Henry the Young King, 1155-1183

by Matthew Strickland

  Eleanor of Beaumont, (i)

  Elias, count of Périgord, (i)

  Elizabeth of Vermandois, countess of Flanders, (i)

  Elsdow abbey, (i)

  Emma, sister of Duke Richard II, (i)

  Ermengard, countess of Narbonne, (i)

  Ernoul, chronicle of, (i)

  esnecca, (i) and n. 56, (ii), (iii), n. 157, (iv), n. 115, (v)

  Essay, (i)

  Evreux, counts of, (i), (ii), (iii)

  bishops of, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  Excideuil, (i)

  Eu, (i), n. 69, (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Eudo FitzErneis, (i)

  Eudo, viscount or Porhoët, (i), (ii), (iii)

  Eugenius III, pope, (i)

  Eustace, son of King Stephen, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Eustace, abbot of Flaye, (i)

  Falaise, (i), (ii), (iii)

  Fantosme, see Jordan

  Faye-la-Vineuse, (i)

  Fécamp, abbey of, (i)

  First Crusade, (i)

  Flanders, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi)

  counts of, (i), see Charles the Good, Thierry, Philip; financiers of, (ii); nobles of, (i), (ii); ports of, (i), (ii); towns of, (i)

  Flemings,

  stipendiary forces of, (i): in Henry II’s Welsh campaign, (i), n. 4; attack Pacy, 1173, (ii); in army of William the Lion, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); in earl of Leicester’s invasion army, (i); defeated at Fornham, (i); in service of Hugh Bigod, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); force lands in support of Hugh de Puiset, 1174, (i), (ii); hostility towards, (i), (ii); harsh treatment of in defeat, (i), (ii); Flemish knights; (i), n. 9: supplied to kings of England in Anglo-Flemish treaties, (i), (ii), (iii); Young King retains in retinue, (i), (ii), (iii); with Count Philip in tourneys, (i); attempt to capture Young King in tournament at Lagny, (i), (ii); summoned by Young King in 1183, (i), (ii); and by Henry II, (i)

  Fontevraud, abbey of, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  Fornham, battle of, 1173, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Fougères, (i), (ii), see Ralph of

  fosterage, at royal and noble courts, (i)

  Framlingham, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Frederick, archbishop of Tyre, (i)

  Frederick Barbarossa, emperor, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  on Second Crusade, (i); support for pope Victor IV, (i); imperial dignity of, (i), (ii); and cult of the Three Kings at Cologne, (i); invests younger son Frederick as duke of Swabia, 1167, (i); crowns eldest son Henry king of the Romans, 1169, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv);Henry writes to in 1173, (i); violates Easter truce at Alessandria, 1175, (i); exiles Henry the Lion, (i); knights sons at great court at Mainz, 1184, (i), n. 31, (ii), n. 149

  Frederick II, emperor, (i)

  Fréteval, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Froger, bishop of Sées, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Fulk IV Le Réchin, count of Anjou, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Fulk V, count of Anjou and king of Jerusalem, (i), (ii), n. 70, (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii)

  Fulk Nerra, count of Anjou, (i), (ii), (iii)

  Galeran d’Ivry, (i)

  Gaston IV, viscount of Béarn, (i)

  Geoffrey, brother of Henry II, (i)

  attempts to abduct Eleanor of Aquitaine, (i), claims Anjou, (ii); rebels against Henry II, (i); made count of Nantes, (i); death, (i)

  Geoffrey, natural son of Henry II,

  elected bishop of Lincoln, (i), (ii); loyalty to Henry II, (i); role in suppression of rebellion in northern England, 1174, (i)

  Geoffrey V Le Bel, count of Anjou, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  knighted by Henry I, (i); associated with rule of Fulk V, (i), (ii); defeats and imprisons brother Helias, (i); conquers Normandy, (i); besieges Rouen, (i); cedes Vexin Normand to Louis VII, (i); invests Henry with Normandy, (i), (ii); projects son’s future rule of England, (i); concern for children’s education, (i); intended plans for succession, (i); as model prince and knight, (i); his eloquence and courtliness, (i); as tourneyer, (i); tomb in cathedral of St Julian, Le Mans, (i), (ii); funerary enamel of, (i)

