The Third Reich in Power

by Evans, Richard J.

  150 . There are solid accounts in Wolfgang Benz, ‘The Relapse into Barbarism’, 3-15; also idem, ‘Der Novemberpogrom 1938’, in Benz (ed.), Die Juden, 499-544; Hitler’s role is outlined in Longerich, Der ungeschriebene Befehl, 61-4; the evidence on the origins of the pogrom is carefully sifted in Longerich, Politik, 198- 202 and the accompanying endnotes; see also Kropat, ‘Reichskristallnacht’, 79-89 and 172-81. For Hitler’s purposes in unleashing the pogrom, see Domarus (ed.), Hitler, II. 1,235-42. The many accounts that portray the pogrom as improvised at the last minute, or that attribute it to Goebbels alone, correspond neither to the evidence nor to the context of the events of the preceding months and weeks: for such arguments, see for example Dieter Obst, ‘Reichskristallnacht’: Ursachen und Verlauf des antisemitischen Pogroms vom November 1938 (Frankfurt am Main, 1991); Uwe Dietrich Adam, ‘How Spontaneous Was the Pogrom?’, in Pehle (ed.), November 1938, 73-94; Döscher, ‘Reichskristallnacht’, 77-80. See also, with varying accents, Hermann Graml, Reichskristallnacht, 17-19; Ulrich Herbert, ‘Von der “Reichskristallnacht” zum “Holocaust”. Der 9. November und das Ende des “Radau-Antisemitismus” ’, in idem, Arbeit, Volkstum, Weltanschauung: Über Fremde und Deutsche im 20. Jahrhundert (Frankfurt am Main, 1995), 59-78; Barkai, From Boycott to Annihilation, 133-8; Kurt Pätzold and Irene Runge, Pogromnacht 1938 (Berlin, 1988); Kaplan, Between Dignity and Despair, 119- 44; and Kropat, ‘Reichskristallnacht’, for a selection of key documents.

  151 . Nuremberg Document PS 3063 (Report of the Supreme Party Tribunal, 13 February 1939), in Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, 14 November 1945-1 October 1946 (Nuremberg, 1948), XXXII. 20-29.

  152 Müller to all Stapostellen and Stapoleitstellen, 9 November 1939, in Trial of the Major War Criminals, XXV. 376-80, at 377 (ND 374-PS); Hermann Graml, Anti-Semitism in the Third Reich (Cambridge, Mass., 1992), 13; for Hitler’s meeting with Himmler, see Kershaw, Hitler, II. 883 n. 56.

  153 . Quoted and discussed, with other documents, in Richard J. Evans, Lying About Hitler. History, Holocaust and the David Irving Trial (New York, 2001), 52-61; see also Longerich, Politik, 198-202; Graml, Reichskristallnacht, 20-22; and Kropat, ‘Reichskristallnacht’, 89-108.

  154 Quoted in Longerich, Politik, 199-200.

  155 Saskia Lorenz, ‘Die Zerstörung der Synagogen unter dem Nationalsozialismus’, in Arno Herzig (ed.), Verdrängung, 153-72; Behnken (ed.), DeutschlandBerichte , V (1938), 187.

  156 . For good evidence of the full participation of the SS, see Michael Zimmermann, ‘Die “Reichskristallnacht” 1938 in Essen’, in Alte Synagoge (ed.), Entrechtung und Selbsthilfe, 66-97.

  157 Behnken (ed.), Deutschland-Berichte, V (1938), 1,188.

  158 . Sauer, Die Schicksale, 420.

  159 . Avraham Barkai, ‘The Fateful Year’, 95-122; Longerich, Politik, 203. For further details see for example Karl H. Debus, ‘Die Reichskristallnacht in der Pfalz’, Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins, 129 (1981), 445-515; Joachim Meynert, Was vor der ‘Endlösung’ geschah, 208-22; Graml, Reichskristallnacht , 22-49; Fichtl et al., ‘Bambergs Wirtschaft’, 135-89; Kropat, ‘Reichskristallnacht’, 109-18; idem, Kristallnacht in Hessen, 51-136; and Wippermann, Das Leben, 1. 97-107. Herbert Schultheis, Die Reichskristallnacht in Deutschland nach Augenzeugenberichten (Bad Neustadt an der Saale, 1985), reprints a contemporary collection of eyewitness reports.

  160 Wildt, ‘Violence’, 191-200.

  161 Longerich, Politik, 203-5 and 642-3, n. 231; Friedländer, Nazi Germany, 269-79.

  162 . Tagebuch Luise Solmitz, 10 November 1938.

