More, Thomas
Mortality. See Death rates
Moscow
Mother, The (de Hooch)
Mothers See also Families Women Motion
Mountain, the (France)
Movable type
Mozart family: Leopold, Nannerl, and Wolfgang Amadeus
Mughal Empire
Mühlberg, Battle of
Mulattoes
Multiracial society, in Latin America
Mumbai (Bombay)
Münster, Anabaptists in
Müntzer, Thomas
Murad (Ottoman Turks)
Music: in Enlightenment in Renaissance
Muslims: in 18th century Enlightenment and in India in Spain trade and
Myanmar. See Burma (Myanmar)
Mysticism
Nagasaki
Nantes, in French Revolution
Naples Austria and kingdom of market square in revolt in
Napoleon I Bonaparte (France) Civil Code of defeat of Grand Empire of
Narva, Battle of
Naseby, battle at
National Assembly (France)
National Convention (France)
National debt
National Guard (France) Nationalism German Napoleon and in Prussia Spanish
Nationalization: of churches
Nation in arms: in France
Native Americans. See Indians
Native peoples: Christianization of See also Indians (Native Americans)
Nattier, Jean Marc
Natural law of economics natural rights and
Natural philosophers
Natural rights
Navarre
Navigational aids astrolabe compass
Navy: British French Russian in 17th century See also Armada (Spain) Military Neoclassicism
Neoplatonism
Nepotism
Netherlands: Calvinism in in 18th century France and sciences and See also Austrian Netherlands Dutch Dutch Republic Low Countries Spanish Netherlands Neumann, Balthasar
New Cicero, The (Bruni)
New England: exploration of
Newfoundland
New Jerusalem, John of Leiden and
New Model Army (England)
New monarchies, in Renaissance
New Netherland
New Spain
Newspapers
New Testament See also Bible
Newton, Isaac
New World England and European diseases in exploration of Portugal and Spain and voyages to
New York
New Zealand
Nimwegen, peace at
Niña (ship)
Ninety-Five Theses (Luther)
Nobility: absolutism and in Denmark in 18th century in England in 14th century in France grand tour and in Poland in Prussia in Renaissance in Russia in Scandinavia as social estate in Spain in Sweden
“Noble savage” idea
Nocturnal Spectator (Restif de la Bretonne)
Nogarola, Isotta
Nomads See also Migration
Nördlingen, Battle of
Normandy
North Africa: Ottomans and
North America: British in Dutch in French in 1700–1803 in Seven Years’ War Spain and in War of the Spanish Succession
Northern Europe: artistic Renaissance in governments in sciences in
Northern Renaissance humanism
Northern War: Denmark in
Norway: Hansa and Scandinavian unification and See also Scandinavia Notre-Dame Cathedral (Paris): as Temple of Reason
Nova Scotia
Novels See also Literature Nuns
Nuremberg Lutheranism in Nutrition
Nystadt, Peace of
Oath of the Horatii (David)
Observations upon Experimental Philosophy… (Cavendish)
Observatories
Occult: Hermetic writings and
Ohio River region
Old order: in France
Old regime (France)
Old Testament. See Bible
Olivares (Count)
On Anatomical Procedures (Galen)
On Crimes and Punishments (Beccaria) Onesti, Nastagio degli
On the Fabric of the Human Body (Vesalius) On the Family (Alberti)
On the Freedom of a Christian Man (Luther)
On the Motion of the Heart and Blood (Harvey)
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (Copernicus)
Open-field system
Opera
Orange, house of See also William and Mary (England)
Oration on the Dignity of Man (Pico della Mirandola)
Oratory of Divine Love
Orbits, of planets
Order of Preachers. See Dominicans
Orders (classes) See also Religious orders specific groups
Orders of Friars Minor. See Franciscans Orléans
Orléans, duke of
Orthodox Christianity. See Eastern Orthodoxy
Ottoman Empire Charles V and Russian expansion and in 16th and 17th centuries
Ottoman Turks
See also Ottoman Empire
Overseas trade
Oxenstierna, Axel
Oxford University (England)
Pachakuti (Inca)
Pacification of Ghent
Pacific Ocean region: Balboa in
Padua: medical school in
Painting: Baroque of Giotto Mannerist Realist
Palatinate
Paleologus dynasty
Palladio, Andrea
Pamela: or, Virtue Rewarded (Richardson)
Panama: Isthmus of
Pantheism
