A Crack in the Edge of the World
Page 44
Lincoln, President Abraham, 97
Lisbon Earthquake of 1755, 55–56
lithosphere, 76
Livermore, Jesse, 321
Liverpool London (company), 329
Lloyd, B. E., 220
Lloyd’s (company), 324–27
Lobos Square Camp, 313
Loma Prieta Earthquake of 1989, 360–62
London, Jack, 294, 351
looting, 307–10
López de Cárdenas, García, 147
Lopez y Arballo, Francisco, 121
Los Angeles, California
early population of, 127
rise of Pentecostal Movement in, 335–42
supremacy of, after Great San Francisco Earthquake, 331–33
Vesuvius eruption, Great San Francisco Earthquake, and, 229–30
Los Angeles River, 193
Los Gatos, California, 255
Louisiana Purchase, 114
Lovelock, James, 4–5, 413–14
Love Waves, 175
Ma (million years before present), 78
McAdie, Alexander George, 14, 16–18
MacDonald, Jeanette, 292, 351
McKinley, Carl, 91–92
McKinley, William, 53
McPhee, John, 152–53
made-ground areas, 361, 417
magnetism, 70–71
magnitude, earthquake. See also seismographs
Bam and Sumatran earthquakes and, 90
Chilean earthquake of 1906 and, 27
Ecuadoran-Columbian Earthquake of 1906 and, 24–25
Great San Francisco Earthquake of 1906 and, 397
intraplate earthquakes, 95
Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989, 360
Prince William Sound Earthquake of 1964, 370
Charles Richter and development of Richter Magnitude Scale, 391, 396–401
St. Lucia earthquake of 1906, 391
San Miguel earthquake of 2004 and, 159
Tejon Pass earthquake of 1857 and, 191–92
mail delivery, post-earthquake, 314–16
Main Post Office building, 314–15
mainshocks, 159
Majestic Theater, 286
Mallet, Robert, 265, 388–89
Manchu queue, 222
Manhattan, New York, 361
Manifest Destiny, 117
Manigault, Gabriel, 94
Mann, James R., 53
manslaughter-by-chance-medley (term), 249
mantle, earth’s, 57, 76
maps
Francis Beaufort’s nautical charts, 387
John Wesley Powell’s, 148
Marconi, 51
Mare Island Naval Observatory, 269
Marina District, San Francisco, 361
Market Street, San Francisco, 245, 293–94, 301
Mark Hopkins Institute of Art, 352
Marshall, James Wilson, 35, 121
martial law, 308
Martinique, 25
Massachusetts earthquakes, 87–88, 109
Mathews, Arthur and Lucia, 353–55
Matthes, F. E., 171
Maxwell, Elsa, 236
medical relief, 310
Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik Scale (MSK64), 25, 391
Meers (Oklahoma) Fault, 105–9
Meishan Earthquake of 1906, 26
melodeon (term), 213
Memphis, Tennessee, 105
Mendocino Triple Junction, 169, 252, 372
Mercalli, Giuseppe, 390–91
Mercalli-Cancani-Sieberg Scale (MCS), 390
Merchants’ Exchange, 357
Mesozoic Period, 402
meteor craters
Arizona, 134–36
Crater Lake, 372–73
Yucatán Chicxulub, 415
Methodism, 336–37
Metropolitan Life building, 51–52
Metropolitan Opera of New York, 233–38, 250
Mexico
Mexican War and U. S. acquisition of California from, 114–15, 205–6
rule over California by, 115–16
Yucatán Chicxulub meteor crater in, 415
microearthquakes, 364
Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 66, 85
Mid-Pacific Ridge, 165–66
Milepost, The (book), 375
military
creation of firebreaks with dynamite by, 300, 305, 311–312
creation of Alaska Highway by, 374
establishment of, in San Francisco, 209
execution of looters by, 307–10
response of, to Great San Francisco Earthquake, 304–13
Miller, Harry, 158–59
Mills Building, 357
Milne, John, 263
Milne seismographs, 263