  163 Behnken (ed.), Deutschland-Berichte, V (1938), 1,191.

  164 . Ibid.

  165 . Ibid., 1,208.

  166 . Reck-Malleczewen, Diary, 80.

  167 . Behnken (ed.), Deutschland-Berichte, V (1938), 1,207.

  168 . Klepper, Unter den Schatten, 675.

  169 . Maschmann, Account Rendered, 56-7. Further, varied reactions from non-Jewish Germans are quoted and discussed in Benz, ‘Der Novemberpogrom’, 525-8; Bankier, The Germans, 85-8; Kropat, ‘Reichskristallnacht’, 153-69; idem, Kristallnacht in Hessen, 241-6; and Helmut Gatzen, Novemberpogrom 1938 in Gütersloh: Nachts Orgie der Gewalt, tags organisierte Vernichtung (Gütersloh, 1993), 63-7. Jörg Wollenberg (ed.), The German Public and the Persecution of the Jews 1933-1945: ‘No One Participated, No One Knew’ (Atlantic Highlands, N. J., 1996 [1989]) contains documents and essays, of varying quality.

  170 Friedländer, Nazi Germany, 297.

  171 Witetschek (ed.), Die kirchliche Lage, I. 300 (no. 122, Regierung Oberbayern, 10 December 1938).

  172 . Michael Faulhaber, Judaism, Christianity, and Germany: Advent Sermons Preached in St Michael’s, Munich in 1933 (London, 1934), 1-6, 13-16, 107-10, reprinted in Mosse (ed.), Nazi Culture, 256-61; Friedländer, Nazi Germany, 297; Walter Zwi Bacharach, ‘The Catholic Anti-Jewish Prejudice, Hitler and the Jews’, in Bankier (ed.), Probing, 415-30.

  173 Horst Matzerath (ed.), ‘. . . vergessen kann man die Zeit nicht, das ist nicht möglich . . .’ Kölner erinnern sich an die Jahre 1929-1945 (Cologne, 1985), 172; see also Ursula Büttner, ‘ “The Jewish Problem becomes a Christian Problem”: German Protestants and the Persecution of the Jews in the Third Reich’, in Bankier (ed.), Probing, 431-59.

  174 Longerich, Politik, 206.

  175 Fröhlich (ed.), Die Tagebücher, I/VI. 180-81 (10 November 1938).

  176 Trial of the Major War Criminals, XXXII. 29 (ND 3063-PS).

  177 Fröhlich (ed.), Die Tagebücher, I/VI. 181 (10 November 1938).

  178 Ibid., 182 (11 November 1938); for the call to bring the action to an end, see ‘Keine weiteren Aktionen mehr’, Berliner Volks-Zeitung, 534, 11 November 1938, front page; ‘Keine Einzel-Aktionen gegen das Judentum’, Berliner Morgenpost , 270, 11 November 1938, front page; etc.

  179 . Longerich, Politik, 204; for suicides, see Konrad Kuriet and Helmut Eschwege (eds.), Selbstbehauptung und Widerstand: Deutsche Juden im Kampf um Existenz und Menschenwürde 1933-1945 (Hamburg, 1984), 202.

  180 Obst, Reichskristallnacht, 284-5, 297-307; Wildt, ‘Violence’, 201-2; Zimmermann, ‘Die “Reichskristallnacht” ’, 77.

  181 Wildt, ‘Violence’, 204; Pingel, Häftlinge, 94; Anthony Read and David Fisher, Kristallnacht: Unleashing the Holocaust (London, 1989), 121-35; Kropat, ‘Reichskristallnacht’, 138-41; idem, Kristallnacht in Hessen, 167-79.

  182 Quoted in Benz, ‘The Relapse’, 17.

  183 Völkischer Beobachter, 11 November 1938 (North German edition), 2; Benz, ‘The Relapse’, 18.

  184 . Peter (ed.), NS-Presseanweisungen, VI: 1938, 1,060-61.

  185 . Reprinted in Berliner Morgenpost, 271, 12 November 1938, front page. For a broader analysis, see Herbert Obenaus, ‘The Germans: “An Antisemitic People”. The Press Camapaign after 9 November 1938’, in Bankier (ed.), Probing, 147-80.

  186 . Read and Fisher, Kristallnacht, 166-79.

  187 Treue (ed.), ‘Hitlers Denkschrift’, 210.

  188 Fröhlich (ed.), Die Tagebücher I/VI. 182 (11 November 1938).

  189 Barkai, ‘The Fateful Year’, 119-20; lengthy extracts from the minutes in Wilfried Mairgünther, Reichkristallnacht (Kiel, 1987), 90-130.