Papacy: at Avignon in Catholic Reformation church-state struggle and decline in France and Italy and Reformation and in Renaissance supremacy of See also Pope specific popes
Papal bulls
Papal States in 14th century Italy and
Paper
Paper money
Paracelsus
Paris: in Enlightenment fall of Bastille in foundling homes in French Revolution and Fronde in medical school in
Paris, Treaty of: of 1763 of 1783 Paris Commune: in French Revolution
Parlement of Paris Parlements (France)
Parliament: in Sweden See also
Parliament (England)
Parliament (England) Cavalier
Parliament and English civil war and monarchy and structure of
Parma, duke of
Parr, Catherine
Partitions: of Poland
Pascal, Blaise
Patriarchies (family): in 18th century
Patricians
Patriots: in American Revolution in Dutch Republic women in France as
Patronage: in England of scientists Paul III (Pope)
Paul IV (Pope)
Peace of Augsburg
Peace of Lodi
Peace of the Pyrenees
Peace of Utrecht
Peace of Westphalia
Peasants in 14th century in 16th century in 18th century diet of in England in France in Germany in Japan literacy and in Poland potato and in Prussia in Renaissance revolts by in Russia as Third Estate
See also Serfs and serfdom Peasants’ Revolt (England, 1381)
Peasants’ War
Penny, Edward
Pensées (Pascal)
Periodicals: in 18th century
See also Magazines Newspapers
Permanent Committee (Paris)
Persian Letters (Montesquieu)
Peru
Peter III (Russia)
Peter the Great (Russia)
Petition of Right (England)
Petrarch
Phèdre (Racine)
Philip, Landgrave of Hesse
Philip II (Spain) Elizabeth I (England) and French Wars of Religion and revolt of Netherlands and Spanish power under
Philip III (Spain)
Philip IV (the Fair, France)
Philip IV (Spain)
Philip V (Spain)
Philip VI (Fra
nce)
Philip of Burgundy, marriage of
Philip of Orléans
Philippines
Philosophes on enlightened rulers French Revolution and as historians
Philosophical Transactions (Royal Society)
Philosophic Letters on the English (Voltaire)
Physicians: in 14th century in 18th century See also Medicine Physiocrats
Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni Pietism
Pinta (ship)
Piranesi, Giovanni Battista
Pirates
Pisa: Council of
Pitt, William: the Elder the Younger
Pius VII (Pope)
Pizarro, Francisco, Inca and
Plague
See also Black Death Plains of Abraham
Planetary motion
Planets
Plantation economy
Plantations
Plants: in Columbian Exchange See also Agriculture; Crop(s)
Plassey, Battle of
Plato
Platonic Academy (Florence)
Platonic thought, Neoplatonism and
Pluralism
Plurality of Worlds (Fontenelle)
Pocket boroughs (England)
Poem of Joan of Arc, The (Christine de Pizan)
Pogroms
Poitiers: battle at (1356)
Poland: Anabaptists in Jesuits in Jews in monarchy in Ottomans and partitions of Russia and
Poland-Lithuania
Political Treatise, A (Spinoza)
Politics: of Anabaptists Enlightenment and in 14th century French Wars of Religion and in Germany religion and slave trade and violence in
Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture (Bossuet)
Politiques
Pollaiuolo, Antonio
Poll tax: in England
Polo, Marco
Poltava, Battle of
Pombal, marquis of
Pompadour, Madame de
Pompeii
Pontiff. See Pope
Poor people. See Poverty
Pope: Luther and Napoleon and Philip IV (France) and See also Papacy specific popes
Popolo grasso (industrial class)
Popolo minuto
Popular culture: in 18th century and religion
Popular religion: in 18th century in Middle Ages
Population: in 17th century in 18th century of Amsterdam Black Death and famine and in France growth of in Latin America in Prussia Portolani (charts)
Portraiture: in Renaissance
Portugal: Americas and Asia and China and in 18th century empire of expansion by India and Japan and Jesuits and Latin America and New World and slavery and Spain and sphere of influence of
Portuguese Empire
Potatoes
Poussin, Nicholas
Poverty: in cities in 18th century in France of peasants
Pragmatic Sanction
Prague
Praise of Folly, The (Erasmus)
Predestination, Calvin on
Prefects (France)
Presbyterians
Presbyters
President (U.S.)
