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Note: Page numbers after 282 refer to notes.
Adam, James Noble, 213
Africa, big-game hunting in, 221, 243
African Americans:
and anarchists, 88
Buffalo community of, 119–26, 151, 169
equal rights sought for, 256, 273
literacy rate of, 120
and lynching, 88, 107
NAACP, 256
and Negro Exhibit (Du Bois), 120–23, 253, 255–56
and Old Plantation, 27, 45–47, 120, 124, 124, 152, 207–8, 253
Parker, see Parker, James Benjamin
and racism in public performances, 122–23, 124–25
represented in expositions, 119–20, 273, 294–95
in service jobs, 87, 169
Aguinaldo, Emilio, 58–59
Akoun, Gaston, 191
AME Church, 254
American Federation of Labor, 79
anarchists:
and African Americans, 88
criminal, 148
Czolgosz’s interest in, 20, 68–69, 106–8, 149, 163, 266–67
stereotypes of, 57, 107
stirred up by newspaper stories, 266–67
and Umberto I’s assassination, 20, 57, 68, 106
animal cruelty:
and Bostock, 29, 32, 61–63, 85, 147, 227–28
and Humane Society, 147, 155–56, 224, 226–27
and Jumbo II’s electrocution, 2, 3, 202, 220–23, 224, 229–31
and SPCA, 225–28
Animal King, The, see Bostock, Frank
Anthony, Susan B., 117, 267
Apache warriors, 45, 141
Archibold, Randal, 270–71
Arcusa, Pablo, 58–59, 78, 208
ASPCA, 225–28
Atlanta Exposition (1895), 10, 119–20
Auburn State Prison, 163, 197, 201
Auto Endurance Race, 171
Badger, Mr. and Mrs. Charles, 233–35
Bailey, Hachaliah, 221
Baird, Frank, 11, 100–101
Banks, William, 249, 250
Baralt, Louis A., 72–73
Barnes, Mabel, 49
bicycling, 171, 172
and Chiquita, 29, 37
and Darkest Africa exhibit, 123–24, 207
death of, 263
Exposition notes of, 21–22, 24–25, 158, 172, 263, 286
and Farewell Day, 208–10, 212
and Illumination, 25–26
number of visits to Exposition, 21–22
on President’s Day, 81, 86
on Railroad Day, 157
what she missed, 27–29, 123
Barnum, P. T., 36, 221, 222
Battle of Antietam, 54
bears, treatment of, 226
Bellamy, Edward, Looking Backward, 67
Bergh, Henry, 225
Bethlehem Steel, 269
Big Liz (elephant), 34, 240
elephant rides for visitors, 45, 222, 239
friendship with Jumbo II, 49, 218, 231, 240–41
offspring of, 241
popularity of, 242
tricks performed by, 223
Blaine, James G., 82
Blondin (elephant), 241
Blondin (Gravelet), 176
Bly, Nellie, 171
Bonavita, Jack:
and court case, 236
death of, 241
and Jumbo II, 238
and lion pyramid photo, 146, 242
as lion trainer, 17, 60, 191
and lion weddings, 60–61
Bonner (mathematical horse), 122, 227
Booth, Edwin, 110
Bostock, Frank, 30–35, 31
as The Animal King, 1, 33, 45, 146, 164
animals abused by, 29, 32, 61–63, 85, 147, 227–28, 229, 273
animals controlled by, 2, 29, 32, 85, 146
animal skins sold by, 156, 209
animal stage of, 263
in Charleston, 247
Chiquita controlled by, 35, 36, 157, 205, 214–15, 216–17, 232, 233, 236
and Chiquita’s attempts to escape, 192, 203–5, 214–15, 223, 235–36
Chiquita’s life insured by, 233
Chiquita’s performances for, 29, 32, 36, 37, 38, 45, 156, 169, 202, 231, 233
at Coney Island, 241
contracts with Chiquita, 36, 231, 232, 236
death of, 241
as freak-show promoter, 36
and Humane Society, 147, 224
and Jumbo II, 1–2, 179, 202, 217–23, 230–31, 238–40
and kidnapping story, 6, 203, 215
lawsuits against, 216–17, 231–32, 236–37, 239
and lion weddings, 60–61, 109, 130, 146, 158–59, 158
