Adventures in the Orgasmatron: How the Sexual Revolution Came to America

by Turner, Christopher

  65. Ibid.

  66. Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin, The Origin of Life (New York: Dover, 2003), 32.

  67. “They Will Kill Wilhelm Reich,” February 4, 1949, Aurora Karrer Reich Collection, National Library of Medicine.

  68. Reich, Beyond Psychology, 77.

  69. David Boadella, Wilhelm Reich: The Evolution of His Work (London: Arkana, 1985), 358.

  70. Placzek, Record of a Friendship, Neill to Reich, 30.

  71. Siersted, Wilhelm Reich in Denmark, 13.

  72. Reich, Beyond Psychology, 91.

  73. Myron Sharaf, Fury on Earth: A Biography of Wilhelm Reich (London: Hutchinson, 1984), 230.

  74. Ibid., 230.

  75. Reich, Beyond Psychology, 147.

  76. Reich, People in Trouble, 255.

  77. Wilhelm Reich, “The Natural Organization of Protozoa from Orgone Energy Vesicles,” in International Journal of Sex-Economy and Orgone Research, volume 1 (New York: Orgone Institute Press), 219.

  78. Reich, Beyond Psychology 123.

  79. Sharaf, Fury on Earth, 253.

  80. Ibid., 253

  81. Boadella, Wilhelm Reich, 360.

  82. Reich, Beyond Psychology, 206.

  83. Ibid., 197.

  84. Ibid., 176.

  85. Ibid., 120.

  86. Ibid., 179.

  87. Ibid., 76.

  88. Ibid., 173.

  89. Ilse Ollendorff, Wilhelm Reich: A Personal Biography (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1969). 37.

  90. Robert N. Proctor, The Nazi War on Cancer (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000).

  91. Susan Sontag, Illness as Metaphor (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1978), 86.

  92. Wilhelm Reich, Reich Speaks of Freud, ed. Chester M. Raphael and Mary Higgins (New York: Noonday, 1968), 74–75.

  93. Wilhelm Reich, Selected Writings: A Introduction to Orgonomy (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1960), 204.

  94. Reich, Beyond Psychology, 198–99, states, “In keeping with the orgasm theory, which equates the sexual and the vegetative, it must at the same time be the specific sexual energy, orgasm energy.”

  95. Reich, Selected Writings, 208.

  96. Reich, Beyond Psychology, 206.

  97. Reich, Selected Writings, 206.

  98. Ibid., 206.

  99. Reich, Beyond Psychology, 193.

  100. Richard I. Evans, Dialogue with Erik Erikson (New York: Praeger, 1981), 85.

  101. Reich, Beyond Psychology, 128.

  102. Sharaf, Fury on Earth, 254.

  103. Ollendorff, Wilhelm Reich, 45.

  104. Sharaf, Fury on Earth, 196.

  Six

  1. Wilhelm Reich, Beyond Psychology: Letters and Journals, 1934–1939, ed. Mary Higgins (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1994), 231.

  2. Ibid., 232.

  3. David Hillel Gelernter, 1939: The Lost World of the Fair (New York: Avon Books, 1996), 146.

  4. Anthony Heilbut, Exiled in Paradise: German Refugee Artists and Intellectuals in America from the 1930s to the Present (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 196.

  5. Wilhelm Reich, American Odyssey: Letters and Journals, ed. Mary B. Higgins (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2004), 38

  6. Gelernter, 1939, 23.

  7. Ibid., 24.

  8. Reich, Beyond Psychology, 233.

  9. Ibid., 238.

  10. Reich, American Odyssey, 39.

  11. Ibid., 62–63.

  12. John Forrester, The Seductions of Psychoanalysis: Freud, Lacan and Derrida (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 45.

  13. James H. Jones, Alfred C. Kinsey: A Public-Private Life (New York: Norton, 1997), 328.

  14. Ibid., 258.

  15. Jonathan Gathorne-Hardy, Sex the Measure of All Things: A Life of Alfred C. Kinsey. (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004), 90.