  190 Trial of the Major War Criminals, XXVIII. 499-540, at 509-10.

  191 Bruno Blau (ed.), Das Ausnahmerecht für die Juden in Deutschland, 1933-— 1945 (Düsseldorf, 1954 [1952]), 54-62; ‘Dr. Goebbels: Theater, Kinos, Konzerte fur Juden verboten’, Berliner Illustrierte Nachtausgabe, 266, 12 November 1938, front page; Longerich, Politik, 208-9; Kropat, ‘Reichskristallnacht’, 127-34. For cogent criticism of the legend that Goring and Himmler disapproved of the pogrom in principle, see Graml, Reichskristallnacht, 177, and Kropat, ‘Reichskristallnacht’ , 119-27.

  192 . Jonny Moser, ‘Depriving Jews of Their Legal Rights in the Third Reich’, in Pehle (ed.), November 1938, 123-38; see also, more generally, Kropat, ‘Reichskristallnacht’ , 134-8.

  193 Barkai, ‘The Fateful Year’, 119-2
0; ‘Beratung über die Massnahmen gegen Juden: Die Aufbringung der Sühne von I Milliarde’, Berliner Illustrierte Nachtaus gabe, 267, 14 November 1935, front page.

  194 Genschel, Die Verdrängung, 206; local examples in Fichtl et. al., ‘Bambergs Wirtschaft’, 183-97.

  195 ‘Dr. Goebbels über die Lösung der Judenfrage’, Berliner Illustrierte Nachtaus gabe, 267, 14 November 1938, 2; for a full list of the measures themselves, see Longerich, Politik, 208-19; also Friedländer, Nazi Germany, 280-305.

  196 Barkai, ‘The Fateful Year’, 121-2; Moser, ‘Depriving Jews’, 123-38, at 126-34; Konrad Kwiet, ‘Nach dem Pogrom: Stufen der Ausgrenzung’, in Benz (ed.), Die Juden, 545-659; Longerich, Politik, 218-19; Wolf Gruner, Der geschlossene Arbeitseinsatz deutscher Juden: Zur Zwangsarbeit als Element der Verfolgung, 1938-1943 (Berlin, 1997); for local examples, see Uwe Lohalm, ‘Local Administration and Nazi Anti-Jewish Policy’, in Bankier (ed.), Probing, 109-46, and Meynert, Was vor der ‘Endlösung’ geschah, 230-33. For the Reich Association, see Otto Dov Kulka (ed.), Deutsches Judentum unter dem Nationalsozialismus, I: Dokumente zur Geschichte der Reichsvertretung der deutschen Juden 1933-1939 (Tübingen, 1997), 410-28.

  197 Wildt, ‘Violence’, 204-8.

  198 . Boberach (ed.), Meldungen, II. 21-6, 221-2.

  199 . Wetzel, ‘Auswanderung’, 420.

  200 . Quoted in Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (London, 1973 [1955]), 269, n. 2; see also Wetzel, ‘Auswanderung’, 426, 429; and Avraham Barkai, ‘Self-Help in the Dilemma: “To Leave or to Stay?” ’, in Meyer (ed.), German-Jewish History, IV. 313-32. For the origins of the Reich Centre, see below, 659-61.

  201 Not counting Austria and the Sudetenland, which when added made 330,539 (Statistisches Jahrbuch für das deutsche Reich, 59 (1941/42), 27: ‘Die Juden und jüdischen Mischlinge in den Reichsteilen und nach Gemeindegrössenklassen 1939’).

  202 ‘Jüdische Bevölkerungsstatistik’, in Benz (ed.), Die Juden, 733. These figures are obtained by subtracting the total of roughly 26,000 Jews of foreign nationality from Wetzel’s total for each year. Further statistics are supplied in Konrad Kwiet, ‘To Leave or Not to Leave: The German Jews at the Crossroads’, in Pehle (ed.), November 1938, 139-53.

  203 . Wetzel, ‘Auswanderung’, 423-5; Arthur D. Morse, While Six Million Died: A Chronicle of American Apathy (New York, 1967); David Wyman, Paper Walls: America and the Refugee Crisis, 1938-1941 (Amherst, Mass., 1968); Richard Breitman and Alan Kraut, American Refugee Policy and European Jewry, 1933- 1945 (Bloomingtom 1987); see also Irving Abella and Harold Troper, None Is Too Many: Canada and the Jews of Europe, 1933-1948 (Toronto, 1983).