mineral resources, 137–38. See also coal; geological surveys; gold; Great Western Surveys; silver
mining
coal, 35–37, 137
early California, 130
hydraulic, 18
Mint, U. S., 207, 286–87, 311, 315, 316
mint, yerba buena, 201–3
Miocene Period, 42
Misión San Francisco, 203
missions, Spanish, 33, 158, 203
Mission San Miguel, 158
Mississippi River, 102
Missouri, New Madrid Sequence of 1811 in, 96–105, 108, 110–11
Miwok Indians, 33–34, 46, 202
modern culture, pre-earthquake, 49–56
Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (MMI), 390–91
Modified Mercalli Scale of 1956 (MM56), 391
Mohorovicic, Dr., 264
Mohorovicic discontinuity, 186
Mojave Desert, 118–19
Moller, John, 248–49
money. See financial issues
Monkey Block, San Francisco, 225, 286
monte (term), 34
Monterey, California, 114, 122, 128
Montgomery, John, 206
Moore, Jennie, 339
Moores, Eldridge, 149–56
morality, early California miners and, 125–26
Moran, Thomas, 148
Morgan, George, 98–99, 336
Morris, Charles, 419–21
Morrow, W. W., 229
Morse Code, 51
mortality. See casualties
motion pictures. See films
mottos
California, 35
San Francisco, 213
mountain formation (orogeny), 59, 81, 416
Mount Brewer, 45
Mount Diablo, 30–48
author’s first view of San Francisco from, 29–32, 43–48
coal mining on, 35–38
naming of, 32–35
picture of, 31
San Andreas Fault and geology of, 37–43
Mount Ida, 343
Mount Olympus, 372
Mount Rainier, 372
Mount St. Helens, 169, 372
Mount Shasta, 45, 372
Mount Whitney, 45, 140
muckraking (term), 52, 358
Muggeridge, Edward (Eadweard Muybridge), 215, 226–27
Muir, John, 45, 129, 148
Municipal Report of the City of San Francisco, 274, 317
murals, 354–55
murders, 213. See also crime
muscle scars, 10
music halls, San Francisco, 213
Mussel Rock, California, as Great San Francisco Earthquake epicenter, 178–79, 259, 271–72
Mutual Bank Building, 245
Muybridge, Eadweard (Edward Muggeridge), 215, 226–27
Naglee and Sinton’s Exchange and Deposit Office, 208
Names, insurance underwriting, 325–26
names, place. See place names
Napa Valley, 256–57
Naples, Vesuvius eruption in, 26–27, 234
National Board of Fire Underwriters, 229, 239
National City (ship), 252–53
National Geographic Society, 139, 143
National Guard, 311–12
National Science Foundation, 185
Native Americans, 33–34, 46, 147–48, 202
nautical charts, 387
Naval Training Station, 254
Navy, U. S., 312
Nazca Plate, 59
NC (Northern California Regional Seismic Network) code, 159
near field, 181
Needham, Joseph, 262
Nena (supercontinent), 83
Nepal, 39
Newberry, John, 147
New England earthquakes, 87–88
New Geology
Eldridge Moores and plate tectonics, 149–56
plate tectonics and, 7–11, 63–64, 416 (see also plate tectonics)
SAFOD project and, 182–87
space exploration and, 1–6
New Hampshire earthquakes, 109
New Helvetia colony, 119–20
New Madrid (Missouri) Sequence of 1811, 96–105, 108, 110–11
New Orleans (ship), 102–3
newspapers
on Daniel Burnham’s rebuilding plan, 358
Call, 225
Walter Colton’s, and Gold Rush, 126
Examiner, 19
muckraking, 52, 358
Socialist Voice, 308
New York earthquakes, 87–88, 95, 108–9
Niantic Hotel, 211
Nichols, Mrs., 254
Nichols, William, 283
1906 (year)
science, technology, politics, and culture of United States during, 49–56
seismic events during, 23–28 (see also Great San Francisco Earthquake of 1906)
Nob Hill, 225–27
Nojima Fault, 186
North America, 84
North American Plate. See also plate tectonics
