Malabar, General, 208
Malvar, Miguel, 58
Mann, Matthew, 96–98, 115
Mason, William, 159, 160
May, Minnie, 65
McAlpin, William, 158
McBurney, Charles, 115, 117, 118, 133
McKinley, Abner, 133
McKinley, Ida Saxton, 53, 54–55, 55, 56
death of, 267
at the fair, 85–86
health of, 54, 75, 133
and her husband’s death, 135, 136, 142, 143
and her husband’s shooting, 103, 105, 117
at Niagara Falls, 89, 90
Parker’s letter to, 255
Roosevelt’s kindnesses to, 267
submerged in grief, 267
McKinley, William, 16, 55, 197
Bostock’s invitation to, 60, 60
in Canton, 53–59, 74
and Chiquita, 38
congratulatory message from, 17
critics of, 69, 78, 88
death of, 136–37, 145–46, 157, 160–61, 171, 260, 264, 266, 269, 271, 272
downturn in condition of, 132–36
election of, 57–58
on fairs as timekeepers of progress, 274
funeral of, 142–43
ghost of, 266
lying in state, 140–42, 141
medical attention to, 96–99, 127, 144–45, 263
obelisk in memorial to, 272
plans to visit the fair, 50–51, 53, 58, 64, 73
post-surgery condition of, 103–5, 104, 115–17, 130, 131, 210
and President’s Day, 18, 64, 81–87, 84, 130
public image of, 54, 56, 57, 103
and reception line, 92–94
safety concerns about, 56–58, 59, 86–87
shooting of, 94, 95–100, 101–2, 116, 127–29, 148–49, 150, 163, 272
travel to the fair, 74–76
and veterans’ reunions, 74
wounds of, 96
Mead, Warren, 163
Meyer, George von L., 57
Midleigh, Arthur, 176–77
Mike (orangutan), 33
Milburn, John, 51, 148
after the fair, 264
and Board of Women Managers, 169
death of, 264
as Exposition president, 16, 52, 79, 164, 260–62
and Farewell Day, 212, 213–14
home of, see Milburn house
law practice of, 51–52
and McKinley’s death, 145–46
and McKinley’s downturn, 132–33
move to New York City, 264
and politics, 53, 69
seeking support for Exposition, 50–51, 260–62
Milburn house:
McKinleys as guests in, 64, 76, 99, 103, 104, 104, 128, 196
McKinley’s death in, 134–35, 264
souvenir hunters and tourists at, 264
as temporary White House, 128–29
torn down, 264
Minnesota State Fair, 129
Minto, Lord, 19
Molineux, Roland, 52
Monroe Doctrine, 12
Moody (lawyer), 249
Moore, “Pony,” 58
Morelli, Madame, 129, 146, 191, 233, 238
Moss, Mitchell, 271
Mueller, Fritz, 191
Mullen, Henry, 217–18, 219
Munger, Edwin, 161
Mynter, Herman, 96, 98
Nation, Carrie, 83, 196, 209–10
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 256
National Association of Colored Women, 120
National Park Service, 272
National Woman Suffrage Association, 117
Negro Exhibit (Du Bois), 120–23, 253, 255–56
newspapers, degrees of accuracy in, 283
New Woman, 170–71
New York City, 271
New York State Death Commission, 200
Niagara (Church), 175
Niagara Falls:
animals sent over, 177–78
attraction of, 18
electricity produced by, 2, 3, 13, 175, 199, 220, 264, 273
and erosion, 175
going over in a barrel, 41, 89–91, 109–14, 174, 179, 251, 252; see also Taylor, Annie Edson
Horseshoe Falls, 173, 175, 177
illegal stunts at, 174, 183
Maid of the Mist, 111, 178, 186
McKinleys’ visit to, 64, 89–91
performances at, 176–78
visitors to, 4, 159–60, 175–76, 177, 201
Whirlpool Falls, 89–91, 90, 111–12, 174, 175, 176, 182, 185
Niagara Gorge, tight-rope walkers across, 176
Niagara Movement, 256
Niagara River, 13, 90, 174–75
and Goat Island, 175
and Grand Island, 174
