The Wonderful Mr Willughby

by Tim Birkhead

  Iliffe, R. ‘Foreign Bodies: Travel, Empire and the Early Royal Society of London. Part 1: Englishmen on Tour’, Canadian Journal of History 33 (1998), 357–85.

  Jaatinen, K., A. Lehikoinen and D. B. Lank. ‘Female-biased Sex Ratios and the Proportion of Cryptic Male Morphs of Migrant Juvenile Ruffs (Philomachus pugnax) in Finland’, Ornis Fennica 87 (2010), 125–34.

  Jackson, C. Great Bird Paintings of the World, vol. 1. Woodbridge: Antique Collectors’ Club (1993).

  Jardine, L. The Curious Life of Robert Hooke. London: Harper Perennial (2003).

  Jardine, W.

  Nectarinidae or Sun-Birds, with a Portrait and Memoir of Francis Willughby. London: The Naturalist’s Library (1843).

  Jensen, W. ‘A Previously Unrecognised Portrait of Joan Baptista Van Helmont (1579–1644)’, Ambix 51 (2004), 263–8.

  Johnston, D. ‘Emma Child, née Barnard, formerly Willughby (1644–1725): Records of the Life of a Gentlewoman’, in Nottinghamshire Past: Essays in Honour of Adrian Henstock, ed. J. Beckett. Cardiff: Merton Priory Press for Nottinghamshire County Council (2003), 59–76.

  —— ‘The Life and Domestic Context of Francis Willughby’, in Virtuoso by Nature: The Scientific Worlds of Francis Willughby FRS (1635–1672), ed. T. R. Birkhead. Leiden: Brill (2016), 1–43.

  Jonston, J. Historiae naturalis de piscibus et cetis libri V. Amsterdam: Schipper (1657).

  Keynes, G. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne, 2nd ed. London: Faber and Faber (1964).

  King, E. ‘Observations on Insects Lodging Themselves in Old Willows’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 5 (1670), 2,098–9.

  Kinsky, F. C. ‘The Consistent Presence of Paired Ovaries in the Kiwi (Apteryx) with Some Discussion of this Condition in Other Birds’, Journal für Ornithologie 112 (1971), 334–57.

  Kirkby W. Monographia Apum Angliae. Ipswich: Raw (1802).

  Koreny, F. Albrecht Dürer und die Tier- und Pflanzenstudien der Renaissance. Munich: Prestel (1985).

  Král, B. ‘Functional Adaptations of Ciconiiformes to the Darting Stroke’, Vestnik Ceskoslovenske Spolencnosti Zoologicke, Acta. Soc. Zool. Bohemoslovenicae, Svazek 29 (1965), 377–91.

  Kusukawa, S. ‘Historia Piscium (1686) and its Sources’, in Virtuoso by Nature: The Scientific Worlds of Francis Willughby FRS (1635–1672), ed. T. R. Birkhead. Leiden: Brill (2016), 305–34.

  —— ‘The Historia Piscium (1686)’, Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 54 (2000), 179–97.

  Lack, D. Population Studies of Birds. Oxford: Clarendon Press (1966).

  Lankester, E., ed. Memorials of John Ray. London: Ray Society (1846).

  —— The Correspondence of John Ray: Consisting of Selections from the Philosophical Letters Published by Dr. Derham, and Original Letters of John Ray in the Collection of the British Museum. London: Ray Society (1848).

  Latham, R. and Matthews, W. The Diary of Samuel Pepys: A New and Complete Transcription. Vol. 10. London: HarperCollins (1983).

  Lauterborn, R., ed. Das Vogel- Fisch- und Thierbuch des Strassburger Fischers Leonhard Baldner aus dem Jahre 1666. Ludwigshafen am Rhein: A. Lauterborn (1903).

  Leisler, B. and K. Schulze-Hagen. ‘The Penetrating Gaze – New Light on Old Ideas on Mimicry and Intimidating Appearance’, Vogelwarte 51 (2013), 55–62.

  Lemery, N. Cours de chymie. Paris (1675).