  Geoffrey, provost of Beverley, chancellor to Young King, (i), (ii), (iii)

  Geoffrey, count of Brittany, son of Henry II, (i), (ii)

  birth, (i); assigned Brittany, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); performs homage for duchy to young Henry, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); at Young King’s great Christmas court, 1171, (i); grievances against father, (i); flees to Capetian court, 1173, (i); swears oath of mutual support with King Louis and allies, (i); joins Young King’s rebellion, (i), (ii); at siege of Drincourt, (i); at siege of Verneuil, (i), (ii); offered terms by Henry II at peace negotiations, (i); submits to father, 1174, (i), (ii); assigned revenues from duchy in treaty of Montlouis, (i); but Nantes withheld from, (i); performs homage to Henry II, (i); destroys castles of former rebels in Brittany, (i); attends great Easter court at Winchester, 1176, (i); suppresses unrest in duchy, 1177, (i); attends great Christmas court at Angers, 1177, (i); knighted by father, 1178, (i); participates in tourneys with Young King, (i), (ii), (iii); marries Constance and exercises direct lordship in Brittany, 1181, (i); brings forces to aid King Philip, 1181, (i); resists father by force, (i); entertained by monks of Grandmont, 1182, (i); attends great Christmas court at Caen, 1182, (i); swears to obey father, (i); driving force behind war of 1183, (i), (ii), (iii); ordered by Henry II to support the Young King against Richard, (i); brings forces from Brittany to Limousin, (i), (ii); aids rebel lords of Aquitaine, (i), (ii); leading role in operations at Limoges, (i), (ii); ambitions, (i); praised by Bertran de Born, (i); permits attack on Henry II’s envoys, (i); advises the Young King to recall William Marshal, (i); submits to Henry II, (i); aids John against Richard, 1184, (i); allies with King Philip and granted seneschalship of France, (i); death in tournament at Paris, 1186, (i); eloquence of, (i); reputation for intrigue, (i); close relations with young Henry, (i), (ii); founds chaplaincy at Rouen for soul of young Henry, (i)

  Geoffrey de Cotentin, (i), (ii)

  Geoffrey the Bearded, count of Anjou, (i)

  Geoffrey Greygown, count of Anjou, (i), (ii), (iii)

  Geoffrey de La Haye, (i)

  Geoffrey de Lusignan, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  Geoffrey II Martel, count of Anjou, (i), (ii)

  Geoffrey IV Martel, son of Fulk le Réchin, (i), (ii)

  Geoffrey de Mandeville, earl of Essex, (i), n. 39

  Geoffrey of Mayenne, (i)

  Geoffrey of Monmouth, (i), n. 13, (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Geoffrey de Neville, (i)

  Geoffrey de Rancon, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), n. 34

  Geoffrey Ridel, archdeacon of Canterbury, (i), (ii), (iii)

  as one of young Henry’s tutores, (i); a particular enemy of Becket, (i); is suspended by Thomas, (i); advises Young King concerning Becket’s return to England, 1170, (i), (ii); election to bishopric of Ely contested by the Young King, 1173, (i); denounced at Curia by young Henry’s agents, (i); as ambassador to Louis, 1177, (i)

  Geoffrey of Saumur, (i)

  Gerard Talbot, (i)

  Geoffrey of Vigeois, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv)

  Gerald of Wales, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx)

  Ger de Musterol, (i)

  Gervase of Tilbury, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  Liber facetiarum, (i); Otia imperialia, (i)

  Gilbert, lord of Galloway, (i)

  Gilbert Crispin, (i)

  Gilbert Foliot, bishop of London, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  Gilbert de Tillières, (i)

  Giles, bishop of Evreux, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Girart de Rousillon, (i)

  Girard, doctor to young Henry, (i)