and Lake Ontario, 175
Taylor’s barrel in, 185–86
Nieman, Fred, see Czolgosz, Leon
Nikolenik, Sebelia, 208
Nissen, Peter, 183
Nowak, John, 65, 76
Odell, Mrs. Benjamin B., 168, 169
Old Bet (elephant), 221, 222
Olmsted, Frederick Law, 14
Omaha, “Little White City” (1898), 10, 42
Over the Falls (play), 248–49
Page, Mrs. (boardinghouse owner), 234–35, 236
Pain, James, 86, 212
Pan-American Congress, Mexico City, 178
Pan-American Exposition, Buffalo (1901), 1
and African Americans, 120–23, 255–56
animals abused in, 2, 17, 29, 61–63, 85, 147, 226–28, 229, 273
archives of, 272
assassination scenes for tourists, 196
Board of Women Managers, 168, 169, 260
and Buffalo, see Buffalo
Chile Day, 70–71
civilization depicted in, 2–3
closing, 178–79, 192–96, 202–5, 206–14, 246, 257
colors of, 22, 24
competition with Columbian Exposition, 4, 9–10, 16, 160–61, 163–64, 193
Court of Fountains, 22, 257
critics of, 5
Cuba Day, 69–70, 71–73
Darkest Africa, 120, 123–24, 206–7, 207
debts of, 85, 130, 162, 164, 178, 179, 193, 194, 213, 259–62, 271
Dedication Day, 16, 18
deserted grounds of, 257
design of, 22, 23
developers repurposing sites of, 272
Diving Elks show, 17, 227
electricity as theme of, 2, 3, 99, 199–202, 214
Electricity Building, 24, 25
Electric Tower, 2, 3, 24–25, 40, 46, 209, 213, 224, 256, 272
Esplanade, 22, 158
Esquimaux Village, 178, 206, 208
“Exposition Collapse,” 199–200
Farewell Day, 164, 179, 193–96, 205–14
Filipino Village, 29, 45, 58–59, 77, 152, 206, 208
fireworks, 212
Goddess of Light, 256–57, 262
government exhibit in, 15, 16
high expectations for, 260
Hospital, 196, 263
hundredth anniversary of, 270
ideas for saving the site, 258–59
Illinois Day, 159–61
Illumination, 19, 25–26, 26, 64, 99, 139
Indian Congress, 15, 45, 46, 85, 145, 152–56, 153, 194–96, 195, 208, 226, 227
Indian dog feast in, 152, 155–56, 196, 221, 227
jobs generated in, 79–80, 87, 268
Labor Day, 79, 80
Lane of Laughter, 2, 28, 63–64
Latin American theme of, 43–44, 261–62, 270
Mayor of the Midway contest, 191
and McKinley, 50–51, 53, 57–58, 64, 92–94
and McKinley’s death, 139, 140, 141, 145–46, 260, 272
Midway, 2, 5, 15, 16, 17, 27–29, 28, 39, 41, 44–49, 81, 85, 108, 178, 205–8, 209, 214, 257, 260
National Jubilee Day, 130–32, 131
Negro Exhib
it, 120–23, 255
newspaper stories about, 18, 19, 41, 42, 44, 50, 262, 283–84
New York State Building, 263, 272
New York State Day, 162
and Niagara Falls, 175
Old Plantation, 27, 45–47, 120, 124, 125, 152, 207–8, 253
opening of, 4, 5, 16–19
planning for, 10–15, 21, 22
President’s Day, 18, 64, 81–87, 130
private investors in, 79
profitability of, 41–44, 261, 272
promotions of, 260
Railroad Day, 129, 130, 157
razing of buildings, 256–59, 262–63
recycled lumber from building sites of, 268
sinister omens seen, 15
and SPCA, 224, 225–28, 244
and technology, 273
Temple of Music, 24, 92–94, 109, 131, 146, 150, 151, 160, 196, 213, 263
Triumphal Bridge, 17, 25, 77, 78, 158, 213, 258
and twentieth century, 273–74
virtual archives of, 272
visitors to, 5, 18, 21, 50, 63, 84–85, 108–9, 146, 154, 157, 162, 179, 193, 224, 246, 260
Western Hemisphere showcased in, 2–3, 12, 43–44, 70–73, 261–62, 263, 270
wild-animal arena in, 33, 34, 39
Women’s Building, 43, 80, 168, 169, 212