  204 . Klemperer, I Shall Bear Witness, 241 (20 March 1938), 247 (23 May 1938), 251 (12 July 1938), 252-3 (10 August 1938), 263-4 (27 November 1938), 266 (3 December 1938).

  205 . Ibid., 267-8 (6 December 1938), 269 (15 December 1938), 279 (10 January 1939). See also Susanne Heim, ‘The German-Jewish Relationship in the Diaries of Victor Klemperer’, in Bankier (ed.), Probing, 312-25; and, more generally, Meynert, Was vor der ‘Endlösung’ geschah, 223-9.

  206 Tagebuch Luise Solmitz, 12 November 1938, 13 November 1938, 15 November 1938, 22 November 1938, 1 December 1938, 14 March 1939, 29 August 1939.

  207 . Trial of the Major War Criminals, XXVIII. 534 (ND 1816-PS). For the meeting on 6 December, see Longerich, Politik, 210-12.

  208 Longerich, Politik, 206; Friedländer, Nazi Germany, 288-92 and 298-9.

  209 Kershaw, The ‘Hitler Myth’, 235-9.

  210 . Longerich, Der ungeschriebene Befehl, 55-7.

  211 Ibid., 67; James Marshall-Cornwell et al. (eds.), Akten zur deutschen auswärtigen Politik, 1918-1945: Aus den Akten des Deutschen Auswärtigen Amtes (Series A-E, Baden-Baden, 1951-95), Series D, IV. 291-5, at 293 (‘Aufzeichnung des Legationsrats Hewel, Berchtesgaden’, 24 November 1938).

  212 . ‘Aufzeichnung des Legationsrats Hewel’, 21 January 1939, in Marshall-Cornwell et al. (eds.), Akten, Series D, IV, 167-71, at 170.

  213 . Domarus, Hitler, II. 1,055-8.

  214 . Herbert A. Strauss, ‘The Drive for War and the Pogroms of November 1938: Testing Explanatory Models’, Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook, 35 (1990), 267-78.

  215 . Longerich, Politik, 220-21; Philippe Burrin, Hitler and the Jews: The Genesis of the Holocaust (London, 1994 [1989]), 61-3. For the view that Hitler’s threat was not to be taken seriously, and was not followed up by any approach on his part to the United States, see Graml, Reichskristallnacht, 105-6.

  216 Friedländer, Nazi Germany, 211-24; William W. Hagen, ‘Before the “Final Solution”: Toward a Comparative Analysis of Political Anti-Semitism in Interwar Germany and Poland’, Journal of Modern History, 68 (1996), 351-81; Joseph Marcus, Social and Political History of the Jews in Poland, 1919-1939 (Berlin, 1983) - not always accurate in detail; Celia S. Heller, On the Edge of Destruction: Jews of Poland between the two World Wars (New York, 1977); Yisrael Gutman, The Jews of Poland between Two World Wars (Hanover, N.H., 1989); James D. Wynot, Jr, ‘ “A Necessary Cruelty”: The Emergence of Official Anti-Semitism in Poland, 1935-39’, American Historical Review, 76 (1971), 1,035-58.

  217 . Emanuel Melzer, ‘The Polish Authorities and the Jewish Question, 1930- 1939’, in Alfred A. Greenbaum (ed.), Minority Problems in Eastern Europe between the World Wars, with Emphasis on the Jewish Minority (Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Institute for Advanced Studies, typescript, Jerusalem, 1988), 77-81; Jerzy Tomascewski, ‘Economic and Social Situation of Jews in Poland, 1918-1939’, in ibid., 101-6; Ezra Mendelsohn, The Jews of East Central Europe between the World Wars (Bloomington, Ind., 1983), 11-83.

  218 Magnus Brechtken, ‘Madagaskar für die Juden’: Antisemitische Idee und politische Praxis 1885-1945 (Munich, 1997), 81-164.

  219 . Mendelsohn, The Jews; Bela Vago, The Shadow of the Swastika: The Rise of Fascism and Anti-Semitism in the Danube Basin, 1936-1939 (London, 1975).

  220 . Mendelsohn, The Jews, 171-211; David Schaary, ‘The Romanian Authorities and the Jewish Communities in Romania between the Two World Wars’, in Greenbaum (ed.), Minority Problems, 89-95; Paul A. Shapiro, ‘Prelude to Dictatorship in Romania: The National Christian Party in Power, December 1937- February 1938’, Canadian-American Slavic Studies, 8 (1974), 45-88.

  221 . Mendelsohn, The Jews, 85-128; see also the introductory sections of Randolph H. Braham, The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary (2 vols., New York, 1980).