  Gisors,

  ceded by Coun
t Geoffrey to Louis, (i); skirted by Young King in attack on Normandy, 1173, (i); claimed by Philip Augustus, 1183, (i); to become Alice’s dowry, (i); as site of parleys, (i), (ii), (iii); transferred to Henry II, (i); heavily fortified, (i); see also Vexin

  Gloucester, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); see also Robert, William, earls of

  Godfrey Baard, (i)

  Godfrey de Lagny, (i)

  Godred, king of Man and the Isles, (i)

  Gorre, (i)

  Gorron, (i)

  Goscelin, bishop of Chichester, (i)

  Gottfried von Strasbourg, (i)

  Gournay-en-Bray, (i), (ii)

  Gournay-su-Aronde, (i), (ii)

  Grandmesnil, (i)

  Grandmont, abbey of,

  favoured by Henry II, (i), (ii); his desired as place of burial, (i); conferences held at, (i), (ii), (iii); treasures plundered, 1183, (i); obsequies for the Young King held at, (i); his viscera buried at, (i)

  Groby, (i), (ii), (iii)

  Guernes of Pont-Sainte-Maxence, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x)

  Guinevere, (i)

  Guy de Lusignan, (i), (ii)

  Hadrian IV, pope, (i), (ii)

  Hamo, bishop of Léhon, (i)

  Hamo de Masci, (i)

  Hamo Peche, (i)

  Hasculf of Saint-Hilaire, (i), (ii), (iii)

  brothers Henry and Philip, supporters of Young King, (i), n. 154

  Haughley, (i), (ii)

  Hautefort, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Hawise, countess of Gloucester, (i)

  Hector, (i), (ii)

  Henry, bishop of Bayeux, (i), (ii)

  Henry, count of Eu, (i)

  Henry I, king of France, (i)

  Henry I, king of England, (i). (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)

  imprisons brother Robert Curthose, (i); refuses to pay homage to king of France, (i); defeats Louis VI at Brémule, (i), (ii), (iii); designates son William as heir, (i), (ii); has magnates recognize daughter Matilda as successor, (i); refuses to cede castles to her, 1135, (i); rebellions against, (i), (ii); knights Geoffrey Le Bel, (i); crown-wearings of, (i); touches for the ‘king’s evil’, (i); conflict with Anselm, (i); fear of assassination, (i); prohibits tournaments in England, (i); tomb at Reading abbey, (i), (ii); as a touchstone of royal rights and authority, (i), (ii)