Pan American movement, 261–62
Paris, Exposition Universelle (1900), 9, 120
Park, Roswell, 96, 97–99, 105, 127, 133
Parker, James Benjamin, 87–88, 88
Czolgosz tackled by, 95, 254
death of, 255
erased from history, 125–26, 150–52
fame of, 119, 125
illness of, 254–55
and McKinley’s death, 141–42, 150
public speaking by, 151–52, 254–55
on reception line, 93–94
Pausch, Edward, 137
Pene, Xavier, 207
Penney, Thomas, 147–48, 152
People v. Czolgosz, see Czolgosz, Leon
Philadelphia, Centennial fair, 9
Philippines:
insurgents from, 58–59, 208
Midway exhibits of, 29, 45, 77, 152, 206, 208
U.S. fighting in, 33, 77
as U.S. possession, 3, 54, 58–59, 262
Plains Indians, 3, 154
Platt Amendment, 72
Proctor, Redfield, 102
Ptolemy (crocodile), 62–63, 177, 227
Pulitzer, Joseph, 128
Rajah (tiger), 219
Reinstein, Boris, 108
Rice, Edward, 94
Richardson, H. H., 14
Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, 243
Rixey, Presley, 75, 96, 99, 116, 133, 136
Robinson, Fred, 181
Rochford, Thomas H., 203
Roger (elephant), 229
Roosevelt, Alice, 172
Roosevelt, Edith, 267
Roosevelt, Theodore:
assassination attempt on, 265–66
big-game hunting, 243
cabinet of, 255
and Ida McKinley, 267
and land conservation, 265
manliness promoted by, 265
and McKinley’s downturn and death, 134, 138, 143
and McKinley shooting, 101–2, 116
on newspapers stirring up the masses, 266
oath of office, 138–39, 138, 196, 272
at opening day, 16, 17
as outdoorsman, 170, 265
on poverty, 266–67
as president, 151, 265–66, 273
speeches by, 101
as vice president, 16, 101, 117, 135
wealthy corporations targeted by, 267
on wilderness protection, 265
on women’s roles, 117–18
Roosevelt Corollary, 265
Root, Elihu, 128, 139
RSPCA, 228
Russell, Tussie, 114, 165, 173, 180, 182, 190, 191, 247–49
Rustin, Henry, 26, 213
Rustin Singh (Jumbo II), 47
Ruyes, Tastuala, 208
Saint Lawrence Seaway, 269
St. Louis, Louisiana Purchase Exposition (1904), 232, 254
Schilling, Emil, 68
Schrank, John, 266
Secret Service, 56, 81, 92, 95, 118, 125–26, 150, 254
Seven Rabbits, Chief, 145
Seventy-third Coast Artillery, 76, 81, 92, 95, 126, 140
Shrady, George, 144
Skinner, Charles R., 197, 198
Smith, Lillian Frances, 29
Smith, Mary, 65
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 137
Snider, Fred (pseud.), 20
Social Darwinists, 208
Socialist Labor Party, 108
Southwick, Alfred, 200
Spanish-American War, 10, 38, 54, 56, 71–72
SPCA, 224, 225–28, 244
Spokane, Washington, Expo ‘74 in, 273–74
Sport (elephant), 220
“Star-Spangled Banner, The,” 212
Stevens, Leo “the human bomb,” 158
Stutz (socialist), 65
suffragists, 117–18, 169, 171, 267
Sullivan, Louis, 14
Talbert, Mary, 120–22, 121, 255–56
Talbert, William, 256
“Taps,” 214
Tasnow, Robert (aka Dutch Bob), 65
Taylor, Annie Edson, 164–68, 165, 173–87
adventures of, 166–68, 170, 251
age of, 180, 211, 247, 248, 251, 252
arrival at Niagara Falls, 168–69, 173
barrel recovered by, 249
barrel stolen, 249, 250
and brain fever, 190
cat sent over falls by, 177–78
death of, 251
early years of, 166
failures of, 251–52
financial difficulties of, 190, 249, 251
going over the falls, 182–87, 252
life story reimagined by, 251
memoir of, 249
moneymaking schemes of, 251
plans to go over Niagara Falls in a barrel, 6, 41, 114, 164–66, 165, 173–74, 179–81, 184