  Chapter 7. THE ROAD TO WAR

  1 Kershaw, Hitler I: 484-6, 531-6.

  2 Anton Joachimsthaler, Hitlers Liste: Ein Dokument persönlicher Beziehungen (Munich, 2003); Semmery, Seeing Hitler’s Germany, 56.

  3 . Kershaw, Hitler, I. 537.

  4 . Speer, Inside, 194-5.

  5 . Evans, The Coming of the Third Reich, 434; above, 168, 172, 177, 180, 581-2.

  6 Völkischer Beobachter, 25 May 1928, quoted in Gerhard L. Weinberg, The Foreign Policy of Hitler’s Germany, I: Diplomatic Revolution in Europe 1933- 1936 (London, 1970), 22 (translation adjusted); original in Bärbel Dusik (ed.), Hitler: Reden, Schriften, Anordnungen: Februar 1925 bis Januar 1933 (5 vols., Munich 1992-8), II. 845-9, at 856 (italics in original).

  7 . Quoted in Weinberg, The Foreign Policy, I. 163; for background, see Anthony Komjathy and Rebecca Stockwell, German Minorities and the Third Reich: Ethnic Germans of East Central Europe between the Wars (New York, 1980).

  8 . See the general argument in Thies, Architekt der Weltherrschaft; more directly, see Milan Hauner, ‘Did Hitler Want a World Dominion?’, Journal of Contemporary History, 13 (1978), 15-32; Günter Moltmann, ‘Weltherrschaftsideen Hitlers’, in Otto Brunner and Dietrich Gerhard (eds.), Europa und Übersee: Festschrift für Egmont Zechlin (Hamburg, 1961), 197-240; and Geoffrey Stoakes, Hitler and the Quest for World Dominion (Leamington Spa, 1986).

  9 For useful introductory discussions, see Hermann Graml, ‘Grundzüge nationalsozialistische Aussenpolitik’, in Martin Broszat and Horst Möller (eds.), Das Dritte Reich: Herrschaftsstruktur und Geschichte (Muni
ch, 1986 [1983]), 104-26; idem, ‘Wer bestimmte die Aussenpolitik des Dritten Reiches? Ein Beitrag zur Kontroverse um Polykratie und Monokratie im NS-Herrschaftssystem’, in Manfred Funke et al. (eds.), Demokratie und Diktatur: Geist und Gestalt politischer Herrschaft in Deutschland und Europa: Festschrift für Karl Dietrich Bracher (Düsseldorf, 1987), 223-36; Wolfgang Michalka, ‘Conflicts within the German Leadership on the Objectives and Tactics of German Foreign Policy 1933-9’, in Wolfgang J. Mommsen and Lothar Kettenacker (eds.), The Fascist Challenge and the Policy of Appeasement (London, 1983), 48-60; and Andreas Hillgruber, ‘Grundzüge der nationalsozialistischen Aussenpolitik 1933-1945’, Saeculum, 24 (1973), 328-45.

  10 . For a range of views on British and French foreign policy in the 1930s, see David Dilks, ‘ “We Must Hope for the Best and Prepare for the Worst” ’: The Prime Minister, the Cabinet and Hitler’s Germany, 1937-1939’, in Patrick Finney (ed.), The Origins of the Second World War (London, 1997) 43-61; Sidney Aster, ‘ “Guilty Men”: The Case of Neville Chamberlain’, in ibid., 62-77; Anthony Adamthwaite, ‘France and the Coming of War’, in ibid., 78-89; Robert A. C. Parker, ‘Alterative to Apeasment’, in ibid., 206-21.

  11 Günter Wollstein, ‘Eine Denkschrift des Staatssekretärs Bernhard von Bülow vom März 1933’, Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen, 1 (1973), 77-94; for the background, see Peter Krüger, Die Aussenpolitik der Republik von Weimar (Darmstadt, 1985); Hans-Adolf Jacobsen, Nationalsozialistische Aussenpolitik 1933-1939 (Frankfurt am Main, 1968), 20-89 and 319-47; Jost Dülffer, ‘Grundbedingungen der nationalsozialistischen Aussenpolitik’, in Leo Haupts and Georg Mölich (eds.), Strukturelemente des Nationalsozialismus. Rassenideologie, Unter drückungsmaschinerie, Aussenpolitik (Cologne, 1981), 61-88; idem, ‘Zum “decision-making process” in der deutschen Aussenpolitik 1933-1939’, in Manfred Funke (ed.), Hitler, Deutschland und die Mächte: Materialien zur Aussenpolitik des Dritten Reiches (Düsseldorf, 1976), 186-204.