20. Ida McKinley in mourning: Anthony, Ida McKinley, ebook, ch. 17. Improving health, death: Anthony, Ida McKinley, ebook, ch. 18.
21. Buffalo steel; Exposition results; Buffalo booming: Courier, July 13, 1902; World’s Fair Bulletin 4 (December 1902): 16; Mark Goldman, City on the Edge: Buffalo, New York (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2007), 133–35. Needing hustle: Sarah Elvins, Sales & Celebrations: Retailing and Regional Identity in Western New York State, 1920–1940 (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2004), 39–40. Buffalo at midcentury: Elvins, Sales & Celebrations, 48;Goldman, City on the Edge, 99–129, 162–68; Courier Express, June 5, 1963.
22. Saint Lawrence Seaway: Goldman, City on the Edge, 152–53, 315. Layoffs, plant closings: Goldman, City on the Edge, 308–11, 314; Goldman, City on the Lake, 177;Carol J. Loomis, “The Sinking of Bethlehem Steel,” Fortune Magazine, April 5, 2004; “82 Years of History in Lackawanna,” New York Times, December 28, 1982;Ardith Hilliard, David Venditta, eds., Forging America: The History of Bethlehem Steel (Allentown, PA: The Morning Call, 2010), accessed September 13, 2015, at http://www.mcall.com/all-bethsteel-printingchapter-8-htmlstory.html.
23. Population: Census: https://www.census.gov/statab/hist/HS-07.pdf. Centennial meanings: See Michael Frisch’s thoughtful essay, “Prismatics, Multivalence, and Other Riffs on the Millennial Moment: Presidential Address to the American Studies Association,” American Quarterly 53 (2001): 193–231. On the virtual Pan-American, see Susan Eck’s pioneering website, “Doing the Pan,”at http://panam1901.org/. This site offers a visit to the exposition through a plethora of firsthand accounts and other primary sources; see also the University at Buffalo’s website on the Exposition, with essays on topics from architecture to African American history: http://library.buffalo.edu/pan-am/exposition/. Best-selling novel: Lauren Belfer, City of Light (New York: Dial Press, 1999). Other important centennial work: Kerry L. Grant, The Rainbow City: Celebrating Light, Color, and Architecture at the Pan-American Exposition, Buffalo 1901 (Buffalo: Canisius College Press, 2001);Leary and Sholes, Buffalo’s Pan-American. The Buffalo commemoration: Patrick Klinck, “As a Century Turns: Finding the Light Then and Now—The Pan-American Exposition,” UB Today (Winter 2000): 16–17. Gazing back: Randal C. Archibold, “Buffalo Gazes Back to a Time When Fortune Shone: Much-Maligned City Celebrates the Glory of a Century Ago,” New York Times, Sept. 7, 2001. New York and Buffalo: News, Aug. 30, 1901, quoting the Chicago Record-Herald; Mitchell Moss, Op-Ed, New York Times, March 28, 2010; see also the cartoon by Tom Toro in The New Yorker, Dec. 5, 2011. Buffalo rising: Author conversations with Leslie Zemsky, Mark Goldman, Steve Bell, Michael Frisch. See also Brian Hayden, “Buffalo’s Grain Elevators Reimagined,” accessed November 4, 2015, at http://www.visitbuffaloniagara.com/; and New York Times, Oct. 25, 2015; also, http://www.elkharttruth.com/news/national/2015/10/04/Buffalo-s-industrial-cathedrals-slowly-finding-new-life.html. Legacies, vestiges of Rainbow City: Mark Lozo to author, email correspondence, Sept. 14, 2015;Susan Eck to author, email correspondence, Sept. 30, 2015. It should also be noted that the Buffalo History Museum, along with Forest Lawn Cemetery and Explore Buffalo, offer popular Pan-American–focused tours, and that the museum’s Forest Avenue Resource Center opens its extensive Pan-American exhibit on regular occasions.
24. World’s fairs: Munro, “Investigating World’s Fairs,” 80. Expositions in flux: Rydell, Findling, Pelle, Fair America, 118; Ocala [WA] StarBanner, May 16, 1974.
Selected Bibliography
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Barnes, Mabel E. “Peeps at the Pan-American. An account of Personal Visits in the Summer of 1901 from Notes jotted down on the Spot and put in Permanent form during Fourteen Years.” Buffalo: Buffalo History Museum Archives, Mss. W-119.
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Dunlap, Orrin E. “Interview with Mrs. Taylor.” October 25, 1901. Unpublished manuscript. Stunts and Stunters file. Local History Collection, Niagara Falls (NY) Public Library.
Frank C. Bostock’s Grand Zoological Congress and Trained Animal Arena. Buffalo: Courier Co., 1901.
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Taylor, Annie Edson. Over the Falls: Annie Edson Taylor’s Story of Her Life. Privately printed, 1902.
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Williams, Edward T. “Martha E. Wagenfuhrer, ‘Maid of the Rapids.’” Unpublished manuscript. Stunts and Stunters file. Local History Collection, Niagara Falls [NY] Public Library.
Williams, Edward T. “Maud Willard Meets Death in Whirlpoo
l.” Unpublished manuscript. Stunts and Stunters file. Local History Collection, Niagara Falls [NY] Public Library.
NEWSPAPERS
Bay City [Michigan] Times-Press, 1901–1902
Bay City [Michigan] Tribune, 1901
Buffalo Commercial, 1899–1902
Buffalo Courier, 1899–1902
Buffalo Enquirer, 1899–1902
Buffalo Evening News, 1899–1903
Buffalo Morning Express, 1899–1903
Buffalo Times, 1900–1901
Cleveland Plain Dealer, 1902
Erie [Pennsylvania] Morning Dispatch, 1901–1903
Niagara Falls Gazette, 1901–1902; 1921
Niagara Falls Journal, 1901, 1902, 1914
Pan-American Herald, 1899–1901
Pan American Magazine, 1900–1901
TRIAL TRANSCRIPTS
Frank C. Bostock v. Espiridiona Alice Cenda Woeckener, Equity Case No. 27, November Term, 1902, Circuit Court of the United States for the Western District of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia Archives.
The People of the State of New York v. Leon F. Czolgosz. Unpublished trial transcript, September 23–24, 26, 1901. Accessed December 12, 2015. http://mckinleydeath.com/documents/govdocs/transcript.htm.
WEBSITES
Eck, Susan. “Doing the Pan.” http://panam1901.org/. Accessed December 12, 2015.
“Mckinley Assassination Ink: A Documentary History of William McKinley’s Assassination.” http://mckinleydeath.com/. Accessed December 12, 2015.
Old Fulton New York Post Cards. http://fultonhistory.com/. Accessed December 12, 2015.
“Pan-American Exposition of 1901.” University at Buffalo. library.buffalo.edu/pan-am/. Accessed January 1, 2016.
“Pan-American Exposition Scrapbooks.” Buffalo and Erie County Public Library/New York Heritage Digital Collections. http://www.nyheritage.org/collections/pan-american-exposition-scrapbooks. Accessed January 1, 2016.
Index
The Electrifying Fall of Rainbow City Page 29