marketing by, 32–34, 47–49, 60–62, 109, 129, 146, 164, 179, 191, 220, 241–42
and McKinley, 60, 60, 85
and Midway, 39, 45
new animals arriving, 156, 179
on opening day, 17
profits of, 178
and SPCA, 224, 225–28, 244
tiger attack on, 219
travels of, 241
Bostock, Susannah, 31–32
Brandea, Princess, 191
Bresci, Gaetano, 57, 68, 77
Bryan, William Jennings, 53, 54
Buchanan, William, 37, 51, 79
death of, 263–64
and Exposition attendance, 50
and Exposition debts, 162, 260
as Exposition Director-General, 50–51
fairs managed by, 51
gifts to, 178–79
and Latin America, 263
and McKinley’s death, 145
and McKinley’s post-surgery condition, 130, 132
at Pan-American Congress, 178
worries of, 91–92
Buffalo:
African Americans in, 119–26, 151, 169
and Buffalo Day, 163–64, 219
Chamber of Commerce, 269
City of Light (Belfer) about, 270
civic pride of, 271–72
climate of, 15
commercial potential of, 4–5, 9–15, 18, 268–69
competition with Chicago, 4, 9–10, 42, 43, 50, 63, 159–61, 163–64, 193, 268–69
Czolgosz (Nieman) trial in, 147–48
delegates in Washington from, 12–15, 260–62
diminishing population of, 270
economy of, 268–72
as Electric City, 199
electrification of, 264
Exposition Company, 27, 259, 260, 262
Exposition visitors from, 157, 163–64, 193
and Indian dog feast, 155–56
industry in, 268–69
labor unions in, 79
Lafayette Square, 14
McKinley obelisk in, 272
McKinleys’ arrival in, 75–76
and McKinley’s death, 140–42, 141, 143–45, 160–61, 271
and McKinley shooting, 100, 102–3, 127–29, 132
moment of time reflected in, 274
new beginning (21st century), 272
and New York City, 271
Port of, 12–13
profits sought in, 41–44, 272
public parks in, 272
as Queen City of the Lakes, 4, 12, 199
as Rainbow City, 4, 16, 199, 270, 272, 273
state university in, 269
steelmaking in, 268, 269, 271
struggle for recognition, 41–42, 261–62
as too small for international exposition, 260
tuberculosis in, 208
wind and solar power in, 271
women in, 168, 169–73, 211–12, 252–53
world’s fair in, see Pan-American Exposition
Buffalo Historical Society, 194, 263
Buffalo River, 13
Bull, William S., 64–65, 107, 136
Burgard, Henry P., 155
Burnham, Daniel, 51
Calamity Jane, 45
California, mission buildings in, 22
Calloway, Thomas, 120
Canada, visitors to Buffalo from, 18–19
Canton, Ohio:
McKinley burial in, 143
summer white house in, 53–59, 74
capital punishment, “humane,” 200–201
Carlisle Indians, 45
Carlton, Newcomb, 213
Carrère, John, 22, 258–59
Carter, Richard, 186
Caswell, Tina, 218, 219
Catt, Carrie Chapman, 117
Cayuga Island, 53
Cenda, Espiridiona (Alice), see Chiquita
Charleston, Interstate and West Indian Exposition (1901), 246–47, 252–53
Chicago:
Buffalo in competition with, 4, 9–10, 42, 43, 50, 63, 159–61, 163–64, 193, 268–69
economic growth of, 268
world’s fair in, see Columbian Exposition
Chicago Haymarket bombing (1886), 57, 106
Chicago House Wrecking Company, 256
Chiquita (Alice Cenda), 35–40, 37, 204, 231–37
attempted escape of, 214–15
Badgers as minders for, 233–35
contracts with Bostock, 36, 231, 232, 236
as Cuban Doll Lady, 29, 35, 39, 156, 191, 202, 233
death of, 245
early years of (Espiridiona Cenda), 35–36
and Esau, 39
escape of, 235–36, 237, 246
and Farewell Day, 214
kidnapping story of, 6, 203, 215
life insurance policy on, 233