  Lewis, G. ‘The Debt of John Ray and Martin Lister to Guillaume Rondelet of Montpellier’, Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 66 (2012), 323–39.

  Lister, M. ‘On a kind of viviparous fly, together with some enquiries about spiders and a table of 33 sorts to be found in England’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 1 (1671), 600–2.

  Locke, J. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. London (1690).

  Lokhorst, Gt.-J. ‘Descartes and the Pineal Gland’, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2016), ed. E. N. Zalta. http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2016/entries/pineal-gland, accessed 2016.

  Lownes, A. E. ‘A Collection of Seventeenth-Century Drawings’, Auk 57 (1940), 532–5.

  Mabey, R. The Cabaret of Plants. London: Profile (2015).

  MacGillivray, W. History of British Birds, vol. 4. London: Orr & Co. (1852).

  MacPherson, H. A. A History of Fowling. Edinburgh: Douglas (1897).

  Malina, R. ‘History of Entomology and the Discovery of Insect Parasitoids’, Matthias Belvis University Proceedings 4 (2008), 1–14.

  Mandelbrote, S. ‘John Ray’, in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 46, eds C. Matthew and B. Harrison. Oxford: Oxford University Press (2004), 178–83.

  Manzini, C. Ammaestramenti per allevare, pascere e curare gli ucceli. Milano: Pacifico Pontio (1575).

  Marcgraf, G. and W. Piso. Historia naturalis Brasiliae. Leiden: F. Hackium; Amsterdam: L. Elzevirium (1648).

  McMahon, S. ‘John Ray (1627–1705) and the Act of Uniformity 1662’, Notes and Records of the Royal Society 54 (2000), 153–78.

  Monk, J. H. and C. J. Blomfield. ‘Memoir of Dr James Duport’, Museum Criticum 2 (1826), 672–98.

  Montgomerie, R. and T. R. Birkhead. ‘Samuel Pepys’s Hand-coloured Copy of John Ray’s “The Ornithology of Francis Willughby” (1678)’, Journal of Ornithology 150 (2009), 883–91.

  Muffet, T. Insectorum sive Minimorum Animalium Theatrum. London (1634).

  —— Health’s Improvement. London (1655).

  Mullens, W. H. ‘Thomas Muffett’, Hastings and St. Leonards Natural History Society, Occasional Publication no. 5 (1911).

  Mynott, J. Winged Words: Birds in the Ancient World. Oxford: Oxford University Press (2018).

  Neri, J. The Insect and the Image. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press (2011).

  Newson, S. E., J. H. Marchant, G. R. Elkins and R. M. Sellers. ‘The Status of Inland-breeding Great Cormorants in England’, British Birds 100 (2007), 289–99.

  Newton, A. A Dictionary of Birds. London: Black (1896).

  Nozeman, C. Nederlandsche vogelen volgens hunne huishouding, aert en eigenschappen beschreven, 5 vols. Amsterdam (1770–1829).

  Ogilvie, B. W. ‘Stoics, Neoplatonists, Atheists, Politicians: Sources and Uses of Early Modern Jesuit Natural Theology’, in For the Sake of Learning: Essays in Honor of Anthony Grafton 2, ed. A. Blair and A.-S. Goeing. Leiden: Brill (2016a), 761–79.

  —— ‘Willughby on Insects’, in Virtuoso by Nature: The Scientific Worlds of Francis Willughby FRS (1635–1672), ed. T. R. Birkhead. Leiden: Brill (2016), 335–59.

  Olina, G. P. Uccelliera overo discorso della natura, e proprieta di diversi uccelli. Rome: Andrea Fei (1622).

  Opie, I. and P. Opie. The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes. Oxford: Oxford University Press (1951; 2nd ed. 1997).

  Ostwald, W. Grosse Männer. Leipzig: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft (1909).

  Oswald, P. H. and C. D. Preston, eds. John Ray’s Cambridge Catalogue (1660). London: Ray Society (2011).

  Park, K. ‘The Rediscovery of the Clitoris: French medicine Medicine and the Tribade 1570–1620’, in The Body in Parts: Fantasies of Corporeality in Early Modern Europe, eds, D. Hillman and C. Mazzio. New York: Routledge (1997), 170–93.