Alaska earthquakes and, 371
author’s exploration of, 59–62, 111–12
boundaries of, 62–64
continental drift and, 73–86
creation of San Andreas Fault and, 39–42, 166–71 (see also San Andreas Fault; Pacific Plate)
eastern boundary of, in Iceland, 64–73
Great Charleston Earthquake of 1886 and, 86–96
intraplate earthquakes and, 108–12
Meers Fault and, 105–8
name of, 62
New Madrid Sequence of 1811 and, 96–105
ophiolite sequences and, 154–56
Temblor Range and, 188
western edge of, 162–63
North Beach, San Francisco, 228, 229, 294
Northern California Regional Seismic Network (NC) code, 159
Norton, Joshua Abraham, 226–2 7
Nuna (supercontinent), 83
nunatak (term), 415
Nyada (ship), 252
Oakland, California, 360–61
Oberon Building, 245
observatories, 257, 270
ocean
creation of, 77
eyewitness accounts of Great San Francisco Earthquake at sea, 20–21, 251–53
ophiolite sequences and, 154
routes to California by, 123–24
Ocean Beach, 20–21
Odorless Excavators, Inc., 313
official seal, San Francisco, 212
oil pipeline, Alaska, 372, 377–80
oil well, Pennsylvania, 137
Oklahoma, Meers Fault in, 105–9
Older, Fremont, 224
Old Faithful geyser, 139, 382
Old Geology, 140. See also geology; New Geology; plate tectonics
Olema, California, 171–74, 271–73
Olmsted, Frederick Law, 216
Omori Scale, 390, 391
Omori seismograph, 264–65, 266
ooliths, 10, 415
opera, Enrico Caruso and, 233–38
ophiolite rock sequences, 151–56
Ordóñez de Montalvo, García, 32–33
Oregon Territory, 114
orogeny (term), 81, 416
Otis, Elisha, 51
Overland Monthly (magazine), 351, 353
overland routes to California, 124–25
Oxford University Explorers’ Club, 64–65, 70–71
Ozman, Agnes, 337
Pacific Ocean, eyewitness accounts of Great San Francisco Earthquake in, 20–22, 251–53
Pacific Plate, 59, 62, 65, 154–56, 162–63, 166–71, 186, 188, 199, 272, 371, 372. See also North American Plate; San Andreas Fault
painters, post-earthquake, 352, 354–54
Palace Hotel, 215, 233, 249–50
paleoseismology, 104
Paleozoic Period, 402
Palisades Sill, 415
palladium, 72
Palmdale, California, 191–92
Palm Springs, California, 196
Panama route to California, 124
Pangaea, 74–76, 84–85
Pannotia, 83
Pan-Pacific Exposition of 1915, 355
Panthalassa, 74
paper people, 343–50. See also Chinese immigrants
Paricutín volcano, 169
Paradise, Kansas, 120
Pardee, George, 129–31, 310, 312
Parham, Charles, 337, 342
Parkfield, California, 160–63, 182–87, 192
Parquette, Edmond, 246, 279–80
Partridge, John, 330
Paso Robles, California, 158
Pathfinder (ship), 252
Pearl Harbor memorial, Mount Diablo, 43
Peking Astronomical Observatory, 265
Penrose Conferences, 151–52
Pentecostal Movement, 335–42
people. See human response
Petrolia, California, 160–61
Phanerozoic Period, 402
Phelan Building, 245
Philopolis Society, Philopolis Press, and Philopolis magazine, 355
phoenix seal of San Francisco, 212
photography
by Ansel Adams, 45, 287–88, 289, 294–95
of earthquake damage, 287
of fire, 295–300
by Arnold Genthe, 215, 221, 297–300, 352
studios of, 215
physical damage. See also buildings area of, 259
of Alaska earthquake of 1964, 371–72
of Chiayi or Meishan Earthquake of 1906, 26
costs of, 288, 361
of Great Charleston Earthquake of 1886, 92–94
of Great San Francisco Earthquake of 1906, 245, 247, 257, 259, 274–90, 301, 317, 330
of Great San Francisco Fire of 1906, 274
of San Francisco earthquake of 1868, 232