marriage of Tony and, 203, 215, 232, 233, 236, 245; see also Woeckener, Tony and Alice
as “mascot” of the Exposition, 6, 37–38
and Midway, 39, 45, 209
performances of, 29, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 45, 156, 169, 202, 231, 233, 244–46
popularity of, 37–38, 169, 191
pride of, 38–39
smuggled to Canada, 215, 216–17
and Tony, see Woeckener, Tony
variations in stories about, 6, 36, 38, 203, 215, 216, 231, 236
Church, Frederic Edwin, Niagara, 175
City of Light (Belfer), 270
civil rights movement, 256
Civil War, U.S., end of, 56
Clancy, Caro, 158–59
Clark, Charles, 153–54
Cleveland, Grover, 13, 52, 56, 261
Clinton, DeWitt, 224
Cody, Buffalo Bill, 50
Columbian Exposition, Chicago (1893):
Chicago Day, 163
commercial success of, 10
electricity in, 201
European exhibits in, 43
Ferris Wheel, 27
fire in, 257
Midway Plaisance, 27
as neoclassical masterpiece, 22
Pan-American Exposition in competition with, 4, 9–10, 16, 160–61, 163–64, 193
pro rata expenditure at, 261
race discrimination in, 119
visitors to, 10, 18, 193
as White City, 9, 10, 43, 263
women’s pavilion in, 169–70
Coney Island:
Bostock at, 241
Old Plantation concession at, 253
Cortelyou, George:
“assassination plots” file of, 57
and McKinley’s death, 137
and McKinley shooting, 95, 104, 133
and McKinley’s security, 57, 58, 74, 75, 86, 92
and Parker, 255
on safety at fairs, 58, 86
Crystal Palace, London, 4, 9
Cuba, 38, 54
Cuellar, Garcia, 71
Cullors, Thomas “Spotty Wing,” 65
Cummins, Frederick, 152, 191
Custer, George Armstrong, 194
Cuthbertson, David, 205
Cyclorama Building, Boston, 231
Czolgosz, Leon (Nieman), 5–6, 59, 65–69, 67
autopsy of, 198–99
burial of, 199
electrocution of, 163, 197–99, 202
gun of, 76–77, 83, 94
interest in anarchists, 20, 68–69, 106–8, 149, 163, 266–67
in jail, 105–6, 136, 145, 150, 163, 220
and reception line, 93–94
sentencing of, 150
shooting the president, 94, 95
stalking the president, 6, 83, 87, 92
trial of, 147–50, 152, 162, 254, 292
visits to the fair, 19–20, 21, 49, 77–78
Czolgosz, Waldeck, 66, 67, 68, 199
Davis (electrocutioner), 198
Davy, Mrs. Isaac (pseud.), 249
De Forest, Marian, 260
Detroit, Cadillac Exposition plans for, 11
Diaz, Porfirio, 18, 70–71
Diehl, Conrad, 51, 117, 264–65
and animal abuse, 32
and Bryan, 53
as Buffalo mayor, 11, 16, 52–53, 264
death of, 265
as Exposition promoter, 11–12, 52–53, 213, 264
and Jumbo II’s electrocution, 224
medical practice of, 264
seeking support for Exhibition, 12, 50–51, 53
Douglass, Frederick, 119, 122
Du Bois, W.E.B., Negro Exhibit of, 120–23, 253, 255–56
Dundy, E. S., 124
Earhart, Amelia, 252
Edinboro State Fair, Pennsylvania, 236
Edison, Thomas, 19, 99, 128, 200–201
Edison Laboratories, 105, 115
Edison motion-picture company, 242
Edson, Montgomery, 247, 248
electric chair:
dark appeal of, 201–2
deaths in, 198, 201
invention of, 200
electricity:
“current wars” of, 200–201
dangers of, 199–200
electric shock, death by, 199
Elephant Hotel, Somers, New York, 221
elephants:
emotions of, 243
hunting in Africa, 243
intelligence of, 243
media stories about, 219, 220–21, 238–40
and musth, 217, 218, 219
popularity of, 49, 179, 221–23, 242
public sympathy toward, 243–44
see also Big Liz; Jumbo II
Elgin, Illinois, Bostock show in, 234–35