  16. Jones, Alfred C. Kinsey, 260.

  17. Paul A. Robinson, The Modernization of Sex: Havelock Ellis, Alfred Kinsey, William Masters, and Virginia Johnson (New York: Harper and Row, 1976), 44.

  18. Gathorne-Hardy, Sex the Measure of All Things, 175.

  19. Alfred C. Kinsey, Wardell Baxter Pomeroy, and Clyde E. Martin, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1948), 53.

  20. Gathorne-Hardy, Sex the Measure of All Things, 210.

  21. Kinsey, Pomeroy, and Martin, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, 559.

  22. Jones, Alfred C. Kinsey, 387.

  23. Ibid., 410.

  24. Wardell Baxter Pomeroy, Dr. Kinsey and the Institute for Sex Research (New York: Harper and Row, 1972).

  25. Gathorne-Hardy, Sex the Measure of All Things, 299.

  26. Marie Gottschalk, The Prison and the Gallows: The Politics of Mass Incarceration in America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 57.

  27. Ron Chernow, Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. (New York: Random House, 1998), 469.

  28. Indiana State Board of Health, Social Hygiene vs. the Sexual Plagues (Indianapolis: 1910).

  29. Ellen F. Fitzpatrick, Endless Crusade: Women Social Scientists and Progressive Reform (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 105.

  30. Ibid., 100.

  31. Daniel J. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 48.

  32. Vern Bullough, “The Rockefellers and Sex Research,” Journal of Sex Research 21, no. 2 (1985): 113–25.

  33. Martin S. Weinberg, Sex Research: Studies from the Kinsey Institute (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 88.

  34. Jones, Alfred C. Kinsey, 479

  35. Eli Zaretsky, Secrets of the Soul: A Social and Cultural History of Psychoanalysis (New York: Knopf, 2004), 261.

  36. Clara Thompson, Psychoanalysis: Evolution and Development (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 2002), 168.

  37. Reich, Beyond Psychology, 240.

  38. Ibid., 247.

  39. Ibid., 246.

  40. Ilse Ollendorff, Wilhelm Reich: A Personal Biography (New York: St. Martin’s, 1969), 78.

  41. Reich, Beyond Psychology, 246.

  42. Ollendorff, Wilhelm Reich, 84.

  43. Wilhelm Reich, The Cancer Biopathy, volume 2 of The Discovery of Orgone (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1974), 91.

  44. Reich, American Odyssey, 31.

  45. Wilhelm Reich, Selected Writings: An Introduction to Orgonomy (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1973), 214.

  46. Reich, Cancer Biopathy, 94.

  47. Reich, American Odyssey, 34.

  48. Reich, Selected Writings, 226.

  49. Reich, American Odyssey, 145.

  50. Reich, Cancer Biopathy, 310; see also Reich, American Odyssey, 43.

  51. Ibid., 116–17.

  52. Paul Goodman, Nature Heals: The Psychological Essays of Paul Goodman (New York: Free Life Editions, 1977), 76.

  53. Reich, Cancer Biopathy, 314.

  54. Ibid., 317–18; Reich, Selected Writings, 249. After Mildred Brady’s negative article about his device in The New Republic, Reich claimed that the machine didn’t cause “sexual excitement” or provide “orgastic potency,” though many users continued to sit in it because they thought it did. See Reich, American Odyssey, 433.

  55. Ollendorff, Wilhelm Reich, 56.

  56. Reich, Cancer Biopathy, 316.

  57. Ibid., 310.

  58. Beverley R. Placzek, ed., Record of a Friendship: The Correspondence Between Wilhelm Reich and A. S. Neill, 1936–1957 (London: Gollancz, 1982), Reich to Neill, 107.

  59. Ronald William Clark, Einstein: The Life and Times (New York: Avon Books, 1994), 676.

  60. Ibid., 847.

  61. Albrecht Fölsing, Albert Einstein: A Biography (New York: Penguin, 1998), 725.

  62. Reich, American Odyssey, 100.

  63. Ibid., 46–47.

  64. Ibid., 55.

  65. Ibid., 199.

  66. Reich, American Odyssey, 199.

  67. Ibid., 57.

  68. I
bid., 199.

  69. Einstein’s letter of February 7, 1941, in Wilhelm Reich, Biographical Material, History of the Discovery of the Life Energy, The Einstein Affair (Rangeley, Me.: Orgone Institute Press, 1953), catalogue no. E-9.