  Parker, G. A. ‘Behavioral Ecology: Natural History as Science’, in Essays on Animal Behavior: Celebrating 50 Years of Animal Behavior, eds, J. R. Lucas and L. W. Simons. Burlington, MA: Elsevier (2006), 23–56.

  Phillips, J. C. ‘Leonard Baldner, Seventeenth-Century Sportsman and Naturalist: An Unrecorded Copy of his Book, Containing his Portrait’, Auk 42 (1925), 332–41.

  Plot, R. Natural History of Staffordshire. Oxford (1686).

  Poole, W. ‘The Willughby Library in the Time of Francis the Naturalist’, in Virtuoso by Nature: The Scientific Worlds of Francis Willughby FRS (1635–1672), ed. T. R. Birkhead. Leiden: Brill (2016), 227–43.

  Preston, C. D. ‘Francis Willughby and Botany of the Expeditions – Evidence from Plant Specimens in the Middleton Collection’, in Virtuoso by Nature: The Scientific Worlds of
Francis Willughby FRS (1635–1672), ed. T. R. Birkhead. Leiden: Brill (2016), 197–226.

  Preston, A. and P. H. Oswald. ‘James Duport’s Rules for his Tutorial Pupils: A Comparison of Two Surviving Manuscripts’, Transactions of the Cambridge Bibliographical Society 14 (2011), 317–62.

  Ramsay, S. L. and D. C. Houston. ‘Amino Acid Composition of Some Woodland Arthropods and its Implications for Breeding Tits and Other Passerines’, Ibis 145 (2003), 227–32.

  Ransome, A. Great Northern? London: Jonathan Cape (1947).

  Raven, C. E. English Naturalists from Neckham to Ray. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1947).

  —— John Ray: His Life & Works. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1942).

  Ray, J. Historia Piscium. Oxford: Sheldon (1686a).

  —— Historia Plantarum, 3 vols. London: M. Clarke or H. Faithorne (1686b, 1688, 1704).

  —— Synopsis Methodica Animalium Quadrupedum et Serpenti Generis. London: Smith and Walford (1693).

  —— Historia insectorum: … opus posthumum Jussu Regiae Societatis Londinensis Editum. Cui subjungitur Appendix de Scarabaeis Britannicis, Autore M. Lister. London: A. and J. Churchill (1710).

  —— Synopsis Methodica Avium & Piscium. London: Gulielmi Innys (1713).

  —— Travels through the Low-Countries, Germany, Italy and France, with curious Observations, Natural, Topographical, Moral, Physiological, & c … To which is added, An Account of the Travels of Francis Willughby, Esq., Through great Part of Spain, 2nd ed., 2 vols. London: Printed for J. Walthoe et al. (1738) (first edition 1673).

  —— The Wisdom of God Manifested in the Works of the Creation. London (facsimile of 1826 edition): Ray Society Scion (2006).

  —— Further Correspondence of John Ray, ed. R. T. Gunther. London: Ray Society (1928).

  Reinertsen, R. E. ‘Nocturnal Hypothermia and its Energetic Significance

  for Small Birds Living in the Arctic and Subarctic Regions: A Review’, Polar Research 1 (1983), 269–84.

  Reynard, M. and C. J. Savory. ‘Stress-induced Oviposition Delays in Laying Hens: Duration and Consequences for Eggshell Quality’, British Poultry Science 40 (1999), 585–91.

  Romero, A. ‘When Whales Became Mammals: The Scientific Journey of Cetaceans from Fish to Mammals in the History of Science’, in New Approaches to the Study of Marine Mammals, ed. A. Romero and E. O. Keith, InTech. (2012), 3–30.

  Roos, A. M. Web of Nature: Martin Lister (1639–1712), the First Arachnologist. Leiden: Brill (2011).

  —— trans. and ed., The Correspondence of Dr. Martin Lister (1639–1712): Vol. 1, 1662–1667. Leiden: Brill (2015).