Ellington, Ben, 124, 124, 207–8, 253–54
environment, focus on, 274
Equal Rights Amendment, 273–74
Erie Canal, 4, 13, 101, 225
Esau (chimpanzee), 33, 39, 122–23, 124, 209
Expo ’74, Spokane, Washington, 273–74
fairs:
changing focus of, 273–74
scholarly work on, 284
Farrés, Edelberto, 71–72
Fidelity Trust Company, Buffalo, 162–63
Fillmore, Millard, 13, 225
Fisk, Nelson, 101, 102
Foster, George, 94, 150
Fourteenth US Infantry, 104
Gallagher, Albert, 95, 126
Gardner, Alonzo, 176–77
Garfield, James A., 56, 97, 107, 116, 118, 197
Gawley, Sarah, 65
Geronimo, 3, 45, 141, 152–56, 196
Goldman, Emma, 68–69, 107, 150, 266
Gompers, Samuel, 79
Goodyear, Charles, 15
Graham, Carlisle, 110–12, 110, 186, 211
Grand Army of the Republic, 74
Gravelet, Jean-François, 176
Guillotin, Joseph-Ignace, 201
Guiteau, Charles, 107, 197
Hagenbeck, Carl, 30, 32
Hale, Abby, 21, 25, 81, 86, 123, 209, 210, 212, 286
Hanna, Mark, 115, 116, 117, 254
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 221
Hayes, Webb, 100
Hemphill, J. C., 131
Henak from Labrador, 208
Hindoo, Madame, 191
Hobson, Captain, 154
Holleran
, Billy, 183, 184, 185
Hooke, Cecil, 59
Howard, John G., 24
Humane Society, 147, 155–56, 224, 226–27
hunting, big-game, 221
Iagara (cat), 210
Interstate and West Indian Exposition, Charleston (1901), 246–47, 252–53
Ireland, James, 94, 126, 150
Isaak, Abraham, 69
“Ivory City,” 246–47
James, Jesse, 168
Janeway, Edward, 133
Jim Crow era, 254
Johnson, Billy, 113, 190, 210
Johnston, W. W., 133
Jumbo (elephant), 222
Jumbo II (elephant), 1–2, 217–23
acting up, 1, 6, 217–19, 244, 273
arrival of, 47–49, 48
attempt to electrocute, 2, 3, 202, 220–23, 224, 229–31
and baby monkey, 61–62, 227
and Big Liz, 49, 218, 231, 240–41
in Boston, 231
cost of transport, 219
final days of, 238–40
media stories about, 47, 219, 220–21, 238–40
and musth, 217, 218, 219
offspring of, 241
popularity of, 49, 179, 221–23, 242
public execution canceled, 229
as Rustin Singh, 47
tusks removed, 240
Kaplin, Maggie, 250
Karnes, Matilda, 156
Keim, Randolph, 96
Kemmler, William, 201
Kipling, Rudyard, 133
Lackawanna Steel Works, 268, 269
Lake Erie, 13, 15, 175, 271
Lake Ontario, 175
Larkin Soap Company, 268
Latin America:
commercial potential of, 12
delegates from, 17, 213
exhibits from, 12
and Pan American movement, 261–62
and Roosevelt Corollary, 265
as theme of the fair, 43–44, 261–62, 270
U.S. Navy sent to, 265
U.S. relations with, 37, 69–73
Leach, Bobby, 251
Lee, Robert E., 56
Lewis, Loran, 148–49, 162
Lincoln, Abraham, 56, 160–61
Little Doc (elephant), 61, 231, 239
Little Lone Wolf, 15
Little People:
in show business, 36–37, 244, 246
see also Chiquita
Lockwood, Daniel, 71
Loftus, Hoppy, 65
Lord, Mary, 225, 226
Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis (1904), 232, 254
Lubin’s Picture Machines, 49
MacArthur, Arthur, 57, 58
MacDonald, Carlos, 149, 198
Machado, F. R., 72
Maitland, Jack:
Bostock in stories from, 109, 191, 228
and Bostock’s invitation to the President, 60
changing stories of, 47, 109
on electrocuting an elephant, 217–21
on Jumbo II, 47, 217–21
as publicity agent, 33–34, 47, 60, 109, 129, 191, 217, 220–21, 227–28
on Rustin Singh, 47
stories about Chiquita, 191
stories about vicious animals, 129, 217–19
The Electrifying Fall of Rainbow City Page 30