  70. Reich, American Odyssey, 74.

  71. Ibid., 92.

  72. Ibid., 85.

  73. Ibid., 220.

  74. Ibid., 211.

  75. Ibid., 217.

  76. Ibid., 96.

  77. Ibid.

  78. Franz Alexander, Samuel Eisenstein, and Martin Grotjahn, eds., Psychoanalytic Pioneers (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 1995), 436.

  79. July 7, 1941, Aurora Karrer Reich Collection, National Library of Medicine, Washington, D.C.

  80. Reich, Cancer Biopathy, 353.

  81. July 7, 1941, Aurora Karrer Reich Collection, National Library of Medicine, Washington, D.C.

  82. Paul Roazen, Brother Animal: The Story of Freud and Tausk (New York: Knopf, 1969), 127.

  83. Victor Tausk, “On the Origin of the ‘Influencing Machine in Schizophrenia,’” Psychoanalytic Quarterly 2 (1933): 519–56, reprinted in Incorporations, ed. Jonathan Crary and Sanford Kwinter (New York: Zone/MIT Press, 1992), 544.

  84. Ibid.

  85. Wilhelm Reich, The Function of the Orgasm (New York: Orgone Institute Press, 1942), 46.

  86. Reich, American Odyssey, 363.

  87. Wilhelm Reich, Character Analysis (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1972), 430.

  88. Reich, Function of the Orgasm, 46.

  89. Reich, Character Analysis, 470.

  90. Crary and Kwinter, Incorporations, 544.

  91. Ted Morgan, Reds: McCarthyism in Twentieth-Century America (New York: Random House, 2003), 169.

  92. Jerome Greenfield, “Wilhelm Reich: ‘Alien Enemy,’” Journal of Orgonomy 16, no. 1 (1982): 93.

  93. Reich, American Odyssey, 138.

  94. Peter M. Rutkoff and William B. Scott, New School: A History of the New School for Social Research (New York: Free Press, 1986), 136. See also Claus-Dieter Krohn, Intellectuals in Exile: Refugee Scholars and the New School for Social Research (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1993).

  95. December 24, 1941, Wilhelm Reich’s FBI file, FBI Headquarters, Washington, D.C. The file, bloated with pamphlets Reich sent to the FBI, has 789 pages. Available at www.orgone.org/wr-vs-usa/fbi-files/wr-fbi-files.htm.

  96. Greenfield, “Wilhelm Reich: ‘Enemy Alien,’” 106.

  97. Reich, American Odyssey, 128.

  98. Louis F. Budenz, Men Without Faces: The Communist Conspiracy in the U.S.A. (New York: Harper and Bros., 1950), 247.

  Seven

  1. Alfred Kazin, New York Jew (New York: Syracuse University Press, 1996), 45.

  2. Ibid., 45–46.

  3. Paul Goodman, Nature Heals: The Psychological Essays of Paul Goodman (New York: Free Life Editions, 1977), 85.

  4. Elsworth Baker, “Fourth Annual President’s Address, July 6, 1972” (at the American College of Orgonomy), Journal of Orgonomy, Elsworth F. Baker Commemorative Issue, February 1986, 65–69.

  5. Russell Jacoby, Repression of Psychoanalysis: Otto Fenichel and the Political Freudians (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1986), 109.

  6. Goodman, Nature Heals, 54–55.

  7. Ibid., 55.

  8. Ibid., 55–56.

  9. Taylor Stoehr, Here Now Next: Paul Goodman and the Origins of Gestalt Therapy (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1994), 66.

  10. Paul Goodman, Nature Heals, 85.

  11. Wilhelm Reich, American Odyssey: Letters and Journals, ed. Mary B. Higgins (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2004), 314.

  12. Beverley R. Placzek, Record of a Friendship: The Correspondence Between Wilhelm Reich and A. S. Neill, 1936–1957 (London: Gollancz, 1982), Reich to Neill, 178. Four of Reich’s books had been translated and updated to include his latest discoveries, and four issues of the International Journal of Orgonomy had been published.