of San Francisco earthquake of 1989, 361
pictures. See photography
Pictures of Old Chinatown (book), 297
pigtail, Chinese, 222
Pinckney, Paul, 86, 90, 92
Pinto Mountain Fault, 196
pipeline, Alaska oil, 372, 377–80
place names
on Alaska Highway, 373
Amarillo, Texas, 133
California, 32–33
Carquinez Strait, 34–35, 46
Chinatown, 220
Colorado River, 147
Kenora, Canada, 82
Kenorland, 81–82
Mount Brewer, 45
Mount Diablo, 32–35
Mount Whitney, 45
North American Plate, 62
Nuna and Nunavut, 83
Rocky Mountains, 111
Rodinia, 83
San Andreas Fault, 164
San Francisco, California, 46
Stockton, California, 46
Tejon Pass, 191
Ur, 79
Yerba Buena, 201–6
planetesimals, 58
plans
earthquake response, 363
rebuilding, 229–30, 356–59
plate tectonics, 57–112. See also tectonic plates
continental drift and, 73–86
geological and political boundaries, 39
glossary, 411–17
Great Charleston Earthquake of 1886, 86–96
Great San Francisco Earthquake of 1906 and, 86 (see also Gre
at San Francisco Earthquake of 1906)
intraplate events, 108–12
Jesuits and, 266
Meers Fault, 105–8
Eldridge Moores, ophiolite sequences, and, 149–56
Mount Diablo, northern California, San Andreas Fault and, 37–42 (see also Mount Diablo; San Andreas Fault)
New Madrid Sequence of 1811, 96–105
North American Plate boundaries, 62–73 (see also North American Plate; Pacific Plate)
plates and fault lines and, 57–62 (see also faults; plates, tectonic)
Lewis Thomas on, 3–4
volcanic earthquakes and, 25
J. Tuzo Wilson and theory of, 8–11, 416
platinum, 72
Plume, Edward, 246–47
pluton, 71, 416
poetry, 144, 286, 348–50, 353, 356
Point Reyes, California, 173–74
police
eyewitness accounts by, 244–49
execution of looters by, 307–10
execution of victims by, 294
hiring of, 209
Sheriff’s report, 317
politics of United States in 1906, 52–54. See also government, California; government, federal; government, San Francisco
Polk, President James, 36, 115, 137–38, 205–6, 208
pollution, 228, 279
Pony Express routes, 124
population
of early Los Angeles, 127
of early San Francisco, 127–28, 129, 215
Porter, Rufus, 123
Portola Valley, 365–67
Portsmouth Square, 210, 216
Portuguese earthquake of 1755, 55–56
Post Office, U. S., 209, 286, 311, 314–16
Powell, John Wesley, 144–48
prairie schooners, 118, 413
Precambrian Period, 83
prediction, earthquake, 107–8, 364–67
preparedness, earthquake, 360–67
Presidio, San Francisco, 33, 203, 304
pressure waves (P-waves), 175–76, 398
Prince William Sound Earthquake of 1964, 370–72
Priolo, Paul, 411
prisons, 211
property loss. See buildings; physical damage
Proterozoic Period, 402
psychoanalysis, 50
Public Library report, 317
public-relations campaign, post-earthquake, 319–24
Pure Food and Drug Act, 53
P-waves (pressure waves), 175–76, 398
Queen (company), 329
“Queen of the Cow Counties,” Los Angeles as, 127
queue, Chinese Manchu, 222
racial issues
controversy over rebuilding Chinatown, 330–31
detention of Chinese paper people immigrants, 343–50
discrimination against Chinese, 129, 209, 218–23, 344
discrimination against Mexicans, 117
Gold Rush and immigration, 217–18
John Wesley Powell on Native Americans, 148
radiolarians, 150
railroads and railroad companies cable cars and, 216
Gadsden Purchase of 1854 and, 115 post-earthquake public relations campaign by, 321
transcontinental, 124, 128
Ramapo Fault System, 87–88, 95, 108