Prester John, magical kingdom of
Price revolution
Primary education
Primavera (Botticelli)
Primogeniture
Prince, The (Machiavelli)
Principia (Newton)
Printing
Prisoners of war
Prisons, reform of
Private schools: Protestant
Proclamation to the French Troops in Italy (Napoleon I)
Procurator (Russia)
Progress of the Human Mind, The (Condorcet)
Prostitution: in 14th century grand tour and in Renaissance Italy
Protestantism: by 1560 in 18th century church organization in education and Peace of Augsburg and Pietism and Puritans and revivalism in spread of women and See also Huguenots Protestant Reformation
Protestant Union
Provence, France
Prussia Dutch Republic and in 18th century military in Napoleon and nobility in Poland and population of in Seven Years’ War See also Brandenburg-Prussia Silesia Ptolemaic-Aristotelian cosmology
Ptolemaic universe
Ptolemy, Claudius
Public credit
Public education. See Education
Public health
Public schools
Publishing See also Books Printing Pugachev, Emelyan
Punishment: in Austria in 18th century
Purgatory
Puritans
Putting-out system
Pym, John
Pyramids: Mayan
Qianlong (China)
Qing Empire (China)
Quakers
Quebec
Querelles des femmes
Quesnay, François
Quetzalcoatl (god)
Racine, Jean-Baptiste
Radical Reformation
Radicals and radicalism: in French Revolution
Ranters
Raphael
Rastatt, Peace of
Rationalism See also Reason
Raw materials
Reaction: in French Revolution
Reading See also Literacy
Realism: in Dutch painting in medieval painting in Renaissance painting
Realschule (Germany)
Reason: in Enlightenment See also Rationalism
Reason of state
Rebellions. See Revolts and rebellions Recessions: in 17th century
Reform and reformers: in Austria of Catholic Church Christian humanism and in Denmark in France Napoleonic in Prussia in Russia in Sweden
See also Reformation Reformation See also Catholic
Reformation Protestant Reformation Reformed churches
Refugees
Regency: in England
Regensburg Colloquy
Reichstag (Germany)
Reign of Terror (French Revolution)
Relativism. See Cultural relativism
Relics (Catholic Church)
Religion: in eastern Europe in 18th century in England expansion and in France in Germany politics and popular culture and science and skepticism about Thirty Years’ War and Voltaire on Wars of witchcraft craze and See also Popular religion Reformation specific groups
Religious orders
Religious toleration: in 18th century by Joseph II (Austria) Voltaire on
Rém, Nicholas
Rembrandt van Rijn
Renaissance arts in Catholic Church in education in in Italy magic in music in in northern Europe papacy in printing in social orders in state in
“Reports of the Genevan Consistory,”
Republic of Virtue, in France
Resources
Restif de la Bretonne, Nicolas
Restoration: in England in France
Revivalism, Protestant
Revolts and rebellions: in cities in England in France in Japan Luther and in Russia in Saint Domingue Th irty Years’ War and
Revolution(s) American in England in France See also Revolts and rebellions
Revolutionary Tribunal, The (Milligen)
Revolution Settlement (England)
Rhodes
Ricci, Matteo
Richard II (England)
Richard II (Shakespeare)
Richard III (England)
Richardson, Samuel
Richelieu (Cardinal)
Rights: in France Locke on natural
Riksdag (Sweden)
Rivals, The (Sheridan)
Roads and highways: Inca
Robespierre, Maximilien
Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, duc de la
Rococo style
Rocroi, Battle of
Roman Catholic Church. See Catholic Church Roman Inquisition
Romanov dynasty
Romanticism Rousseau and
Rome (city): sack of (1527)
Rossbach, Battle of
Rossi, Luigi de’
Ro
uen, revolt in (1382)
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques
Royal Academy of Sciences (France)
Royal College of Physicians (England)
Royal College of Surgeons (England)
Royal Council (Britain)
Royal council (France)
Royalists: in England
Royal Observatory, at Greenwich, England
Royal Society (England)
Rubens, Peter Paul
Rucellai family
Rudder
Rudolf II (Holy Roman Empire)
“Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy” (Newton)
Rump Parliament
Russia: China and economy in in 18th century Enlightenment in government of Jews and military in Mongols in Napoleon and Peter the Great and Poland and population of revolts in West and women in World War I and
Russian Orthodox Church See also Eastern Orthodoxy Ryswick, Treaty of
Sacraments: Calvin on Luther on
sacrifices: in Benin
Sailors and sailing Portuguese Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
Saint-Domingue
See also Haiti Saint Helena, Napoleon on
Saint-Just, Louis
Saint Lawrence River region
St. Peter’s Basilica (Rome)
St. Petersburg, Russia in 18th century foundling home in “Saints,” Anabaptists as
Saint-Simon, duc de (Louis de Rouvroy)
Saint Vincent de Paul: religious order of
Salerno, medical school in
Salons
Salvation: Calvin on charity for Luther and before Reformation
Sanitation: in cities in 14th century
San Lorenzo, Church of
Sans-culottes
Santa María (ship)
Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence
Santi di Tito
Santo Domingo
Sardinia Austria and
Saxony
Scandinavia: Black Death in in 18th century Lutheranism in
Schmalkaldic League
Scholarship. See Intellectual thought Scholasticism
Schönborn prince-bishop (Würzburg): palace of
School of Athens (Raphael)
Schools: in 18th century for girls humanist Jesuit medical in Middle Ages monastic Protestant See also Education Universities and colleges
Schwartz, Matthaus
Science: agriculture and in Enlightenment religion and society and women in See also Medicine Scientific Revolution
Science of man: Diderot on
Scientific laws: of Kepler of Newton
Scientific method
Scientific Revolution medicine in
Scientific societies
Scotland: Calvinism in England and Knox in Mary, queen of Scots, in Presbyterian Church in in United Kingdom
Scripture See also Catholic Church Protestantism Theology Sculpture: Baroque in Italian Renaissance
Scutage
Sea Beggars
Sea routes: in Renaissance
Seasons, The (Haydn)
Secondary schools
Second Continental Congress
Second Estate: in European society in France
Secret societies: in Enlightenment Secularism
Western Civilization: Volume B: 1300 to 1815, 8th Edition Page 86