public appearances of, 196, 210–12, 247–51
souvenirs sold by, 249, 250, 251
survival of, 188–90, 189, 191, 211
Taylor, David, 166
Taylor, Dick “High Card,” 65
Taylor, Frederick, 32, 192
Templeton, James, 159
Tesla, Nikola, 19, 99, 200
Thompson, Frederick, 191
Tiny Mite, Prince (marmoset), 61–62, 227
Tip (elephant), 220
Tongana, Gregorea, 208
Topsy (elephant), 242–43
Townsend, Frederick, 108
Trilby (lion), 219
Truesdale, Fred, 173, 177–78, 181, 182, 183–85
Turner, Charles Yardley, 24
Umberto I, king of Italy, assassination of, 20, 57, 68, 106
United States, imperialism of, 3, 6, 12, 53, 54, 77, 78, 83, 262
United States Congress, relief for Buffalo from, 262
Vermont Fish and Game League, 101
Victoria, queen of England, 37, 47
Vicuña, Don Carlos Morla, 70
Waddell, Doc, 296
Wagenfuhrer, Martha, 89–91, 90, 109, 110, 111, 175, 176, 248
Wallace, Jr. (lion), 17, 85
Walters, Adele, 193
Washington:
Buffalo delegates in, 12–15, 260–62
Congressional relief bill, 262
financial help sought from, 259–60
Metropolitan AME church, 151–52
police force in, 56
Washington, Booker T., 88, 253, 256
Webb, Matthew, 176
Webb, William Seward, 102
Wedekindt, Esther, 11
Weeden, Herman, 33, 238
Wells, Ida B., 119
Wenona the Sioux sharpshooter, 29, 153, 156
West Bay Cooperage, 16
4–65
Westinghouse, George, 200–201
Wilcox, Ansley, 102, 138
Willard, Frances, 171
Willard, Maud, 89, 91, 109–14, 110, 166, 175, 185
Williams, George, 100
Wilson, James, 86
Woeckener, Alice, see Woeckener, Tony and Alice
Woeckener, Eddie, 157, 236
Woeckener, Ernest, 223, 231
Woeckener, Tony:
age of, 39
Bostock’s animosity toward, 40, 85, 186–87, 223, 232, 234–35
friendship with Chiquita, see Woeckener, Tony and Alice
jobs of, 39–40, 85
protests/lawsuits against Bostock, 215, 216–17, 223, 231–32, 236–37, 239
Woeckener, Tony and Alice (Chiquita), 231–37, 245
and elopement, 157, 192, 214–15
escape of, 235–36, 237, 246
friendship of, 35, 39–40, 214, 215
marriage of, 157, 203, 215, 223, 232, 233, 234–35, 236, 237
performances as a team, 244–46
press stories about, 215, 223, 231, 235–36, 245–46
as sweethearts, 40, 85, 156–57, 186–87, 223
women:
of Buffalo, 168, 169–73, 211–12, 252–53
craftwork by, 252–53
Equal Rights Amendment, 273–74
and gender differences, 170, 252
independence of, 170–71, 252
mobility of, 170
older, 252
possibilities open to, 252
and poverty, 252
restrictions on, 171–73
voting rights of, 117–18, 169, 171, 252, 267
World War I, 268
Yates, Richard, 159–61
Zelica, Madame La Belle, 219
OTHER BOOKS BY MARGARET CREIGHTON
The Colors of Courage:
Gettysburg’s Forgotten History
Iron Men, Wooden Women:
Gender and Seafaring in the Atlantic World, 1700–1920
(edited with Lisa Norling)
Rites and Passages:
The Experience of American Whaling, 1830–1870
Dogwatch and Liberty Days:
Seafaring Life in the Nineteenth Century
Copyright © 2016 by Margaret Creighton
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First Edition
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The Library of Congress has cataloged the printed edition as follows:
Names: Creighton, Margaret S., 1949– author.
Title: The electrifying fall of Rainbow City : spectacle and assassination at the
The Electrifying Fall of Rainbow City Page 31