  Henry II, king of England, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  character and personality: praise for by contemporaries, (i), (ii), (iii); seen as uniting Normans and English, (i); importance of ceremony and court protocol to, (i), (ii); crown-wearing ceremonies in early reign, (i); rich material culture of court, (i); great huntsman, (i); anxiety as to status, (i); concern to enhance the sacrality of Angevin kingship, (i); obtains canonization of Edward the Confessor, (i); advises Barbarossa on canonization of Charlemagne, (i), see kingship; close friendship with Thomas Becket, (i); feels betrayed by Becket, (i); relentless in bringing about Thomas’ fall, (i); grief at his murder, (i); his penance at Canterbury, (i); presented as child to St Julian, (i); significance of holy days to, (i); refrains from fighting on, (i); veneration of hand of St James, (i), (ii); proposed crusading plans, (i); coronation of Young King as preparation for, (i); kinship with kings of Jerusalem, (i); target of request for aid from the Latin East, (i), (ii); rule seen as being oppressive, (i); limited patronage and exclusion of many of nobles from influence, (i); resented in Aquitaine as ‘King of the North’, (i), (ii); skill as a general, (i), (ii); speed of movement, (i); studied insouciance during the great rebellion, (i); troubled by interpretations of the Prophecies of Merlin, (i); fear of assassination, (i); disguises grief at young Henry’s death from his army, (i); merciful towards defeated rebels, (i), (ii); reluctance to give territorial endowment to young Henry, (i); reliance on generous fiscal settlements, (i), (ii), (iii); supposed antagonism towards his sons, (i); love for young Henry, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); deep grief at death, (i); relations with kings of France: performs homage for Normandy, (i); resists performing homage once king of England, (i); but allows sons to do, (i), (ii); rejects Louis’ overlordship, 1167, (i); returns to allegiance at Montmirail, 1169, but does not perform homage, (i); campaigns in Brittany as seneschal of France, (i), (ii); studied deference to Louis, (i); reluctance to attack Louis directly, (i); but prepared to offer battle in defence of duchy, (i); astute judge of Louis’ resolve, (i); protects and instructs King Philip, 1179–82, (i); faces increasing hostility of Philip, (i); 1154–73: accession and extent of dominions in 1154, (i), (ii); relations with brothers, (i); campaign in Wales, 1157, (i), (ii); negotiates betrothal of young Henry to Margaret, (i); expedition to Toulouse, 1159, (i); gains papal dispensation for marrying Henry and Margaret as children, (i); proceeds with marriage to regain the Vexin, (i); takes castle of Chaumont, (i); makes peace with Louis, 1161, (i); attends translation of Norman dukes at Fécamp, (i); prepares son’s coronation, 1162, (i); seeks to make Becket both chancellor and archbishop, (i); absence from election, (i); anger at Becket’s resignation of chancellorship, (i); deteriorations in relations with Becket, (i); clash over criminous clerks, (i); removes young Henry from Becket’s household as mark of displeasure, (i); demands acceptance of Constitutions of Clarendon, (i); brings charges against Becket, (i); renews Anglo-Flemish treaty, 1163, (i); takes homage of Welsh rulers and Malcolm IV at Woodstock, (i); rumoured to be seeking coronation of young Henry by the pope, (i); deposes Conan of Brittany, 1166, (i); contains major rebellions in Brittany and Aquitaine, 1166–8, (i); storms Chaumont-sur-Epte, (i); makes peace with Louis at Montmirail and establishes division of his lands between sons, (i); proposed crusade, 1171, (i); proceeds with coronation of young Henry, (i); measures to prevent letters of prohibition, (i); serves son at coronation banquet, (i); negotiates peace with Thomas, (i); falls gravely ill, (i); pilgrimage to Rocamadour, (i); establishes peace with Becket, (i); orders restoration of the archbishop’s lands, (i); furious reaction to news of Thomas’ actions in England, (i); reaction to his murder, (i); sends embassy to Alexander III, (i); orders investigation into ducal rights in Normandy, (i); leads expedition to Ireland, 1171, (i); establishes his overlordship there, (i); cut off from contact with England by storms, (i); returns to meet papal legates in Normandy, (i); agrees settlement at Avranches and is absolved, (i); agrees to have Margaret crowned queen, (i); senses impending rebellion, (i); measures to resume encroached rights and lands, (i); resumption of castles, (i); Adam de Port accused of plotting to kill, (i); recalls Young King to Normandy, 1172, (i); alarmed by Louis’ influence over son, (i); holds regional summit at Montferrat, 1173, (i); plans marriage agreement with Humbert of Maurienne, (i); receives homage of Raymond of Toulouse, (i); brokers peace between Raymond and Alfonso II of Aragon, (i); alienates young Henry by grant of castles in Anjou to John, (i); warned of plot by Raymond of Toulouse, (i); fails to catch up with son, (i); sends gifts and requests return, (i); unsuccessful embassy to embassy to Louis, (i); 1173–74 