83

  bullfight in, 181

  change over time in, 167–68, 237–40, 276

  commercialized leisure in, 76–77, 78, 163–64, 166–67, 294–96, 297, 299–300

  demographic diversity in, 124, 165, 320

  establishment of, 164–65

  fandangos in, 166, 278–79

  “French Revolution” in and near, 210–18

  Miwok street performances in, 278, 308–9, 308

  name of, 165

  open-air kitchens in, 120

  shelter in, 105–6

  Sunday dress in, 170

  vigilance committee of, 218, 320, 321

  Sonora Herald, 116, 279, 282, 296, 311

  Sonora, Mexico:

  federalists vs. centralists in, 61

  immigrants from, 30, 61–62

  Indian resistance in, 31

  location of, 59–60

  patrónes from, 62, 195

  see also Mexico

  South China, see China

  Southern Mines, 11–12

  Anglo dominance in, see Anglo Americans, dominance of

  Catholics in, 150–51

  class relations in, 187, 188, 214–15, 234, 238, 240, 241–42, 246–50, 251–58, 260, 262–63, 264, 265–66, 268–74, 277, 279–84, 285, 286, 299, 311–13

  in collective memory, 51–52, 316, 333, 339–40, 344

  demographic diversity in, 51, 59, 95, 101, 142, 150, 177, 210, 217–18, 285, 304, 316, 320

  domestic life in, 99–139

  exodus from, 215, 216, 217, 298, 312–13

  Indian communities of, see Miwok Indians

  and industrialized mining, 12, 51, 188, 241, 259, 263–74

  location of, 27–28, 92

  maps, 24, 27

  as metaphor for immorality, 320

  Northern Mines compared to, 12, 51, 142, 242–43, 258–59, 316

  party politics in, 242, 254–56, 266–67, 294

  population of, 86–87, 92, 95, 142, 163, 240–41, 280, 285, 287, 298, 313

  relationship of, to the East, 239, 240, 242, 243, 320–22, 331–33

 

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