  —— ‘The chymistry of Francis Willughby (1635–72): The Trinity College, Cambridge Community’, in Virtuoso by Nature: The Scientific Worlds of Francis Willughby FRS (1635–1672), ed. T. R. Birkhead. Leiden: Brill (2016), 99–121.

  —— ‘“Only meer love to learning”: A Rediscovered Travel Diary of Naturalist and Collector, James Petiver (c.1665–1718)’, Journal of the History of Collections 29 (2017), 381–94.

  Sawyer, F. C. ‘John Ray (1627–1705) – A Portrait in Oils’, Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History 4 (1963), 97–9.

  Schulze-Hagen, K. and T. R. Birkhead. ‘The Ethology and Life History of Birds: The Forgotten Contributions of Oskar, Magdalena and Katharina Heinroth’, Journal of Ornithology 156 (2015), 9–18.

  Serjeantson, R. ‘The Education of Francis Willughby’, in Virtuoso by Nature: The Scientific Worlds of Francis Willughby FRS (1635–1672), ed. T. R. Birkhead. Leiden: Brill (2016): 44–98.

  Shrubb, M. Feasting, Fowling and Feathers: A History of the Exploitation of Wild Birds. Poyser; London: A&C Black (2013).

  Skippon, P. ‘An Account of a Journey Made thro’ Part of the Low-Countries, Germany, Italy and France’, in vol. 6 of A Collection of Voyages and Travels, ed. A. and J. Churchill. London: J. Walthoe, T. Wotton, S. Birt, D. Browne, T. Osborn, J. Shuckburgh and H. Lintot (1732), 359–736.

  Smith, J. E. ‘Introductory Discourse on the Rise and Progress of Natural History’, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 1 (1788), 1–55.

  Smith, P. and P. Findlen. Merchants and Marvels: Commerce, Science, and Art in Early Modern Europe. London: Routledge (2001).

  Storey, A. Trinity House of Kingston upon Hull. Hull: Trinity House (1967).

  Stresemann, E. Ornithology from Aristotle to the Present, trans. H. J. Epstein and C. Epstein, ed. G. W. Cottrell. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press (1975; original edition, 1951).

  —— and V. Stresemann. ‘Die Mauser der Vogel’, Journal for Ornithology Sonderheft 107 (1966).

  Suh, A. ‘The Phylogenetic Forest of Bird Trees Contain a Hard Polytomy at the Root of Neonaves’, Zoologica Scripta 45 (2016), 50–62.

  Swainson, W. A Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural History. The Cabinet Cyclopaedia, ed. D. Lardner, vol. 59. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longman (1834).

  Swann, H. K. A Dictionary of English and Folk-names of British Birds. London: Witherby (1913).

  Thomas, J. and R. Lewington. Butterflies of Britain and Ireland, 2nd edn. Oxford: British Wildlife (2010).

  Thomas, K. ‘The Life of Learning’, Proceedings of the British Academy 117 (2002), 210–36.

  Thuman, K. A., F. Widemo and S. C. Griffith. ‘Condition-dependent Sex Allocation in a Lek-breeding Wader, the Ruff (Philomachus pugnax)’, Molecular Ecology 12 (2003), 213–18.

  Valli da Todi, A. Il Canto de gl’Augelli. Rome: N. Mutij (1601).

  Vestjens, W. J. M. ‘Notes on the Trachea and Bronchi of Australian Spoonbills’, Emu 75 (1975), 87–8.

  Vogelsang, H. Der Behemer (bergfink: Fringilla montifringilla). Bergzabern: Pfeifer u Messbecher (1949).

  Wardhaugh, B. ‘Willughby’s Mathematics’, in Virtuoso by Nature: The Scientific Worlds of Francis Willughby FRS (1635–1672), ed. T. R. Birkhead. Leiden: Brill (2016), 122–41.

  Welch, M. A. ‘Francis Willoughby, F.R.S. (1635–1672)’, Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History 6 (1972), 71–85.

  Whitten, A. J. ‘A New Behavioural Method for Further Determination of Olfaction in Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)’, Journal of Biological Education 5 (1971), 291–4.