  13. James Atlas, Bellow: A Biography (New York: Random House, 2000), 162.

  14. Philip Rieff, The Triumph of the Therapeutic: Uses of Faith After Freud (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 176.

  15. Ibid., 176.

  16. Michael Wreszin, A Rebel in Defense of Tradition: The Life and Politics of Dwight Macdonald (New York: Basic Books, 1994), 196.

  17. Gregory D. Sumner, Dwight Macdonald and the Politics Circle: The Challenge of Cosmopolitan Democracy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996), 3.

  18. Norman Mailer, author interview, June 2007.

  19. Norman Mailer, Advertisements for Myself (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992), 424.

  20. George Orwell, 1984: A Novel (New York: Penguin/Signet Classics, 1977), 137.

  21. C. Wright Mills and Patricia Salter, “The Barricade and the Bedroom,” Politics, October 1945, 63–64.

  22. Paul A. Robinson, The Freudian Left: Wilhelm Reich, Geza Roheim, Herbert Marcuse (New York: Harper and Row, 1969), 72

  23. Alexander Lowen, Honoring the Body: The Autobiography of Alexander Lowen, M.D. (Alachua, Fla.: Bioenergetics, 2004), 44–45.

  24. Ibid., 45.

  25. Alexander Lowen, author interview, June 2004.

  26. Lowen, Honoring the Body, 41.

  27. Ibid., 38–39.

  28. Alexander Lowen, Bioenergetics (New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1975), 17–18.

  29. Ibid., 21.

  30. Ibid., 24.

  31. Fritz Perls, “Planned Psychotherapy” (talk given in 1946 or 1947), Gestalt Journal 2, no. 2 (1989): 5–23.

  32. Frederick S. Perls, In and Out the Garbage Pail (New York: Bantam, 1969), 266.

  33. Jack Gaines, Fritz Perls: Here and Now (New York: Celestial Arts, 1979), 36.

  34. Martin Shepard, Fritz (New York: Saturday Review Press, 1975), 57.

  35. Ibid.

  36. Judith Malina, The Diaries of Judith Malina, 1947–1957 (New York: Grove Press, 1984).

  37. Ibid.

  38. Perls, In and Out the Garbage Pail, 50.

  39. Ibid., 50.

  40. Gaines, Fritz Perls, 35.

  41. Atlas, Bellow, 163

  42. Steven J. Zipperstein, Rosenfeld’s Lives: Fame, Oblivion, and the Furies of Writing (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009), 51.

  43. Kazin, New York Jew, 51.

  44. Isaac Rosenfeld, Preserving the Hunger: An Isaac Rosenfeld Reader, ed. Mark Shechner with a foreword by Saul Bellow (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1988), 16.

  45. Atlas, Bellow, 163.

  46. Ibid., 295.

  47. Saul Bellow, Henderson the Rain King (London: Penguin, 1996), 298.

  48. Ruth Miller, Saul Bellow: A Biography of the Imagination (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991).

  49. Atlas, Bellow, 385.

  50. Philip Roth, “I Got a Scheme!” The New Yorker, April 25, 2005, 72.

  51. Atlas, Bellow, 165.

  52. Irving Howe, A Margin of Hope: An Intellectual Autobiography (San Diego: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1984), 134.

  53. Kazin, New York Jew, 51.

  54. Saul Bellow, Saul Bellow: Collected Stories, ed. Janis Freedman Bellow and James Wood (New York: Viking, 2001), 241.

  55. Roth, “I Got a Scheme!” 72.

  56. David Halberstam, The Fifties (New York: Villard, 1993), 297.

  57. Barry Miles, Ginsberg: A Biography (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989), 41.

  58. Steven Watson, The Birth of the Beat Generation: Visionaries, Rebels, and Hipsters, 1944–1960 (New York: Pantheon, 1995), 28.

  59. Miles, Ginsberg, 71.

  60. Martin S. Weinberg, Sex Research: Studies from the Kinsey Institute (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 53.