and the great war: appeals to other rulers for support, (i); and to papacy, (i); unable to come to relief of Drincourt, (i); marches to relief of Verneuil, (i); challenges Louis to battle at Breteuil, (i); races to siege of Dol, (i); treats prisoners with clemency, (i); ravages lands of Breton rebels, (i); holds peace negotiations, (i); offers generous financial terms to sons, (i); moves against rebels in Touraine and Anjou, (i); fears of desertion, (i); grants Louis a truce, (i); suppresses rebellion in Maine and Anjou, 1174, (i); campaigns in the Saintonge and Limousin, (i); strengthens defences of Normandy, (i); suborns French nobles with gifts, (i); warned of gravity of situation in England by Richard of Ilchester, (i); sails from Barfleur, (i); his penance at Becket’s tomb, (i); strengthens the defences of Kent against threatened invasion from Flanders, (i); welcomed into London, (i); informed of King William’s capture, (i); marches against Hugh Bigod, (i); accepts his surrender on terms, (i); receives surrender of other rebels at Northampton, (i); comes to the relief of Rouen, (i); threatens to give battle to allied forces, (i); refr
ains from pursuit of retreating French, (i); begins peace negotiations with young Henry and Louis, (i); marches into Poitou and accepts submission of Richard, (i); reasons for success in the war, (i); establishes peace at Montlouis, (i); clemency to rebels, (i); generous terms to sons, (i); takes homage of Richard and Geoffrey, (i); reluctant to take homage from young Henry because of his regal status, (i); allays son’s fears by finally accepting his homage, (i); makes settlement with Count Philip, (i); publicizes the Young King’s submission at council of Windsor, 1175, (i); impact of the rebellion on Henry II’s position, (i); 1175–83: accompanies young Henry on pilgrimage to Canterbury, (i); restores authority in the Welsh marches, (i); receives Welsh princes at Gloucester, (i); progress through Midlands and punitive enforcement of the Forest Law, (i); receives the submission of King William and the Scots nobles at York, (i); takes control of castles of lowland Scotland, (i); considers divorcing Eleanor, (i); associates the Young King with measures to restore authority implemented though assize of Northampton, (i); holds great Easter court, 1176, at Winchester with his sons, (i); sends young Henry to assist Richard in suppressing rebellion in Aquitaine, (i); receives Richard with honour after his victories, (i); angered by the Young King’s treatment of Adam of Churchdown, (i); fearing renewed rebellion takes castles in England into his own hands and demolishes those of former rebels, (i), (ii); restores lands to former rebels, (i); pressures William earl of Gloucester into making John his main heir, (i); orders young Henry to take Châteauroux, 1177, (i), (ii); prepares forces against Louis, (i), (ii); demands the French Vexin and Bourges, (i); aggressive stance towards Louis opposed by the Young King, (i); concludes peace settlement with Louis at Ivry, (i); holds great Christmas court at Angers, 1177, (i); ascendancy over Capetians, (i); purchases La Marche, (i); at consecration of Bec, 1178, (i); receives Young King with honour in England, 1179, (i); reforms system of itinerant justices, (i); greets Louis VII at Dover, (i); sends game to Philip to stock park at Vincennes, (i); reconciles King Philip and mother Adela,1180, (i); renews treaty of Ivry, (i); brokers peace between King Philip and count of Flanders, 1181, (i); places Normandy under control of Young King, (i); negotiates settlement over the Vermandois between King Philip and Count Philip, 1182, (i); draws up his testament, (i); assists Richard to suppress rebellion in Aquitaine, 1182, (i); troubled by Young King’s renewed demands for Normandy, (i); promises him greatly increased revenues and to support 100 knights in his household, (i); holds great Christmas court at Caen, 1182, (i); receives protests of William Marshal and count of Tancarville, (i); unsuccessful attempts to reconcile sons, (i); gives young Henry permission to wage war on Richard, (i); shot at by defenders of the Château at Limoges, (i); summons reinforcements, (i); lays siege to Limoges, (i); promises to equip young Henry’s journey to Jerusalem, (i); envoys attacked by rebels, (i); fearing wider rebellion, has suspect nobles arrested in his other lands, (i); forced to withdraw from Limoges, (i); orders bishops to excommunicate those fomenting rebellion, (i); renews siege of Limoges, (i); fears that son will join battle with him, (i); fears to visit young Henry at Martel, (i); sends ring as token of forgiveness, (i); grief at death of young Henry, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); takes Limoges and suppresses rebellion, (i); forgives Bertran de Born, (i); gives William Marshal expenses for journey to Jerusalem, (i); arbitrates in dispute over burial site of young Henry, (i); refuses to restore Margaret’s dowry, (i); compelled to perform homage to Philip for the Vexin, (i); revises succession plans, (i); drives Richard to rebellion by refusal to publically recognize him as heir, (i)