  Wilkins, J. An Essay towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language. London: Sa. Gellibrand and John Martyn (1668).

  Williams, G. C. Adaptation and Natural Selection. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press (1966).

  Willughby, F. ‘Extracts of two letters, written by Francis Willoughby Esquire, to the publisher, from Astrop, August 19th, and from Midleton, Sept. 2d. 1670 containing his observations on the insects and cartrages, described in the precedent accompt’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 5 (1670), 2100–02.

  —— ‘Observations about that kind of wasps called Vespae ichneumons’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 6 (1671), 2279–81.

  Wood, A. C., ed., The Continuation of the History of the Willughby Family by Cassandra Duchess of Chandos. Windsor: Shakespeare Head Press for the University of Nottingham (1958).

  Wood, C. T. The Ornithological Guide. London: Whittaker (1835).

  Wood, N. The Ornithologist’s Text-Book. London: John W. Parker (1836).

  Woodward, J. and D. Goodstein. ‘Conduct, Misconduct and the Structure of Science’, American Scientist 84 (1996), 479–90.

  Wootton, D. The Invention of Science: A New History of the Scientific Revolution. New York: Harper Collins (2015).

  Wragge-Morley, A. ‘The Work of Verbal Picturing for John Ray and Some of his Contemporaries’, Intellectual History Review 20 (2010), 165–79.

  Yeo, R. Notebooks, English Virtuosi, and Early Modern Science. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press (2014).

  Zeiler, M. Hispaniae et Lusitaniae Itinerarium. Amsterdam: Janonsius Valckenier (1656).

  Zimmerman, M. B. ‘Research on Iodine Deficiency and Goiter in the 19th and early 20th Centuries’, Journal of Nutrition 138 (200
8), 2,060–3.

  Zwinger, T. Methodus apodemica in eorum gratiam qui cum fructu in quocunque tandem vitae genere peregrinari cupiunt. Basel: Eusebii Episcopii (1577).

  Picture Credits

  Note: M&SCUN refers to Manuscripts and Special Collections, University of Nottingham

  pp. here, here: Wikimedia Commons

  pp. here, here, here, here, here (left): M&SCUN, courtesy Lord Middleton

  p. here: From the author’s personal copy of Ray (1673); this image (made later) has been tipped in.

  pp. here, here: Illustration by David Quinn

  p. here: Gerarde’s Herball (1597)

  p. here: Plot (1686)

  pp. here, here, here, here, here: Redrawn from Greengrass et al. (2016)

  pp. here, here: By kind permission of Chapter of Gloucester Cathedral

  p. here: Redrawn from Carter & Basire (1807)

  p. here: From Cornelius Nozeman’s five-volume Nederlandsche Vogelen (1770–1829), courtesy Artis Library, University of Amsterdam

  p. here: Aldrovandi (1603), vol III, p. 387

  pp. here, here, here: Ray (1678)

  p. here: Aldrovandi (1648)

  p. here: Jonston (1657)

  p. here: Olina (1622)

  pp. here, here: Wilkins (1668)

  p. here: Willughby (1670), courtesy the Royal Society of London

  p. here: Courtesy Lord Middleton

  p. here: Courtesy the Royal Society of London

  p. here: Courtesy Haddon Hall Estates

  p. here: Cram et al. (2003)

  p. here: van Grouw (2103)

  p. here: Charleton (1668)

  p. here: Belon (1555)

  p. here (right): Ray (1686)

  Colour plates

  Section 1

  Portraits of Francis Willughby and his parents: courtesy © Birdsall Estates

  Middleton Hall: photo by D. Johnston

  Green and great spotted woodpeckers: © Middleton Collection MiLM24/26, 105

  Black-eared wheatear, lesser grey shrike and red kite: © Middleton Collection MiLM24/39, 66, 31

  Night heron, perch and insects: © Brown University

  Three fish: © Middleton Collection MiLM 25/77, 78, 55

  Section 2

  Spiky beetle, eggs, curiosities and seed trays: photos by T. R. Birkhead, courtesy © Birdsall Estates